Abstract: In this paper, the melting of a semi-infinite body as a
result of a moving laser beam has been studied. Because the Fourier
heat transfer equation at short times and large dimensions does not
have sufficient accuracy; a non-Fourier form of heat transfer
equation has been used. Due to the fact that the beam is moving in x
direction, the temperature distribution and the melting pool shape are
not asymmetric. As a result, the problem is a transient threedimensional
problem. Therefore, thermophysical properties such as
heat conductivity coefficient, density and heat capacity are functions
of temperature and material states. The enthalpy technique, used for
the solution of phase change problems, has been used in an explicit
finite volume form for the hyperbolic heat transfer equation. This
technique has been used to calculate the transient temperature
distribution in the semi-infinite body and the growth rate of the melt
pool. In order to validate the numerical results, comparisons were
made with experimental data. Finally, the results of this paper were
compared with similar problem that has used the Fourier theory. The
comparison shows the influence of infinite speed of heat propagation
in Fourier theory on the temperature distribution and the melt pool
size.
Abstract: Knowledge is the foundation for growth and development. Investment in knowledge improves new method for originate knowledge society and knowledge economy. Investment in knowledge embraces expenditure on education and R&D and software. Measuring of investment in knowledge is characteristically complicated. We examine the influence of investment in knowledge in multifactor productivity growth and numbers of patent. We analyze the annual growth of investment in knowledge and we estimate portion of each country intended for produce total investment in knowledge on the whole OECD. We determine the relative efficiency of average patent numbers with average investment in knowledge and we compare GDP growth rates and growth of knowledge investment. The main purpose in this paper is to study to evaluate different aspect, influence and output of investment in knowledge in OECD countries.
Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of
gibberellic acid and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on flower
number, fruit growth and fruit quality of wax apple. GA3 and 2,4-D
were applied at small bud and petal fall stage. Number of flower,
fruit set, fruit drop, fruit crack, fruit growth and fruit quality were
recorded. Results indicated that spraying with 10 ppm GA3 had the
best results in number of flower. GA3 spray at 30 ppm gave the
faster rate of fruit growth than the other treatments. Fruit set, fruit
size as well as fruit weight markedly improved by spraying 30 ppm
GA3, followed by 10 ppm GA3 compared to untreated control.
Moreover, spray GA3 at 30 ppm was the most effective and
increased total soluble solids, reduced titratable acidity and fruit
drop. On the other hand, it was noticed that with 10 ppm 2,4-D
application also enhanced the fruit growth rate, improved
physiological and biochemical characters of fruit compared to
untreated control. It was concluded that both GA3 and 2,4-D spray
have positive effects on fruit development, reduced fruit drop, fruit
crack and improved fruit quality of wax apple under field conditions.
Abstract: In a field experiment, growth parameters of soybean
cultivars in different weeding regimes was investigated. The trial was
split plot in a randomized complete block design. The four cultivars
and two lines of soybean (Glycine max L.) including: Sahar, Hill,
Sari, Telar, 032 and 033 in main plot and weeding regime consist of
no weeding (control), one weeding (35 days after planting) and two
weeding (35+20 days after planting) were randomized in sub plot.
The results showed that during the growth season 033 had the highest
dry matter in two weeding. In two weeding regime the dry matter
decreased. ). In all weeding regimes 033 had the highest CGR (Figs.
3a, 3b and 3c), which cleared this cultivar ability compare to the
others. This cultivar by increasing its leaf area could do more
photosynthesis, so, have a higher CGR.
Abstract: Experiments were carried out on the survival and growth of Rasbora daniconius, Puntius ticto and Puntius conchonius. The motivation of the study was to obtain information for growing the fish on a commercial scale for their use as biological control agents against mosquito larvae. The effects of temperature, total hardness, DO, pH and feed on the growth of fish were also investigated. Excessive value of total hardness was found because very rich calcium ion is present in Chitrakoot area. There was significant increases in growth rates of fish as temperature was increased from 280C to 300C. Further increases in temperature up to 320C, did not further affect growth. The positive and highly significant correlations 0.991488, 0.9581 and 0.9935 were found between length and weight of P. ticto, P. conchonius and R. daniconius respectively. The regression was significant at 5% level of probability.
