Abstract: In this paper, Least Mean Square (LMS) adaptive
noise reduction algorithm is proposed to enhance the speech signal
from the noisy speech. In this, the speech signal is enhanced by
varying the step size as the function of the input signal. Objective and
subjective measures are made under various noises for the proposed
and existing algorithms. From the experimental results, it is seen that
the proposed LMS adaptive noise reduction algorithm reduces Mean
square Error (MSE) and Log Spectral Distance (LSD) as compared to
that of the earlier methods under various noise conditions with
different input SNR levels. In addition, the proposed algorithm
increases the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Segmental SNR
improvement (ΔSNRseg) values; improves the Mean Opinion Score
(MOS) as compared to that of the various existing LMS adaptive
noise reduction algorithms. From these experimental results, it is
observed that the proposed LMS adaptive noise reduction algorithm
reduces the speech distortion and residual noise as compared to that
of the existing methods.
Abstract: In this paper an isolated wind-diesel hybrid power
system has been considered for reactive power control study having
an induction generator for wind power conversion and synchronous
alternator with automatic voltage regulator (AVR) for diesel unit is
presented. The dynamic voltage stability evaluation is dependent on
small signal analysis considering a Static VAR Compensator (SVC)
and IEEE type -I excitation system. It's shown that the variable
reactive power source like SVC is crucial to meet the varying
demand of reactive power by induction generator and load and to
acquire an excellent voltage regulation of the system with minimum
fluctuations. Integral square error (ISE) criterion can be used to
evaluate the optimum setting of gain parameters. Finally the dynamic
responses of the power systems considered with optimum gain setting
will also be presented.
Abstract: The Quad Tree Decomposition based performance
analysis of compressed image data communication for lossy and
lossless through wireless sensor network is presented. Images have
considerably higher storage requirement than text. While transmitting
a multimedia content there is chance of the packets being dropped
due to noise and interference. At the receiver end the packets that
carry valuable information might be damaged or lost due to noise,
interference and congestion. In order to avoid the valuable
information from being dropped various retransmission schemes have
been proposed. In this proposed scheme QTD is used. QTD is an
image segmentation method that divides the image into homogeneous
areas. In this proposed scheme involves analysis of parameters such
as compression ratio, peak signal to noise ratio, mean square error,
bits per pixel in compressed image and analysis of difficulties during
data packet communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. By
considering the above, this paper is to use the QTD to improve the
compression ratio as well as visual quality and the algorithm in
MATLAB 7.1 and NS2 Simulator software tool.
Abstract: A modeling approach for CMOS gates is presented
based on the use of the equivalent inverter. A new model for the
inverter has been developed using a simplified transistor current
model which incorporates the nanoscale effects for the planar
technology. Parametric expressions for the output voltage are
provided as well as the values of the output and supply current to be
compatible with the CCS technology. The model is parametric
according the input signal slew, output load, transistor widths, supply
voltage, temperature and process. The transistor widths of the
equivalent inverter are determined by HSPICE simulations and
parametric expressions are developed for that using a fitting
procedure. Results for the NAND gate shows that the proposed
approach offers sufficient accuracy with an average error in
propagation delay about 5%.
Abstract: The exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung
cancer and increases the risk of bladder cancer. Because air pollution
in urban areas is mainly caused by transportation, it is necessary to
evaluate pollutant exhaust emissions from vehicles during their realworld
use. Nevertheless their evaluation and reduction is a key
problem, especially in the cities, that account for more than 50% of
world population.
A particular attention was given to the slope variability along the
streets during each journey performed by the instrumented vehicle.
In this paper we dealt with the problem of describing a
quantitatively approach for the reconstruction of GPS coordinates and
altitude, in the context of correlation study between driving cycles /
emission / geographical location, during an experimental campaign
realized with some instrumented cars.
