Abstract: Chrome tannery wastewater causes serious environmental hazard due to its high pollution potential. As a result, rigorous treatment is necessary for abatement of pollution from this type of wastewater. There are many research studies on chrome tannery wastewater treatment in the field of physical, chemical, and biological methods. In general, biological treatment process is found ineffective for direct application because of adverse effects by toxic chromium, sulphide, chloride etc. However, biological methods were employed mainly for a few sub processes generating significant amount of organic matter and without chromium, chlorides etc. In this context the present paper reviews the characteristics feature and pollution potential of wastewater generated from chrome tannery units and treatment of the same. The different biological processes used earlier and their chronological development for treatment of the chrome tannery wastewater are thoroughly reviewed in this paper. In this regard, the scope of hybrid bioreactor - an advanced technology option has also been explored, as this kind of treatment is well suited for the wastewater having inhibitory substances.
Abstract: The study discussed in this paper was conducted in an
attempt to investigate effects of different drying methods (line dry
and tumble dry) on viscose single jersey fabrics knitted with ring
yarn.
Abstract: Family has a crucial role in maintaining the
physical, social and mental health of the children. Most of the
mental and anxiety problems of children reflect the complex
interpersonal situations among family members, especially parents.
In other words, anxiety problems of the children are correlated
with deficit relationships of family members and improper
childrearing styles. The parental child rearing styles leads to
positive and negative consequences which affect the children’s
mental health. Therefore, the present research was aimed to
compare the parental childrearing styles and anxiety of children
with stuttering and normal population. It was also aimed to study
the relationship between parental child rearing styles and anxiety
of children. The research sample included 54 boys with stuttering
and 54 normal boys who were selected from the children (boys) of
Tehran, Iran in the age range of 5 to 8 years in 2013. In order to
collect data, Baum-rind Childrearing Styles Inventory and Spence
Parental Anxiety Inventory were used. Appropriate descriptive
statistical methods and multivariate variance analysis and t test for
independent groups were used to test the study hypotheses.
Statistical data analyses demonstrated that there was a significant
difference between stuttering boys and normal boys in anxiety (t =
7.601, p< 0.01); but there was no significant difference between
stuttering boys and normal boys in parental childrearing styles (F =
0.129). There was also not found significant relationship between
parental childrearing styles and children anxiety (F = 0.135, p<
0.05). It can be concluded that the influential factors of children’s
society are parents, school, teachers, peers and media. So, parental
childrearing styles are not the only influential factors on anxiety of
children, and other factors including genetic, environment and
child experiences are effective in anxiety as well. Details are
discussed.
Abstract: In this research the effect of moisture at three levels
(47, 57, and 67 w.b.%) on the physical properties of the Pofaki pea
variety including, dimensions, geometric mean diameter, volume,
sphericity index and the surface area was determined. The influence
of different moisture levels (47, 57 and 67 w.b.%), in two loading
orientation (longitudinal and transverse) and three loading speed (4,6
and 8 mm min-1) on the mechanical properties of pea such as
maximum deformation, rupture force, rupture energy, toughness and
the power to break the pea was investigated. It was observed in the
physical properties that moisture changes were affective at 1% on,
dimensions, geometric mean diameter, volume, sphericity index and
the surface area. It was observed in the mechanical properties that
moisture changes were effective at 1% on, maximum deformation,
rupture force, rupture energy, toughness and the power to break.
Loading speed was effective on maximum deformation, rupture
force, rupture energy at 1% and it was effective on toughness at 5%.
Loading orientation was effective on maximum deformation, rupture
force, rupture energy, toughness at 1% and it was effective on power
at 5%. The mutual effect of speed and orientation were effective on
rupture energy at 1% and were effective on toughness at 5%
probability. The mutual effect of moisture and speed were effective
on rupture force and rupture energy at 1% and were effective on
toughness 5% probability. The mutual effect of orientation and
moisture on rupture energy and toughness were effective at 1%.
Abstract: This paper deals with the theoretical and numerical
investigation of magneto hydrodynamic boundary layer flow of a
nanofluid past a wedge shaped wick in heat pipe used for the cooling
of electronic components and different type of machines. To
incorporate the effect of nanoparticle diameter, concentration of
nanoparticles in the pure fluid, nanothermal layer formed around the
nanoparticle and Brownian motion of nanoparticles etc., appropriate
models are used for the effective thermal and physical properties of
nanofluids. To model the rotation of nanoparticles inside the base
fluid, microfluidics theory is used. In this investigation ethylene
glycol (EG) based nanofluids, are taken into account. The non-linear
equations governing the flow and heat transfer are solved by using a
very effective particle swarm optimization technique along with
Runge-Kutta method. The values of heat transfer coefficient are
found for different parameters involved in the formulation viz.
nanoparticle concentration, nanoparticle size, magnetic field and
wedge angle etc. It is found that, the wedge angle, presence of
magnetic field, nanoparticle size and nanoparticle concentration etc.
have prominent effects on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics
for the considered configuration.