Abstract: A phenomenological model for species spreading which incorporates the Allee effect, a species- maximum attainable growth rate, collective dispersal rate and dispersal adaptability is presented. This builds on a well-established reaction-diffusion model for spatial spreading of invading organisms. The model is phrased in terms of the “hostility" (which quantifies the Allee threshold in relation to environmental sustainability) and dispersal adaptability (which measures how a species is able to adapt its migratory response to environmental conditions). The species- invading/retreating speed and the sharpness of the invading boundary are explicitly characterised in terms of the fundamental parameters, and analysed in detail.
Abstract: In the upstream we place a piece of ring and rotate
it with 83Hz, 166Hz, 333Hz,and 666H to find the effect of the
periodic distortion.In the experiment this type of the perturbation
will not allow since the mechanical failure of any parts of the
equipment in the upstream will destroy the blade system. This type of
study will be only possible by CFD. We use two pumps NS32
(ENSAM) and three blades pump (Tamagawa Univ). The benchmark
computations were performed without perturbation parts, and confirm
the computational results well agreement in head-flow rate. We
obtained the pressure fluctuation growth rate that is representing the
global instability of the turbo-system. The fluctuating torque
components were 0.01Nm(5000rpm), 0.1Nm(10000rmp),
0.04Nm(20000rmp), 0.15Nm( 40000rmp) respectively. Only for
10000rpm(166Hz) the output toque was random, and it implies that it
creates unsteady flow by separations on the blades, and will reduce the
pressure loss significantly
Abstract: Plant growth is affected by the osmotic stress as well as toxicity of salt in leaves. In order to study of salt stress effects on stomatal conductance and growth rate and relationship between them as wells osmotic and Na+-specific effects on these traits, four bread wheat genotypes differing in salt tolerance were selected. Salinity was applied when the leaf 4 was fully expanded. Sodium (Na+) concentrations in flag leaf blade at 3 salinity levels (0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl) were measured. Salt-tolerant genotypes showed higher stomatal conductance and growth rate compared to salt-sensitive ones. After 10 and 20 days exposure to salt, stomatal conductance and relative growth rate were reduced, but the reduction was greater in sensitive genotypes. Growth rate was reduced severely in the first period (1-10 days) of salt commencements and it was due to osmotic effect of salt not Na+ toxicity. In the second period (11-20 days) after salt treatment growth reduced only when salt accumulated to toxic concentrations in the leaves. A positive relationship between stomatal conductance and relative growth rate showed that stomatal conductance can be a reliable indicator of growth rate, and finally can be considered as a sensitive indicator of the osmotic stress. It seems 20 days after salinity, the major effect of salt, especially at low to moderate salinity levels on growth properties was due to the osmotic effect of salt, not to Na+-specific effects within the plant.
Abstract: Using quantum hydrodynamical (QHD) model the linear dispersion relation for the electron plasma waves propagating in a cylindrical waveguide filled with a dense plasma containing streaming electron, hole and stationary charged dust particles has been derived. It is shown that the effect of finite boundary and stream velocity of electrons and holes make some of the possible modes of propagation linearly unstable. The growth rate of this instability is shown to depend significantly on different plasma parameters.
Abstract: Ozone (O3) is considered as one of the most
phytotoxic pollutants with deleterious effects on living and non living
components of Ecosystems. It reduces growth and yield of many
crops as well as alters the physiology and crop quality. The present
study described series of experiments to investigate the effects of
ambient O3 at different locations with different ambient levels of O3
depending on proximity to pollutant source and ranged between 17
ppb/h in control experiment to 112 ppb/h in industrial area
respectively. The ambient levels in other three locations (King Saud
University botanical garden, King Fahd Rd, and Almanakh Garden)
were 61,61,77 ppb/h respectively. Tow legume crops species (vicia
vaba L ; and Pisum sativum) differ in their phenology and sensitivity
were used. The results showed a significant negative effect to ozone
on morphology, number of injured leaves, growth and productivity
with a difference in the degree of response depending on the plant
type. Visia Faba showed sensitivity to ozone to number and leaf area
and the degree of injury leaves 3, pisum sativum show higher
sensitivity for the gas for degree of injury 1,The relative growth rate
and seed weight, it turns out there is no significant difference
between the two plants in plant height and number of seeds.
