Abstract: The present experimental investigation brings about
a comparative study of lactic acid production by pure strains of
Lactobacilli (1) L. delbreuckii (NCIM2025), (2) L. pentosus (NCIM
2912), (3) Lactobacillus sp.(NCIM 2734, (4) Lactobacillus sp.
(NCIM2084) and coculture of strain-1 and Stain-2 in solid bed of
wheat bran, under the influence of different nitrogen sources such as
baker-s yeast, meat extract and proteose peptone. Among the pure
cultures, strain-3 attained lowest pH value of 3.44, hence highest acid
formation 46.41 g/L, while the coculture attained an overall
maximum value 47.56 g/L lactic acid (pH 3.38) at 15 g/L and 20 g/L
level of baker-s yeast, respectively.
Abstract: Ten lactating multiparous Holstein cows were used in
a cross-over design with two dietary treatments and 28-d periods
(with 14 d as an adaptation) to study the effect of restaurant fat on
milk production and composition. Each cow was offered 14.7 kg
DM /d of the basal concentrate diet based on barley and corn (crude
protein = 17.7%, neutral detergent fiber = 23.5%, and acid detergent
fiber = 5.8% of dry matter) with free access to alfalfa. Dietary
treatments were arranged as supplying each cow with 0 (CONTROL)
or 150 g/day (RF) of restaurant fat. Supplemental RF did not
significantly (P > 0.25) affect milk yield, composition, and
composition yields, except for milk fat contents. Milk fat contents
were depressed (P < 0.05) with supplemental RF. Our results indicate
that RF could depress milk fat without affecting milk yield and that
the depression in milk fat in response to RF precedes the depression
in milk yield.
Abstract: Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) is a
potyvirus with a worldwide distribution. This virus causes serious
economic losses in Iran in many leguminoses. During 20008,
samples were collected from soybeans fields in Tehran Province.
Four isolates (S1, S2 and S3) were inoculated on 15 species of
Cucurbitaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Solanacae and Leguminosae.
Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor.
Did not developed any symptoms.all isolates caused mosaic
symptoms on Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Kidney and P. vulgaris cv.
Bountiful. The molecular weights of coat protein using SDS-PAGE
and western blotting were estimated at 33 kDa. Reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using one
primer pairs designed by L. XU et al. An approximately 920 bp
fragment was amplified with a specific primer.
Abstract: Sugarcane Shoots is an abundantly available
residual resources consisting of lignocelluloses which take it into
the benefit. The present study was focused on utilizing of
sugarcane shoot for reducing sugar production as a substrate in
ethanol production. Physical and chemical pretreatments of
sugarcane shoot were investigated. Results showed that the size of
sugarcane shoot influenced the cellulose content. The maximum
cellulose yield (60 %) can be obtained from alkaline pretreated
sugarcane shoot with 1.0 M NaOH at 30 oC for 90 min. The
cellulose yield reached up to 93.9% (w/w). Enzymatically
hydrolyzed of cellulosic residual in 0.04 citrate buffer (pH 5) with
celluclast 1.5L (0.7 FPU/ml) resulted in the highest amount of
reducing sugar at a rate of 32.1 g/l after 4 h incubation at 50°C,
and 100 oC for 5 min . Cellulose conversion was 55.5%.
Abstract: This experiment was carried out to study the effect of
AMF, drought stress and phosphorus on physiological growth indices of basil at Iran using by a split-plot design with three replications.
The main-plot factor included: two levels of irrigation regimes (control=no drought stress and irrigation after 80 evaporation=
drought stress condition) while the sub-plot factors included
phosphorus (0, 35 and 70 kg/ha) and application and non-application of Glomus fasciculatum. The results showed that total dry matter
(TDM), life area index (LAI), relative growth rate (RGR) and crop growth rate (CGR) were all highly significantly different among the
phosphorus, whereas drought stress had effect of practical
significance on TDM, LAI, RGR and CGR. The results also showed that the highest TDM, LAI, RGR and CGR were obtained from
application of Glomus fasciculatum under no-drought condition.