Abstract: Propylene self-metathesis to ethylene and butene was
studied over WOx/SiO2 catalysts at 450oC and atmospheric pressure.
The WOx/SiO2 catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness
impregnation of ammonium metatungstate aqueous solution. It was
found that, adding nano-sized extra supports (SiO2 and TiO2) by
physical mixing with the WOx/SiO2 enhanced propylene conversion.
The UV-Vis and FT-Raman results revealed that WOx could migrate
from the original silica support to the extra support, leading to a
better dispersion of WOx. The ICP-OES results also indicate that
WOx existed on the extra support. Coke formation was investigated
on the catalysts after 10 h time-on-stream by TPO. However, adding
nano-sized extra supports led to higher coke formation which may be
related to acidity as characterized by NH3-TPD.
Abstract: Activated carbon is an amorphous carbon chain which
has extremely extended surface area. High surface area of activated
carbon is due to the porous structure. Activated carbon, using a
variety of materials such as coal and cellulosic materials; can be
obtained by both physical and chemical methods. The prepared
activated carbon can be used for decolorize, deodorize and also can
be used for removal of organic and non-organic pollution. In this
study, pomegranate peel was subjected to 800W microwave power
for 1 to 4 minutes. Also fresh pomegranate peel was used for the
reference material. Then ZnCl2 was used for the chemical activation
purpose. After the activation process, activated pomegranate peels
were used for the adsorption of Zn metal (40 ppm) in the waste water.
As a result of the adsorption experiments, removal of heavy metals
ranged from 89% to 85%.
Abstract: Feed oil samples which are used as mixed feed raw
material were taken from six different feed factories in March, May
and July. All factories make production in Konya, Turkey and all of
the samples were crude soybean oils. Physical and chemical analyses,
free radical scavenger effect, and total phenol content were
determined on these oil samples. Moisture (M) content was found
between 0.10-22.23%, saponification number (SF) was determined
143.13 to 167.93 KOH/kg, free fatty acidity (FFA) was varied 0.73 to
35.00%, peroxide value (PV) was found between 1.53 and 28.43
meq/kg, unsaponifiable matter (USM) was determined from 0.40 to
17.10%, viscosity (V) was found between 34.30 and 625.67 mPas,
sediment (S) amount was determined between 0.60-18.16%, free
radical scavenger effect (FRSE) was varied 20.7 to 43.04% inhibition
of the extract and total phenol (TPC) content was found between 1.20
and 2.69mg/L extract. Different results were found between months
and factories.
Abstract: Taking into account the significance of measuring the
daily use of the study space in the libraries in order to develop and
reorganize the space for enhancing the efficiency of the study space,
the current study aimed to apply GIS in analyzing the study halls of
the Central Library and Document Center of Tehran University in
order to determine how study desks and chairs were used by the
students. The study used a combination of survey-descriptive and
system design method. In order to gather the required data, surveydescriptive
method was used. For implementing and entering data
into ArcGIS and analyzing the data and displaying the results on the
maps of the study halls of the library, system design method was
utilized. The design of the spatial database of the use of the study
halls was measured through the extent of occupancy of the space by
the library users and the maps of the study halls of the central library
of Tehran University as the case study. The results showed that
Abooreyhan hall had the highest rate of occupancy of the desks and
chairs compared to the other halls. The Hall of Science and
Technology, with an average occupancy rate of 0.39 for the tables
represented the lowest number of users and Rashid al-Dins hall, and
Science and Technology hall with an average occupancy rate (0.40)
had the lowest number of users for seats. In this study, the
comparison of the space occupied at different periods in the morning,
evenings, afternoons, and several months was performed through
GIS. This system analyzed the space relationships effectively and
efficiently. The output of this study would be used by administrators
and librarians to determine the exact extent of use of the equipment
of the study halls and librarians can use the output map to design the
space more efficiently at the library.
Abstract: Rice husk and kenaf filled with calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite were
prepared separately using twin-screw extruder at 50rpm. Different
filler loading up to 30 parts of rice husk particulate and kenaf fiber
were mixed with the fixed 30% amount of CaCO3 mineral filler to
produce rice husk/CaCO3/HDPE and kenaf/CaCO3/HDPE hybrid
composites. In this study, the effects of natural fiber for both rice
husk and kenaf in CaCO3/HDPE composite on physical, mechanical
and morphology properties were investigated. Field Emission
Scanning Microscope (FeSEM) was used to investigate the impact
fracture surfaces of the hybrid composite. The property analyses
showed that water absorption increased with the presence of kenaf
and rice husk fillers. Natural fibers in composite significantly
influence water absorption properties due to natural characters of
fibers which contain cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin structures.