Finally the slope analysis can be correlated to the emission and
consumption values in a specific road position, and it could be
evaluated its influence on their behaviour.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the performance of a multi-lane
four legged modern roundabout operating in Muscat using SIDRA
model. The performance measures include Degree of Saturation
(DOS), average delay, and queue lengths. The geometric and traffic
data were used for model preparation. Gap acceptance parameters,
critical gap and follow up headway, were used for calibration of
SIDRA model. The results from the analysis showed that currently
the roundabout is experiencing delays up to 610 seconds per vehicle
with DOS 1.67 during peak hour. Further, sensitivity analysis for
general and roundabout parameters was performed, amongst lane
width, cruise speed, inscribed diameter, entry radius and entry angle
showed that inscribed diameter is most crucial factor affecting delay
and DOS. Up gradation of roundabout to fully signalized junction
was found as the suitable solution which will serve for future years
with LOS C for design year having DOS of 0.9 with average control
delay of 51.9 seconds per vehicle.
Abstract: The handwriting is a physical demonstration of a
complex cognitive process learnt by man since his childhood. People
with disabilities or suffering from various neurological diseases are
facing so many difficulties resulting from problems located at the
muscle stimuli (EMG) or signals from the brain (EEG) and which
arise at the stage of writing. The handwriting velocity of the same
writer or different writers varies according to different criteria: age,
attitude, mood, writing surface, etc. Therefore, it is interesting to
reconstruct an experimental basis records taking, as primary
reference, the writing speed for different writers which would allow
studying the global system during handwriting process. This paper
deals with a new approach of the handwriting system modeling based
on the velocity criterion through the concepts of artificial neural
networks, precisely the Radial Basis Functions (RBF) neural
networks. The obtained simulation results show a satisfactory
agreement between responses of the developed neural model and the
experimental data for various letters and forms then the efficiency of
the proposed approaches.
Abstract: We introduced an all-optical multicasting
characteristics with wavelength conversion based on a novel
all-optical triode using negative feedback semiconductor optical
amplifier. This study was demonstrated with a transfer speed of 10
Gb/s to a non-return zero 231-1 pseudorandom bit sequence system.
This multi-wavelength converter device can simultaneously provide
three channels of output signal with the support of non-inverted and
inverted conversion. We studied that an all-optical multicasting and
wavelength conversion accomplishing cross gain modulation is
effective in a semiconductor optical amplifier which is effective to
provide an inverted conversion thus negative feedback. The
relationship of received power of back to back signal and output
signals with wavelength 1535 nm, 1540 nm, 1545 nm, 1550 nm, and
1555 nm with bit error rate was investigated. It was reported that the
output signal wavelengths were successfully converted and modulated
with a power penalty of less than 8.7 dB, which the highest is 8.6 dB
while the lowest is 4.4 dB. It was proved that all-optical multicasting
and wavelength conversion using an optical triode with a negative
feedback by three channels at the same time at a speed of 10 Gb/s is a
promising device for the new wavelength conversion technology.
Abstract: GRF, Growth regulating factor, genes encode a novel
class of plant-specific transcription factors. The GRF proteins play a
role in the regulation of cell numbers in young and growing tissues
and may act as transcription activations in growth and development
of plants. Identification of GRF genes and their expression are
important in plants to performance of the growth and development of
various organs. In this study, to better understanding the structural
and functional differences of GRFs family, 45 GRF proteins
sequences in A. thaliana, Z. mays, O. sativa, B. napus, B. rapa, H.
vulgare and S. bicolor, have been collected and analyzed through
bioinformatics data mining. As a result, in secondary structure of
GRFs, the number of alpha helices was more than beta sheets and in
all of them QLQ domains were completely in the biggest alpha helix.
In all GRFs, QLQ and WRC domains were completely protected
except in AtGRF9. These proteins have no trans-membrane domain
and due to have nuclear localization signals act in nuclear and they
are component of unstable proteins in the test tube.
Abstract: This study is purposed to develop an efficient fault
detection method for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)
applications based on adaptive noise covariance estimation. Due to the
dependence on radio frequency signals, GNSS measurements are
dominated by systematic errors in receiver’s operating environment.
In the proposed method, the pseudorange and carrier-phase
measurement noise covariances are obtained at time propagations and
measurement updates in process of Carrier-Smoothed Code (CSC)
filtering, respectively. The test statistics for fault detection are
generated by the estimated measurement noise covariances. To
evaluate the fault detection capability, intentional faults were added to
the filed-collected measurements. The experiment result shows that
the proposed method is efficient in detecting unhealthy measurements
and improves GNSS positioning accuracy against fault occurrences.