Abstract: Hemorrhage Disease of Grass Carp (HDGC) is a kind
of commonly occurring illnesses in summer, and the extremely high
death rate result in colossal losses to aquaculture. As the complex
connections among each factor which influences aquiculture diseases,
there-s no quit reasonable mathematical model to solve the problem at
present.A BP neural network which with excellent nonlinear mapping
coherence was adopted to establish mathematical model;
Environmental factor, which can easily detected, such as breeding
density, water temperature, pH and light intensity was set as the main
analyzing object. 25 groups of experimental data were used for
training and test, and the accuracy of using the model to predict the
trend of HDGC was above 80%. It is demonstrated that BP neural
network for predicating diseases in HDGC has a particularly
objectivity and practicality, thus it can be spread to other aquiculture
disease.
Abstract: The objective of this research was to identify the
vegetation-soil relationships in Nodushan arid rangelands of Yazd. 5
sites were selected for measuring the cover of plant species and soil
attributes. Soil samples were taken in 0-10 and 10-80 cm layers. The
species studied were Salsola tomentosa, Salsola arbuscula, Peganum
harmala, Zygophylum eurypterum and Eurotia ceratoides. Canonical
correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to analyze the data. Based
on the CCA results, 74.9 % of vegetation-soil variation was explained
by axis 1-3. Axis 1, 2 and 3 accounted for 27.2%, 24.9 % and 22.8%
of variance respectively. Correlation between axis 1, 2, 3 and speciesedaphic
variables were 0.995, 0.989, 0.981 respectively. Soil texture,
lime, salinity and organic matter significantly influenced the
distribution of these plant species. Determination of soil-vegetation
relationships will be useful for managing and improving rangelands
in arid and semi arid environments.
Abstract: Feed is one of the factors which play an important role in determining a successful development of an aquaculture industry. It is always critical to produce the best aquaculture diet at a minimum cost in order to trim down the operational cost and gain more profit. However, the feed mix problem becomes increasingly difficult since many issues need to be considered simultaneously. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review the current techniques used by nutritionist and researchers to tackle the issues. Additionally, this paper introduce an enhance algorithm which is deemed suitable to deal with all the issues arise. The proposed technique refers to Hybrid Genetic Algorithm which is expected to obtain the minimum cost diet for farmed animal, while satisfying nutritional requirements. Hybrid GA technique with artificial bee algorithm is expected to reduce the penalty function and provide a better solution for the feed mix problem.
Abstract: The Brazilian Agricultural Products Wholesale Market fits well as example of residues generating system, reaching 750 metric tons per month of total residues, from which 600 metric tons are organic material and 150 metric tons are recyclable materials. Organic material is basically composed of fruit, vegetables and flowers leftovers from the products commercialization. The recyclable compounds are generate from packing material employed in the commercialization process. This research work devoted efforts in carrying quantitative analysis of the residues generated in the agricultural enterprise at its final destination. Data survey followed the directions implemented by the Residues Management Program issued by the agricultural enterprise. It was noticed from that analysis the necessity of changing the logistics applied to the recyclable material collecting process. However, composting process was elected as the organic compounds destination which is considered adequate for a material composed of significant percentage of organic matter far higher than wood, cardboard and plastics contents.
Abstract: Information on weed distribution within the field is
necessary to implement spatially variable herbicide application.
Since hand labor is costly, an automated weed control system could be
feasible. This paper deals with the development of an algorithm for
real time specific weed recognition system based on Histogram
Analysis of an image that is used for the weed classification. This
algorithm is specifically developed to classify images into broad and
narrow class for real-time selective herbicide application. The
developed system has been tested on weeds in the lab, which have
shown that the system to be very effectiveness in weed identification.
Further the results show a very reliable performance on images of
weeds taken under varying field conditions. The analysis of the results
shows over 95 percent classification accuracy over 140 sample images
(broad and narrow) with 70 samples from each category of weeds.
Abstract: New biostimulator from wheat seeds which by its
chemical composition relates to fusicoccin is presented in this article.
New biostimulator could be used as powerful hormonal substance
that has ability to increase productivity and salt tolerance of
agricultural plants. Also on the basis of biostimulator we have
developed vegetative method for fast reproduction of perennial plants
as desert plant - Tamarix gracilis.
