Abstract: This paper discusses the utilization of marine biomass as an energy resource in Japan. A marine biomass energy system in Japan was proposed consisting of seaweed cultivation (Laminaria japonica) at offshore marine farms, biogas production via methane fermentation of the seaweeds, and fuel cell power generation driven by the generated biogas. We estimated energy output, energy supply potential, and CO2 mitigation in Japan on the basis of the proposed system. As a result, annual energy production was estimated to be 1.02-109 kWh/yr at nine available sites. Total CO2 mitigation was estimated to be 1.04-106 tonnes per annum at the nine sites. However, the CO2 emission for the construction of relevant facilities is not taken into account in this paper. The estimated CO2 mitigation is equivalent to about 0.9% of the required CO2 mitigation for Japan per annum under the Kyoto Protocol framework.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to suggest direction for
future study of the energy-IT industry that will be used for framework to increase IT utilization in the energy industry. Recently, Green IT is a becoming global issue because of global environmental pollution.
Also, IT roles in energy industry are becoming more important.
However, the related studies were IT industry oriented that is not sufficient to make plan for Green energy. Therefore, after analyzing
existing studies related to Green energy and Green IT,
re-categorization for Green energy-IT industry was suggested. Direction of framework is based on energy industry that enable to link between energy and IT. The results of this study suggest comprehensive insight to Green energy-IT industry. Thus it is able to
provide useful implications and guidelines to increase IT utilization in the energy industry.
Abstract: Dynamics of a vapour bubble generated due to a high local energy input near a circular thin bronze plate in the absence of the buoyancy forces is numerically investigated in this paper. The bubble is generated near a thin bronze plate and during the growth and collapse of the bubble, it deforms the nearby plate. The Boundary Integral Equation Method is employed for numerical simulation of the problem. The fluid is assumed to be incompressible, irrotational and inviscid and the surface tension on the bubble boundary is neglected. Therefore the fluid flow around the vapour bubble can be assumed as a potential flow. Furthermore, the thin bronze plate is assumed to have perfectly plastic behaviour. Results show that the displacement of the circular thin bronze plate has considerable effect on the dynamics of its nearby vapour bubble. It is found that by decreasing the thickness of the thin bronze plate, the growth and collapse rate of the bubble becomes higher and consequently the lifetime of the bubble becomes shorter.
Abstract: Droplet size distributions in the cold spray of a fuel
are important in observed combustion behavior. Specification of
droplet size and velocity distributions in the immediate downstream
of injectors is also essential as boundary conditions for advanced
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and two-phase spray transport
calculations. This paper describes the development of a new model to
be incorporated into maximum entropy principle (MEP) formalism
for prediction of droplet size distribution in droplet formation region.
The MEP approach can predict the most likely droplet size and
velocity distributions under a set of constraints expressing the
available information related to the distribution.
In this article, by considering the mechanisms of turbulence
generation inside the nozzle and wave growth on jet surface, it is
attempted to provide a logical framework coupling the flow inside the
nozzle to the resulting atomization process. The purpose of this paper
is to describe the formulation of this new model and to incorporate it
into the maximum entropy principle (MEP) by coupling sub-models
together using source terms of momentum and energy. Comparison
between the model prediction and experimental data for a gas turbine
swirling nozzle and an annular spray indicate good agreement
between model and experiment.
Abstract: This paper presents a hybrid electric scooter model developed and simulated using Matlab/Simulink. This hybrid scooter modeled has a parallel hybrid structure. The main propulsion units consist of a two stroke internal combustion engine and a hub motor attached to the front wheel of the scooter. The methodology used to optimize the energy and fuel consumption of the hybrid electric scooter is the multi-mode approach. Various case studies were presented to check the model and were compared to the literatures. Results shown that the model developed was feasible and valuable.
Abstract: Sensor networks are often deployed in unattended
environments, thus leaving these networks vulnerable to false data
injection attacks in which an adversary injects forged reports into the
network through compromised nodes, with the goal of deceiving the
base station or depleting the resources of forwarding nodes. Several
research solutions have been recently proposed to detect and drop such
forged reports during the forwarding process. Each design can provide
the equivalent resilience in terms of node compromising. However,
their energy consumption characteristics differ from each other. Thus,
employing only a single filtering scheme for a network is not a
recommendable strategy in terms of energy saving. It's very important
the threshold determination for message authentication to identify. We
propose the recursive contract net protocols which less energy level of
terminal node in wireless sensor network.