Abstract: Robotics provides answers to amputees. The most
expensive solutions surgically connect the prosthesis to nerve endings.
There are also several types of non-invasive technologies that recover
nerve messages passing through the muscles. After analyzing these
messages, myoelectric prostheses perform the desired movement.
The main goal is to avoid all surgeries, which can be heavy and offer
cheaper alternatives. For an amputee, we use valid muscles to recover
the electrical signal involved in a muscle movement. EMG sensors
placed on the muscle allows us to measure a potential difference,
which our program transforms into control for a robotic arm with two
degrees of freedom. We have shown the feasibility of non-invasive
prostheses with two degrees of freedom. Signal analysis and an
increase in degrees of freedom is still being improved.
Abstract: Microarray technology is universally used in the study
of disease diagnosis using gene expression levels. The main
shortcoming of gene expression data is that it includes thousands of
genes and a small number of samples. Abundant methods and
techniques have been proposed for tumor classification using
microarray gene expression data. Feature or gene selection methods
can be used to mine the genes that directly involve in the
classification and to eliminate irrelevant genes. In this paper
statistical measures like T-Statistics, Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
and F-Statistics are used to rank the genes. The ranked genes are used
for further classification. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
algorithm and Shuffled Frog Leaping (SFL) algorithm are used to
find the significant genes from the top-m ranked genes. The Naïve
Bayes Classifier (NBC) is used to classify the samples based on the
significant genes. The proposed work is applied on Lung and Ovarian
datasets. The experimental results show that the proposed method
achieves 100% accuracy in all the three datasets and the results are
compared with previous works.
Abstract: The phased-array ultrasound transducer types are
utilities for medical ultrasonography as well as optical imaging.
However, their discontinuity characteristic limits the applications due
to the artifacts contaminated into the reconstructed images. Because
of the effects of the ultrasound pressure field pattern to the echo
ultrasonic waves as well as the optical modulated signal, the side
lobes of the focused ultrasound beam induced by discontinuity of the
phased-array ultrasound transducer might the reason of the artifacts.
In this paper, a simple method in approach of numerical simulation
was used to investigate the limitation of discontinuity of the elements
in phased-array ultrasound transducer and their effects to the
ultrasound pressure field. Take into account the change of ultrasound
pressure field patterns in the conditions of variation of the pitches
between elements of the phased-array ultrasound transducer, the
appropriated parameters for phased-array ultrasound transducer
design were asserted quantitatively.
Abstract: In this paper two approaches to joint signal detection,
time of arrival (ToA) and angle of arrival (AoA) estimation in
multi-element antenna array are investigated. Two scenarios were
considered: first one, when the waveform of the useful signal
is known a priori and, second one, when the waveform of the
desired signal is unknown. For first scenario, the antenna array
signal processing based on multi-element matched filtering (MF)
with the following non-coherent detection scheme and maximum
likelihood (ML) parameter estimation blocks is exploited. For second
scenario, the signal processing based on the antenna array elements
covariance matrix estimation with the following eigenvector analysis
and ML parameter estimation blocks is applied. The performance
characteristics of both signal processing schemes are thoroughly
investigated and compared for different useful signals and noise
parameters.
Abstract: This article presents a new vibration diagnostic
method designed to (PM) machines with permanent magnets. Those
devices are commonly used in small wind and water systems or
vehicles drives. The author’s method is very innovative and unique.
Specific structural properties of PM machines are used in this method
- electromotive force (EMF) generated due to vibrations. There was
analysed number of publications which describe vibration diagnostic
methods and tests of electrical PM machines and there was no
method found to determine the technical condition of such machine
basing on their own signals. In this article will be discussed: the
method genesis, the similarity of machines with permanent magnet to
vibration sensor and simulation and laboratory tests results. The
method of determination the technical condition of electrical machine
with permanent magnets basing on its own signals is the subject of
patent application and it is the main thesis of author’s doctoral
dissertation.