The result showed that 10% of additional natural fibers into hybrid
composite had caused decreased flexural strength, however additional
of high natural fiber (>10%) filler loading has proved to increase its
flexural strength.
Abstract: Applications of the Hausdorff space and its mappings
into tangent spaces are outlined, including their fractal dimensions
and self-similarities. The paper details this theory set up and further
describes virtualizations and atomization of manufacturing processes.
It demonstrates novel concurrency principles that will guide
manufacturing processes and resources configurations. Moreover,
varying levels of details may be produced by up folding and breaking
down of newly introduced generic models. This choice of layered
generic models for units and systems aspects along specific aspects
allows research work in parallel to other disciplines with the same
focus on all levels of detail. More credit and easier access are granted
to outside disciplines for enriching manufacturing grounds. Specific
mappings and the layers give hints for chances for interdisciplinary
outcomes and may highlight more details for interoperability
standards, as already worked on the international level. The new rules
are described, which require additional properties concerning all
involved entities for defining distributed decision cycles, again on the
base of self-similarity. All properties are further detailed and assigned
to a maturity scale, eventually displaying the smartness maturity of a
total shopfloor or a factory. The paper contributes to the intensive
ongoing discussion in the field of intelligent distributed
manufacturing and promotes solid concepts for implementations of
Cyber Physical Systems and the Internet of Things into
manufacturing industry, like industry 4.0, as discussed in German-speaking
countries.
Abstract: An innovative concept called “Flexy-Energy” is developing at 2iE. This concept aims to produce electricity at lower cost by smartly mix different available energy sources in accordance to the load profile of the region. With a higher solar irradiation and due to the fact that Diesel generator are massively used in sub-Saharan rural areas, PV/Diesel hybrid systems could be a good application of this concept and a good solution to electrify this region, provided they are reliable, cost effective and economically attractive to investors. Presentation of the developed approach is the aims of this paper. The PV/Diesel hybrid system designed consists to produce electricity and/or heat from a coupling between Diesel Diesel generators and PV panels without batteries storage, while ensuring the substitution of gasoil by bio-fuels available in the area where the system will be installed. The optimal design of this system is based on his technical performances; the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Levelized Cost of Energy are developed and use as economic criteria. The Net Present Value (NPV), the internal rate of return (IRR) and the discounted payback (DPB) are also evaluated according to dual electricity pricing (in sunny and unsunny hours). The PV/Diesel hybrid system obtained is compared to the standalone Diesel Diesel generators. The approach carried out in this paper has been applied to Siby village in Mali (Latitude 12 ° 23'N 8 ° 20'W) with 295 kWh as daily demand.This approach provides optimal physical characteristics (size of the components, number of component) and dynamical characteristics in real time (number of Diesel generator on, their load rate, fuel specific consumptions, and PV penetration rate) of the system. The system obtained is slightly cost effective; but could be improved with optimized tariffing strategies.
Abstract: In the present work, the dielectric properties of
Epoxy/MWCNT-muscovite HYBRID and MIXED composites based
on a ratio 30:70 were studied. The multi-wall carbon nanotubes
(MWCNT) were prepared using two methods: (a) MWCNTmuscovite
hybrids were synthesised by chemical vapour deposition
(CVD) and (b) physically mixing muscovite with MWCNT. The
effects of different preparation of the composites and filler loading
were evaluated. It was revealed that the dielectric constants of
HYBRID epoxy composites are slightly higher than MIXED epoxy
composites. It was also indicated that the dielectric constant increased
by increasing the MWCNT filler loading.
Abstract: This work is undertaken to develop a methodology to enhance the management of dredged marine and river sediments in the North of France. The main objective of this study is to determine the main characteristics of these sediments. In this order, physical, mineralogical and chemical properties of both types of sediments are measured. Moreover, their potential impacts on the environment are assessed throughout leaching tests. From the obtained results, the potential of their use in road engineering is discussed.
Abstract: The objectives of the study were to determine the
marketing mix factors that influencing tourist’s destination decision
making for cultural tourism in the Chonburi province. Both
quantitative and qualitative data were applied in this study. The
samples of 400 cases for quantitative analysis were tourists (both
Thai and foreign) who were interested in cultural tourism in the
Chonburi province, and traveled to cultural sites in Chonburi and 14
representatives from provincial tourism committee of Chonburi and
local tourism experts. Statistics utilized in this research included
frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and multiple
regression analysis. The study found that Thai and foreign tourists
are influenced by different important marketing mix factors. The
important factors for Thai respondents were physical evidence, price,
people, and place at high importance level. For foreign respondents,
physical evidence, price, people, and process were high importance
level, whereas, product, place and promotion were moderate
importance level.