Abstract: All over the world, including the Middle and East
European countries, sustainable tillage and sowing technologies are
applied increasingly broadly with a view to optimising soil resources,
mitigating soil degradation processes, saving energy resources,
preserving biological diversity, etc. As a result, altered conditions of
tillage and sowing technological processes are faced inevitably. The
purpose of this study is to determine the seedbed topsoil hardness
when using a combined sowing coulter in different sustainable tillage
technologies. The research involved a combined coulter consisting
of two dissected blade discs and a shoe coulter. In order to determine
soil hardness at the seedbed area, a multipenetrometer was used. It
was found by experimental studies that in loosened soil, a combined
sowing coulter equally suppresses the furrow bottom, walls and soil
near the furrow; therefore, here, soil hardness was similar at all
researched depths and no significant differences were established. In
loosened and compacted (double-rolled) soil, the impact of a
combined coulter on the hardness of seedbed soil surface was more
considerable at a depth of 2 mm. Soil hardness at the furrow bottom
and walls to a distance of up to 26 mm was 1.1 MPa. At a depth of 10
mm, the greatest hardness was established at the furrow bottom. In
loosened and heavily compacted (rolled for 6 times) soil, at a depth
of 2 and 10 mm a combined coulter most of all compacted the furrow
bottom, which has a hardness of 1.8 MPa. At a depth of 20 mm, soil
hardness within the whole investigated area varied insignificantly and
fluctuated by around 2.0 MPa. The hardness of furrow walls and soil
near the furrow was by approximately 1.0 MPa lower than that at the
furrow bottom
Abstract: The increasing demand for sufficient and clean
energy forces industrial and service companies to align their strategies towards efficient consumption. This trend refers also to the
residential building sector. There, large amounts of energy consumption are caused by house and facility heating. Many of the
operated hot water heating systems lack hydraulic balanced working
conditions for heat distribution and –transmission and lead to
inefficient heating. Through hydraulic balancing of heating systems,
significant energy savings for primary and secondary energy can be
achieved. This paper addresses the use of KNX-technology (Smart
Buildings) in residential buildings to ensure a dynamic adaption of
hydraulic system's performance, in order to increase the heating
system's efficiency. In this paper, the procedure of heating system
segmentation into hydraulically independent units (meshes) is
presented. Within these meshes, the heating valve are addressed and
controlled by a central facility server. Feasibility criteria towards
such drivers will be named. The dynamic hydraulic balance is
achieved by positioning these valves according to heating loads, that
are generated from the temperature settings in the corresponding
rooms. The energetic advantages of single room heating control
procedures, based on the application FacilityManager, is presented.
Abstract: Decision support based upon risk analysis into
comparison of the electricity generation from different renewable
energy technologies can provide information about their effects on
the environment and society. The aim of this paper is to develop the
assessment framework regarding risks to health and environment,
and the society-s benefits of the electric power plant generation from
different renewable sources. The multicriteria framework to
multiattribute risk analysis technique and the decision analysis
interview technique are applied in order to support the decisionmaking
process for the implementing renewable energy projects to
the Bangkok case study. Having analyses the local conditions and
appropriate technologies, five renewable power plants are postulated
as options. As this work demonstrates, the analysis can provide a tool
to aid decision-makers for achieving targets related to promote
sustainable energy system.
Abstract: This paper reports our analysis of 163 ks observations
of PSR J0538+2817 with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer
(RXTE).The pulse profiles, detected up to 60 keV, show a single
peak asin the case for radio frequency. The profile is well described
by one Gaussians function with full width at half maximum (FWHM)
0.04794. We compared the difference of arrival time between radio
and X-ray pulse profiles for the first time. It turns out that the phase
of radio emits precede the X-ray by 8.7 ± 4.5 ms. Furthermore we
obtained the pulse profiles in the energy ranges of 2.29-6.18 keV,
6.18-12.63 keV and 12.63-17.36 keV. The intensity of pulses
decreases with the increasing energy range. We discuss the emission
geometry in our work.