Abstract: Different order modulations combined with different
coding schemes, allow sending more bits per symbol, thus achieving
higher throughputs and better spectral efficiencies. However, it must
also be noted that when using a modulation technique such as 64-
QAM with less overhead bits, better signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are
needed to overcome any Inter symbol Interference (ISI) and maintain
a certain bit error ratio (BER). The use of adaptive modulation allows
wireless technologies to yielding higher throughputs while also
covering long distances. The aim of this paper is to implement an
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) features of the WiMAX
PHY in MATLAB and to analyze the performance of the system in
different channel conditions (AWGN, Rayleigh and Rician fading
channel) with channel estimation and blind equalization. Simulation
results have demonstrated that the increment in modulation order
causes to increment in throughput and BER values. These results
derived a trade-off among modulation order, FFT length, throughput,
BER value and spectral efficiency. The BER changes gradually for
AWGN channel and arbitrarily for Rayleigh and Rician fade
channels.
Abstract: This paper is about method to produce a stable and
accurate constant output pulse width regardless of the amplitude,
period and pulse width variation of the input signal source. The pulse
generated is usually being used in numerous applications as the
reference input source to other circuits in the system. Therefore, it is
crucial to produce a clean and constant pulse width to make sure the
system is working accurately as expected.
Abstract: Cognitive Radio is a turning out technology that
empowers viable usage of the spectrum. Energy Detector-based
Sensing is the most broadly utilized spectrum sensing strategy.
Besides, it's a lot of generic as receivers doesn't would like any
information on the primary user's signals, channel data, of even the
sort of modulation. This paper puts forth the execution of energy
detection sensing for AM (Amplitude Modulated) signal at 710 KHz,
FM (Frequency Modulated) signal at 103.45 MHz (local station
frequency), Wi-Fi signal at 2.4 GHz and WiMAX signals at 6 GHz.
The OFDM/OFDMA based WiMAX physical layer with
convolutional channel coding is actualized utilizing USRP N210
(Universal Software Radio Peripheral) and GNU Radio based
Software Defined Radio (SDR). Test outcomes demonstrated the
BER (Bit Error Rate) augmentation with channel noise and BER
execution is dissected for different Eb/N0 (the energy per bit to noise
power spectral density ratio) values.
Abstract: In many communication and signal processing
systems, it is highly desirable to implement an efficient narrow-band
filter that decimate or interpolate the incoming signals. This paper
presents hardware efficient compensated CIC filter over a narrow
band frequency that increases the speed of down sampling by using
multiplierless decimation filters with polyphase FIR filter structure.
The proposed work analyzed the performance of compensated CIC
filter on the bases of the improvement of frequency response with
reduced hardware complexity in terms of no. of adders and
multipliers and produces the filtered results without any alterations.
CIC compensator filter demonstrated that by using compensation
with CIC filter improve the frequency response in passed of interest
26.57% with the reduction in hardware complexity 12.25%
multiplications per input sample (MPIS) and 23.4% additions per
input sample (APIS) w.r.t. FIR filter respectively.
Abstract: The high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAR) in Filter
Bank Multicarrier with Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(FBMC-OQAM) can significantly reduce power efficiency and
performance. In this paper, we address the problem of PAPR
reduction for FBMC-OQAM systems using Tone Reservation (TR)
technique. Due to the overlapping structure of FBMCOQAM signals,
directly applying TR schemes of OFDM systems to FBMC-OQAM
systems is not effective. We improve the tone reservation (TR)
technique by employing sliding window with Active Constellation
Extension for the PAPR reduction of FBMC-OQAM signals, called
sliding window tone reservation Active Constellation Extension
(SW-TRACE) technique. The proposed SW-TRACE technique uses
the peak reduction tones (PRTs) of several consecutive data
blocks to cancel the peaks of the FBMC-OQAM signal inside a
window, with dynamically extending outer constellation points in
active(data-carrying) channels, within margin-preserving constraints,
in order to minimize the peak magnitude. Analysis and simulation
results compared to the existing Tone Reservation (TR) technique for
FBMC/OQAM system. The proposed method SW-TRACE has better
PAPR performance and lower computational complexity.