Abstract: Most people today are aware that global climate
change is not just a scientific theory but also a fact with worldwide
consequences. Global climate change is due to rapid urbanization,
industrialization, high population growth and current vulnerability of
the climatic condition. Water is becoming scarce as a result of global
climate change. To mitigate the problem arising due to global climate
change and its drought effect, harvesting rainwater from green roofs,
an environmentally-friendly and versatile technology, is becoming
one of the best assessment criteria and gaining attention in Malaysia.
This paper addresses the sustainability of green roofs and examines
the quality of water harvested from green roofs in comparison to
rainwater. The factors that affect the quality of such water, taking
into account, for example, roofing materials, climatic conditions, the
frequency of rainfall frequency and the first flush. A green roof was
installed on the Humid Tropic Centre (HTC) is a place of the study
on monitoring program for urban Stormwater Management Manual
for Malaysia (MSMA), Eco-Hydrological Project in Kuala Lumpur,
and the rainwater was harvested and evaluated on the basis of four
parameters i.e., conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and
temperature. These parameters were found to fall between Class I and
Class III of the Interim National Water Quality Standards (INWQS)
and the Water Quality Index (WQI). Some preliminary treatment
such as disinfection and filtration could likely to improve the value of
these parameters to class I. This review paper clearly indicates that
there is a need for more research to address other microbiological and
chemical quality parameters to ensure that the harvested water is
suitable for use potable water for domestic purposes. The change in
all physical, chemical and microbiological parameters with respect to
storage time will be a major focus of future studies in this field.
Abstract: Semiconductor crystals smaller than about 10 nm,
known as quantum dots, have properties that differ from large
samples, including a band gap that becomes larger for smaller
particles. These properties create several applications for quantum
dots. In this paper new shapes of quantum dot arrays are used to
enhance the photo physical properties of gold nano-particles. This
paper presents a study of the effect of nano-particles shape, array, and
size on their absorption characteristics.
Abstract: New physical insights into the nonlinear Lorenz
equations related to flow resistance is discussed in this work. The
chaotic dynamics related to Lorenz equations has been studied in
many papers, which is due to the sensitivity of Lorenz equations to
initial conditions and parameter uncertainties. However, the physical
implication arising from Lorenz equations about convectional motion
attracts little attention in the relevant literature. Therefore, as a first
step to understand the related fluid mechanics of convectional motion,
this paper derives the Lorenz equations again with different forced
conditions in the model. Simulation work of the modified Lorenz
equations without the viscosity or buoyancy force is discussed. The
time-domain simulation results may imply that the states of the
Lorenz equations are related to certain flow speed and flow resistance.
The flow speed of the underlying fluid system increases as the flow
resistance reduces. This observation would be helpful to analyze the
coupling effects of different fluid parameters in a convectional model
in future work.
Abstract: Meeting the growth in demand for digital services
such as social media, telecommunications, and business and cloud
services requires large scale data centres, which has led to an increase
in their end use energy demand. Generally, over 30% of data centre
power is consumed by the necessary cooling overhead. Thus energy
can be reduced by improving the cooling efficiency. Air and liquid
can both be used as cooling media for the data centre. Traditional
data centre cooling systems use air, however liquid is recognised as a
promising method that can handle the more densely packed data
centres. Liquid cooling can be classified into three methods; rack heat
exchanger, on-chip heat exchanger and full immersion of the
microelectronics. This study quantifies the improvements of heat
transfer specifically for the case of immersed microelectronics by
varying the CPU and heat sink location. Immersion of the server is
achieved by filling the gap between the microelectronics and a water
jacket with a dielectric liquid which convects the heat from the CPU
to the water jacket on the opposite side. Heat transfer is governed by
two physical mechanisms, which is natural convection for the fixed
enclosure filled with dielectric liquid and forced convection for the
water that is pumped through the water jacket. The model in this
study is validated with published numerical and experimental work
and shows good agreement with previous work. The results show that
the heat transfer performance and Nusselt number (Nu) is improved
by 89% by placing the CPU and heat sink on the bottom of the
microelectronics enclosure.
Abstract: In this paper, effects of using Alumina-water
nanofluid on the rate of heat transfer have been investigated
numerically. Physical model is a square enclosure with insulated top
and bottom horizontal walls, while the vertical walls are kept at
different constant temperatures. Two appropriate models are used to
evaluate the viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluid. The
governing stream-vorticity equations are solved using a second order
central finite difference scheme, coupled to the conservation of mass
and energy. The study has been carried out for the Richardson
number 0.1 to 10 and the solid volume fraction 0 to 0.04. Results are
presented by isotherms lines, average Nusselt number and normalized
Nusselt number in different range of φ and Ri for forced, combined
and natural convection dominated regime. It is found that higher heat
transfer rate is predicted when the effects of nanoparticle is taken into
account.