Abstract: Wind energy has been shown to be one of the most
viable sources of renewable energy. With current technology, the low
cost of wind energy is competitive with more conventional sources of
energy such as coal. Most blades available for commercial grade
wind turbines incorporate a straight span-wise profile and airfoil
shaped cross sections. These blades are found to be very efficient at
lower wind speeds in comparison to the potential energy that can be
extracted. However as the oncoming wind speed increases the
efficiency of the blades decreases as they approach a stall point. This
paper explores the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the
blades at higher wind speeds while maintaining efficiency at the
lower wind speeds. The design intends to maintain efficiency at
lower wind speeds by selecting the appropriate orientation and size
of the airfoil cross sections based on a low oncoming wind speed and
given constant rotation rate. The blades will be made more efficient
at higher wind speeds by implementing a swept blade profile.
Performance was investigated using the computational fluid
dynamics (CFD).
Abstract: For fire safety purposes, the fire resistance and the
structural behavior of reinforced concrete members are assessed to
satisfy specific fire performance criteria. The available prescribed
provisions are based on standard fire load. Under various fire
scenarios, engineers are in need of both heat transfer analysis and
structural analysis. For heat transfer analysis, the study proposed a
modified finite difference method to evaluate the temperature profile
within a cross section. The research conducted is limited to concrete
sections exposed to a fire on their one side. The method is based on
the energy conservation principle and a pre-determined power
function of the temperature profile. The power value of 2.7 is found
to be a suitable value for concrete sections. The temperature profiles
of the proposed method are only slightly deviate from those of the
experiment, the FEM and the FDM for various fire loads such as
ASTM E 119, ASTM 1529, BS EN 1991-1-2 and 550 oC. The
proposed method is useful to avoid incontinence of the large matrix
system of the typical finite difference method to solve the
temperature profile. Furthermore, design engineers can simply apply
the proposed method in regular spreadsheet software.
Abstract: The wireless link can be unreliable in realistic wireless
sensor networks (WSNs). Energy efficient and reliable data
forwarding is important because each node has limited resources.
Therefore, we must suggest an optimal solution that considers using
the information of the node-s characteristics. Previous routing
protocols were unsuited to realistic asymmetric WSNs. In this paper,
we propose a Protocol that considers Both sides of Link-quality and
Energy (PBLE), an optimal routing protocol that balances modified
link-quality, distance and energy. Additionally, we propose a node
scheduling method. PBLE achieves a longer lifetime than previous
routing protocols and is more energy-efficient. PBLE uses energy,
local information and both sides of PRR in a 1-hop distance. We
explain how to send data packets to the destination node using the
node's information. Simulation shows PBLE improves delivery rate
and network lifetime compared to previous schemes. Moreover, we
show the improvement in various WSN environments.
Abstract: As a simple to method estimate the plant heating energy
capacity of an apartment complex, a new load calculation method has
been proposed. The method which can be called as unit building
method, predicts the heating load of the entire complex instead of
summing up that of each apartment belonging to complex.
Comparison of the unit heating load for various floor sizes between the
present method and conventional approach shows a close agreement
with dynamic load calculation code. Some additional calculations are
performed to demonstrate it-s application examples.
Abstract: This paper focuses on developing an integrated
reliable and sophisticated model for ultra large wind turbines And to
study the performance and analysis of vector control on large wind
turbines. With the advance of power electronics technology, direct
driven multi-pole radial flux PMSG (Permanent Magnet Synchronous
Generator) has proven to be a good choice for wind turbines
manufacturers. To study the wind energy conversion systems, it is
important to develop a wind turbine simulator that is able to produce
realistic and validated conditions that occur in real ultra MW wind
turbines. Three different packages are used to simulate this model,
namely, Turbsim, FAST and Simulink. Turbsim is a Full field wind
simulator developed by National Renewable Energy Laboratory
(NREL). The wind turbine mechanical parts are modeled by FAST
(Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures and Turbulence) code which is
also developed by NREL. Simulink is used to model the PMSG, full
scale back to back IGBT converters, and the grid.