Abstract: In this study, we illustrated the performance and
microbial community of single- and two-phase systems anaerobically
co-digesting cassava pulp and pig manure. The results showed that
the volatile solid reduction and biogas productivity of two-phase
CSTR were 66 ± 4% and 2000 ± 210 ml l-1 d-1, while those of singlephase
CSTR were 59 ± 1% and 1670 ± 60 ml l-1 d-1, respectively. Codigestion
in two-phase CSTR gave higher 12% solid degradation and
25% methane production than single-phase CSTR. Phylogenetic
analysis of 16S rDNA clone library revealed that the Bacteroidetes
were the most abundant group, followed by the Clostridia in singlephase
CSTR. In hydrolysis/acidification reactor of two-phase system,
the bacteria within the phylum Firmicutes, especially Clostridium,
Eubacteriaceae and Lactobacillus were the dominant phylogenetic
groups. Among the Archaea, Methanosaeta sp. was the exclusive
predominant in both digesters while the relative abundance of
Methanosaeta sp. and Methanospirillum hungatei differed between
the two systems.
Abstract: Dioscorea species or commonly named as yam is
reported to be one of the major food sources worldwide. This
ethnobotanical study was conducted to document local knowledge
and potentials of DioscoreahispidaDennst. and to investigate and
record its distribution in three districts of Terengganu. Information
was gathered from 23 villagers from three districts of Besut, Marang
and Setiu by using semi-structured questionnaire. The villagers were
randomly selected and no appointment was made prior to the visits.
For distribution, the location of Dioscoreahispida was recorded by
using the Global Positioning System (GPS). The villagers identified
Dioscoreahispida or locally named ubigadong by looking at the
physical characteristics that include its leaf shape, stem and the color
of the tuber-s flesh. The villagers used Dioscoreahispida in many
ways in their life such as for food, medicinal purposes and fish
poison.
Abstract: Understanding how precipitation inter-annually
changes and its implication in agricultural drought and production change in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) growth season is critical for crop production in China. MODIS Temperature-Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) and daily mean precipitation time series for the main growth season(Feb. to May) of winter wheat from 2000 to 2010
were used to analyze the distribution of trends of precipitation,
agricultural drought and winter wheat yield change respectively, and
relationships between them in North China region(Huang-huai-hai
region, HHH region), China. The results indicated that the trend of
precipitation in HHH region past 11 years was increasing, which had
induced generally corresponding decreasing trend of agricultural
drought and increasing trend of wheat yield, while the trend of drought
was spatially diverse. The study could provide a basis for agricultural
drought research during winter wheat season in HHH region under the
ground of climate change.
Abstract: Effects of bio-nitrogen fertilizer (bio-N), as a partial
alternative to mineral-nitrogen fertilizer (mineral-N), on growth,
yield and yield quality of broccoli plants were investigated. Bio-N
was applied at 1, 2 or 3 doses in combination with 65% of the
recommended dose of mineral-N (bio-N1, bio-N2 or bio-N3 +
⅔mineral-N). However, 100% of the recommended dose of mineral-
N was applied as a control. Significant positive influences of the bio-
N3 + ⅔mineral-N treatment were observed on growth traits, leaf
contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrate and nitrite, and
yield quality when compared to the other two combined treatments.
In contrast, there were no significant differences in these parameters
between the bio-N3 + ⅔mineral-N and the control treatments, except
for leaf contents of nitrate and nitrite. They showed lower contents in
the bio-N3 + ⅔mineral-N treatment than the control. Therefore, we
recommend using bio-N as a partial alternative to mineral-N for
healthy nutrition.