Abstract: DG application has received increasing attention during
recent years. The impact of DG on various aspects of distribution system
operation, such as reliability and energy loss, depend highly on DG
location in distribution feeder. Optimal DG placement is an important
subject which has not been fully discussed yet.
This paper presents an optimization method to determine optimal DG
placement, based on a cost/worth analysis approach. This method
considers technical and economical factors such as energy loss, load point
reliability indices and DG costs, and particularly, portability of DG. The
proposed method is applied to a test system and the impacts of different
parameters such as load growth rate and load forecast uncertainty (LFU)
on optimum DG location are studied.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of corrosion fatigue
crack growth behaviour of a Ni-Cr-Mn steel commonly used in
marine applications. The effect of mechanical variables such as
frequency and load ratio on fatigue crack growth rate at various
stages has been studied using compact tension (C(T)) specimens
along the rolling direction of steel plate under 3.5% saturated NaCl
aqueous environment. The significance of crack closure on corrosion
fatigue, and the validity of Elber-s empirical linear crack closure
model with the ASTM compliance offset method have been
examined.
Fatigue crack growth rate is higher and threshold stress intensities
are lower in aqueous environment compared to the lab air conditions.
It is also observed that the crack growth rate increases at lower
frequencies. The higher stress ratio promotes the crack growth. The
effect of oxidization and corrosion pit formation is very less as the
stress ratio is increased. It is observed that as stress ratios are
increased, the Elber-s crack closure model agrees well with the crack
closure estimated by the ASTM compliance offset method for tests
conducted at 5Hz frequency compared to tests conducted at 1Hz in
corrosive environment.
Abstract: A variational method is used to obtain the growth rate of a transverse long-wavelength perturbation applied to the soliton solution of a nonlinear Schr¨odinger equation with a three-half order potential. We demonstrate numerically that this unstable perturbed soliton will eventually transform into a cylindrical soliton.
Abstract: Abdominal aortic aneurysms rupture (AAAs) is one of the main causes of death in the world. This is a very complex phenomenon that usually occurs “without previous warning". Currently, criteria to assess the aneurysm rupture risk (peak diameter and growth rate) can not be considered as reliable indicators. In a first approach, the main geometric parameters of aneurysms have been linked into five biomechanical factors. These are combined to obtain a dimensionless rupture risk index, RI(t), which has been validated preliminarily with a clinical case and others from literature. This quantitative indicator is easy to understand, it allows estimating the aneurysms rupture risks and it is expected to be able to identify the one in aneurysm whose peak diameter is less than the threshold value. Based on initial results, a broader study has begun with twelve patients from the Clinic Hospital of Valladolid-Spain, which are submitted to periodic follow-up examinations.
Abstract: This experiment was carried out to study the effect of
AMF, drought stress and phosphorus on physiological growth indices of basil at Iran using by a split-plot design with three replications.
The main-plot factor included: two levels of irrigation regimes (control=no drought stress and irrigation after 80 evaporation=
drought stress condition) while the sub-plot factors included
phosphorus (0, 35 and 70 kg/ha) and application and non-application of Glomus fasciculatum. The results showed that total dry matter
(TDM), life area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) were all highly significantly different among the
phosphorus, whereas drought stress had effect of practical
significance on TDM, LAI, RGR and CGR. The results also showed that the highest TDM, LAI, RGR and CGR were obtained from
application of Glomus fasciculatum under no-drought condition.