Abstract: Electro Chemical Discharge Machining (ECDM) is an
emerging hybrid machining process used in precision machining of hard and brittle non-conducting materials. The present paper gives a
critical review on materials machined by ECDM under the prevailing machining conditions; capability indicators of the process are
reported. Some results obtained while performing experiments in micro-channeling on soda lime glass using ECDM are also presented. In these experiments, Tool Wear (TW) and Material Removal (MR)
were studied using design of experiments and L–4 orthogonal array. Experimental results showed that the applied voltage was the most influencing parameter in both MR and TW studies. Field
emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) results obtained on the microchannels confirmed the presence of micro-cracks, primarily responsible for MR. Chemical etching was also seen along the edges.
The Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) results were used to detect the elements present in the debris and specimens.
Abstract: This paper deals with stakeholders’ decisions within energy neutral urban redevelopment processes. The decisions of these stakeholders during the process will make or break energy neutral ambitions. An extensive form of game theory model gave insight in the behavioral differences of stakeholders regarding energy neutral ambitions and the effects of the changing legislation. The results show that new legislation regarding spatial planning slightly influences the behavior of stakeholders. An active behavior of the municipality will still result in the best outcome. Nevertheless, the municipality becomes more powerful when acting passively and can make the use of planning tools to provide governance towards energy neutral urban redevelopment. Moreover, organizational support, recognizing the necessity for energy neutrality, keeping focused and collaboration among stakeholders are crucial elements to achieve the objective of an energy neutral urban (re)development.
Abstract: Due to the high percentage of induction motors in industrial market, there exist a large opportunity for energy savings. Replacement of working induction motors with more efficient ones can be an important resource for energy savings. A calculation of energy savings and payback periods, as a result of such a replacement, based on nameplate motor efficiency or manufacture-s data can lead to large errors [1]. Efficiency of induction motors (IMs) can be extracted using some procedures that use the no-load test results. In the cases that we must estimate the efficiency on-line, some of these procedures can-t be efficient. In some cases the efficiency estimates using the rating values of the motor, but these procedures can have errors due to the different working condition of the motor. In this paper the efficiency of an IM estimated by using the genetic algorithm. The results are compared with the measured values of the torque and power. The results show smaller errors for this procedure compared with the conventional classical procedures, hence the cost of the equipments is reduced and on-line estimation of the efficiency can be made.
Abstract: Increasing energy absorption is a significant parameter
in vehicle design. Absorbing more energy results in decreasing
occupant damage. Limitation of the deflection in a side impact results
in decreased energy absorption (SEA) and increased peak load (PL).
Hence a high crash force jeopardizes passenger safety and vehicle
integrity. The aims of this paper are to determine suitable dimensions
and material of a square beam subjected to side impact, in order to
maximize SEA and minimize PL. To achieve this novel goal, the
geometric parameters of a square beam are optimized using the
response surface method (RSM).multi-objective optimization is
performed, and the optimum design for different response features is
obtained.
Abstract: Dual phase steels (DPS)s have a microstructure
consisting of a hard second phase called Martensite in the soft Ferrite
matrix. In recent years, there has been interest in dual-phase steels,
because the application of these materials has made significant usage;
particularly in the automotive sector Composite microstructure of
(DPS)s exhibit interesting characteristic mechanical properties such
as continuous yielding, low yield stress to tensile strength
ratios(YS/UTS), and relatively high formability; which offer
advantages compared with conventional high strength low alloy
steels(HSLAS). The research dealt with the characterization of
damage in (DPS)s. In this study by review the mechanisms of failure
due to volume fraction of martensite second phase; a new method is
introduced to identifying the mechanisms of failure in the various
phases of these types of steels. In this method the acoustic emission
(AE) technique was used to detect damage progression. These failure
mechanisms consist of Ferrite-Martensite interface decohesion and/or
martensite phase fracture. For this aim, dual phase steels with
different volume fraction of martensite second phase has provided by
various heat treatment methods on a low carbon steel (0.1% C), and
then AE monitoring is used during tensile test of these DPSs. From
AE measurements and an energy ratio curve elaborated from the
value of AE energy (it was obtained as the ratio between the strain
energy to the acoustic energy), that allows detecting important
events, corresponding to the sudden drops. These AE signals events
associated with various failure mechanisms are classified for ferrite
and (DPS)s with various amount of Vm and different martensite
morphology. It is found that AE energy increase with increasing Vm.
This increasing of AE energy is because of more contribution of
martensite fracture in the failure of samples with higher Vm. Final
results show a good relationship between the AE signals and the
mechanisms of failure.