Abstract: Utilization of diverse germplasm is needed to enhance
the genetic diversity of cultivars. The objective of this study was to
evaluate the genetic relationships of 98 alfalfa germplasm accessions
using morphological traits and SSR markers. From the 98 tested
populations, 81 were locals originating in Europe, 17 were introduced
from USA, Australia, New Zealand and Canada. Three primers
generated 67 polymorphic bands. The average polymorphic
information content (PIC) was very high (> 0.90) over all three used
primer combinations. Cluster analysis using Unweighted Pair Group
Method with Arithmetic Means (UPGMA) and Jaccard´s coefficient
grouped the accessions into 2 major clusters with 4 sub-clusters with
no correlation between genetic and morphological diversity. The SSR
analysis clearly indicated that even with three polymorphic primers,
reliable estimation of genetic diversity could be obtained.
Abstract: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of nutrients induced salinity on the growth, membrane permeability, nitrate reductase activity, proline content and macronutrient concentrations of tomato plants. The plants were subjected to six different treatments: 1 (control) containing basic solution, 2 basic solution+40mM of NaCl, 3 basic solution+40 mM of KNO3, 4 basic solution+20 mM of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O, 5 basic solution+20 mM of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O and 6 basic solution+20 mM of KNO3+5 mM of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O+5 mM of Mg(NO3)2.6H2O. Membrane permeability was increased significantly only with addition of NaCl, and then decreased to its lower level with addition of Ca(NO3)2.4H2O and Mg(NO3)2.6H2O. Proline accumulation were followed the same trend of results when they had been exposed to NaCl salinity. Nitrate reductase activity (NRA) was significantly affected by addition of different types of nutrient induced salinity.
Abstract: Tomato nutrition value, color, flavor of their fruits and products depends mainly on lycopene, β-carotene, ascorbic acid, sugars and their ratio. The two most important carotenoids in fruits of tomato are lycopene, which determined fruits red color, and β- carotene, which accounts for approximately 7% of the tomato carotenoids. Therefore, tomato products and their quality can be well characterized by the content of these elements.Maturity at harvest is very important to composition and quality of tomatoes. This is especially a problem with tomatoes picked green since it is difficult to differentiate between mature and immature-green fruits. Typical and advanced mature-green tomatoes will usually attain a much better flavor than those picked at the immature or partially mature stages.To better understand the synthesis of biochemical compounds, their concentration should be compared not only at the last stage of maturity, but also during all fruit ripening period in different varieties.
Abstract: Porcine production in China represents approximately
the 50% of the worldwide pig production. Information about pig
husbandry characteristics in China and manure properties from sows
to fatteners in intensive pig farms are not broadly available for
scientific studies as it is a time consuming, expensive task and highly
inaccessible. This study provides a report about solid pig manures
(28% dry matter) in a commercial pig farm located in the peri-urban
area of Beijing as well as a general overview of the current pig
husbandry techniques including pig breeds, feeds, diseases, housing as
well as pig manure and wastewater disposal. The main results are
intended to serve as a literature source for young scientists in order to
understand the main composition of pig manures as well as to identify
the husbandry techniques applied in an intensive pig farm in Beijing.
Abstract: The effect of flooding can be a serious problem for
wheat farmers, even at dry land condition. Amount of flooding
damage depends on duration flooding, developmental stage, wheat
type and variety. Therefore as a factorial experiment in randomized
complete design based on winter bread wheat cultivars (Pishtaz,
Marvdasht, Shiraz, Zarin, Shahriar, C-81-4, Sardari, Agosta seed,
FGS and Azar2) at stages (Non- flooding stress, flooding at tillering
and stem elongation stages for 15 days) carried out in Faculty of
Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. During flooding,
soil environment of plant roots were water saturated. Analysis of
variance showed that flooding had a significant effect on the number
of grains per spike, grain weight per spike and a grain weight. Hence
flooding reduces the number of grain per spike between 27.1 to 42.5
percent, grain weight per spike between 34.7 to 54.4 percent and
single grain weight between 12.1 to 15.1 percent. Effects of flooding
at the tillering stage reduced higher than stem elongation stage on
studied traits. The result also showed that flooding at tillering stage
delayed spikelet primordial and floret. Between wheat cultivars was
significant for traits, but were different reactions. "Shiraz", "Zarin"
and "Shahriar" had the most no. grain per spike, but "Zarin" and
"Sardari" had the most grain weight per spike and single grain
weight, respectively. Also, interaction between start of flooding and
cultivar was significant.