Abstract: This experiment was conducted to investigate the
effect of dietary supplementation of different levels of black seed
(Nigella sativa L.) on the performance and immune response of broiler chicks. A total 240 day-old broiler chicks were used and
randomly allotted equally into six experimental groups designated as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 having black seed at the rate of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and
10 g /kg diet respectively. The study was lasted for 42 days. Average body weight, weight gain, relative growth rate, feed
conversion, antibody titer against Newcastle disease, phagocytic activity and phagocytic index, some blood parameters(GOT, GPT,
Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride, Total protein, Albumen, WBCs,
RBCs, Hb and PCV), dressing percentage, weight of different body
organs, abdominal fat weight, were determined. It was found that, N. Sativa significantly improved final body weight, total body gain
and feed conversion ratio of groups 2 and 3 when compared with the control group. Higher levels of N. Sativa did not improve
growth performance of the chicks. Non significant differences were
observed for antibody titer against Newcastle virus, WBCs count,
serum GOT, glucose level, dressing %, relative liver, spleen, heart and head percentages. Lymphoid organs (Bursa and Thymus)
improved significantly with increasing N. Sativa level in all supplemented groups. Serum cholesterol, triglyceride and visible fat
% significantly decreased with Nigella sativa supplementation while
serum GPT level significantly increased with nigella sativa
supplementation.
Abstract: The study on the tree growth for four species groups of commercial timber in Koh Kong province, Cambodia-s tropical rainforest is described. The simulation for these four groups had been successfully developed in the 5-year interval through year-60. Data were obtained from twenty permanent sample plots in the duration of thirteen years. The aim for this study was to develop stand table simulation system of tree growth by the species group. There were five steps involved in the development of the tree growth simulation: aggregate the tree species into meaningful groups by using cluster analysis; allocate the trees in the diameter classes by the species group; observe the diameter movement of the species group. The diameter growth rate, mortality rate and recruitment rate were calculated by using some mathematical formula. Simulation equation had been created by combining those parameters. Result showed the dissimilarity of the diameter growth among species groups.
Abstract: The objectives were to identify cyanide-degrading
bacteria and study cyanide removal efficiency. Agrobacterium
tumefaciens SUTS 1 was isolated. This is a new strain of
microorganisms for cyanide degradation. The maximum growth rate
of SUTS 1 obtained 4.7 × 108 CFU/ml within 4 days. The cyanide
removal efficiency was studied at 25, 50, and 150 mg/L cyanide. The
residual cyanide, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, pH, and cell counts were
analyzed. At 25 and 50 mg/L cyanide, SUTS 1 obtained similar
removal efficiency approximately 87.50%. At 150 mg/L cyanide,
SUTS 1 enhanced the cyanide removal efficiency up to 97.90%. Cell
counts of SUTS 1 increased when the cyanide concentration was set
at lower. The ammonia increased when the removal efficiency
increased. The nitrate increased when the ammonia decreased but the
nitrite did not detect in all experiments. pH values also increased
when the cyanide concentrations were set at higher.
Abstract: In this paper we present an autoregressive model with
neural networks modeling and standard error backpropagation
algorithm training optimization in order to predict the gross domestic
product (GDP) growth rate of four countries. Specifically we propose
a kind of weighted regression, which can be used for econometric
purposes, where the initial inputs are multiplied by the neural
networks final optimum weights from input-hidden layer after the
training process. The forecasts are compared with those of the
ordinary autoregressive model and we conclude that the proposed
regression-s forecasting results outperform significant those of
autoregressive model in the out-of-sample period. The idea behind
this approach is to propose a parametric regression with weighted
variables in order to test for the statistical significance and the
magnitude of the estimated autoregressive coefficients and
simultaneously to estimate the forecasts.
Abstract: To decompose organochlorides by bioremediation, co-culture biohydrogen producer and dehalogenation microorganisms is a useful method. In this study, we combined these two characteristics from a biohydrogen producer, Rhodopseudomonas palustris, and a dehalogenation microorganism, Pseudomonas putida, to enchance halorespiration in R. palustris. The genes encoding cytochrome P450cam system (camC, camA, and camB) from P. putida were expressed in R. palustris with designated expression plasmid. All tested strains were cultured to log phase then presented pentachloroethane (PCA) in media. The vector control strain could degrade PCA about 78% after 16 hours, however, the cytochrome P450cam system expressed strain, CGA-camCAB, could completely degrade PCA in 12 hours. While taking chlorinated aromatic, 3-chlorobenzoate, as sole carbon source or present benzoate as co-substrate, CGA-camCAB presented faster growth rate than vector control strain.