Abstract: Microbubbbles incorporating ultrasound have been used to increase the efficacy of targeted drug delivery, because microstreaming induced by cavitating bubbles affects the drug perfusion into the target cells and tissues. In order to clarify the physical effects of microstreaming on drug perfusion into tissues, a preliminary experimental study of perfusion enhancement by a stably oscillating microbubble was performed. Microstreaming was induced by an oscillating bubble at 15 kHz, and perfusion of dye into an agar phantom was optically measured by histology on agar phantom. Surface color intensity and the penetration length of dye in the agar phantom were increased more than 70% and 30%, respectively, due to the microstreaming induced by an oscillating bubble. The mass of dye perfused into a tissue phantom for 30 s was increased about 80% in the phantom with an oscillating bubble. This preliminary experiment shows the physical effects of steady streaming by an oscillating bubble can enhance the drug perfusion into the tissues while minimizing the biological effects.
Abstract: Detecting object in video sequence is a challenging
mission for identifying, tracking moving objects. Background
removal considered as a basic step in detected moving objects tasks.
Dual static cameras placed in front and rear moving platform
gathered information which is used to detect objects. Background
change regarding with speed and direction moving platform, so
moving objects distinguished become complicated. In this paper, we
propose framework allows detection moving object with variety of
speed and direction dynamically. Object detection technique built on
two levels the first level apply background removal and edge
detection to generate moving areas. The second level apply Moving
Areas Filter (MAF) then calculate Correlation Score (CS) for
adjusted moving area. Merging moving areas with closer CS and
marked as moving object. Experiment result is prepared on real scene
acquired by dual static cameras without overlap in sense. Results
showing accuracy in detecting objects compared with optical flow
and Mixture Module Gaussian (MMG), Accurate ratio produced to
measure accurate detection moving object.
Abstract: In this paper, a new alignment method based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is presented. The PSO algorithm is used for locating the optimal coupling position with the highest optical power with three-degrees of freedom alignment. This algorithm gives an interesting results without a need to go thru the complex mathematical modeling of the alignment system. The proposed algorithm is validated considering practical tests considering the alignment of two Single Mode Fibers (SMF) and the alignment of SMF and PCF fibers.
Abstract: Recently, nanomaterials are developed in the form of nano-films, nano-crystals and nano-pores. Lanthanide phosphates as a material find extensive application as laser, ceramic, sensor, phosphor, and also in optoelectronics, medical and biological labels, solar cells and light sources. Among the different kinds of rare-earth orthophosphates, yttrium orthophosphate has been shown to be an efficient host lattice for rare earth activator ions, which have become a research focus because of their important role in the field of light display systems, lasers, and optoelectronic devices. It is in this context that the 4fn- « 4fn-1 5d transitions of rare earth in insulating materials, lying in the UV and VUV, are the aim of large number of studies .Though there has been a few reports on Eu3+, Nd3+, Pr3+,Er3+, Ce3+, Tm3+ doped YPO4. The 4fn- « 4fn-1 5d transitions of the rare earth dependent to the host-matrix, several matrices ions were used to study these transitions, in this work we are suggesting to study on a very specific class of inorganic material that are orthophosphate doped with rare earth ions. This study focused on the effect of Ce3+ concentration on the structural and optical properties of Ce3+ doped YPO4 yttrium orthophosphate with powder form prepared by the Sol Gel method.
Abstract: Particle detection in very noisy and low contrast images
is an active field of research in image processing. In this article, a
method is proposed for the efficient detection and sizing of subsurface
spherical particles, which is used for the processing of softly fused
Au nanoparticles. Transmission Electron Microscopy is used for
imaging the nanoparticles, and the proposed algorithm has been
tested with the two-dimensional projected TEM images obtained.
Results are compared with the data obtained by transmission optical
spectroscopy, as well as with conventional circular object detection
algorithms.
Abstract: Semiconductor materials with coatings have a wide range of applications in MEMS and NEMS. This work uses transfermatrix method for calculating the radiative properties. Dopped silicon is used and the coherent formulation is applied. The Drude model for the optical constants of doped silicon is employed. Results showed that for the visible wavelengths, more emittance occurs in greater concentrations and the reflectance decreases as the concentration increases. In these wavelengths, transmittance is negligible. Donars and acceptors act similar in visible wavelengths. The effect of wave interference can be understood by plotting the spectral properties such as reflectance or transmittance of a thin dielectric film versus the film thickness and analyzing the oscillations of properties due to constructive and destructive interferences. But this effect has not been shown at visible wavelengths. At room temperature, the scattering process is dominated by lattice scattering for lightly doped silicon, and the impurity scattering becomes important for heavily doped silicon when the dopant concentration exceeds1018cm-3 .
Abstract: Results in one field necessarily give insight into the
others, and all have much potential for scientific and technological
application. The Hadamard-transform technique once been applied to
the spectrometry also has its use in the SNR Enhancement of OTDR.
In this report, a new set of code (Simplex-codes) is discussed and
where the addition gain of SNR come from is implied.
Abstract: In this paper we study the use of a new code called
Random Diagonal (RD) code for Spectral Amplitude Coding (SAC)
optical Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) networks, using
Fiber Bragg-Grating (FBG), FBG consists of a fiber segment whose
index of reflection varies periodically along its length. RD code is
constructed using code level and data level, one of the important
properties of this code is that the cross correlation at data level is
always zero, which means that Phase intensity Induced Phase (PIIN)
is reduced. We find that the performance of the RD code will be
better than Modified Frequency Hopping (MFH) and Hadamard code
It has been observed through experimental and theoretical simulation
that BER for RD code perform significantly better than other codes.
Proof –of-principle simulations of encoding with 3 channels, and 10
Gbps data transmission have been successfully demonstrated together
with FBG decoding scheme for canceling the code level from SAC-signal.
Abstract: The spiral angle of the elementary cellulose fibril in
the wood cell wall, often called microfibril angle, (MFA). Microfibril
angle in hardwood is one of the key determinants of solid timber
performance due to its strong influence on the stiffness, strength,
shrinkage, swelling, thermal-dynamics mechanical properties and
dimensional stability of wood. Variation of MFA (degree) in the S2
layer of the cell walls among Acacia mangium trees was determined
using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The length and
orientation of the microfibrils of the cell walls in the irradiated
volume of the thin samples are measured using SAXS and optical
microscope for 3D surface measurement. The undetermined
parameters in the analysis are the MFA, (M) and the standard
deviation (σФ) of the intensity distribution arising from the wandering
of the fibril orientation about the mean value. Nine separate pairs of
values are determined for nine different values of the angle of the
incidence of the X-ray beam relative to the normal to the radial
direction in the sample. The results show good agreement. The
curve distribution of scattered intensity for the real cell wall structure
is compared with that calculated with that assembly of rectangular
cells with the same ratio of transverse to radial cell wall length. It is
demonstrated that for β = 45°, the peaks in the curve intensity
distribution for the real and the rectangular cells coincide. If this
peak position is Ф45, then the MFA can be determined from the
relation M = tan-1 (tan Ф45 / cos 45°), which is precise for rectangular
cells. It was found that 92.93% of the variation of MFA can be
attributed to the distance from pith to bark. Here we shall present our
results of the MFA in the cell wall with respect to its shape, structure
and the distance from pith to park as an important fast check and yet
accurate towards the quality of wood, its uses and application.
Abstract: This paper proposes a fast code acquisition scheme for
optical code division multiple access (O-CDMA) systems. Unlike the
conventional scheme, the proposed scheme employs multiple thresholds
providing a shorter mean acquisition time (MAT) performance.
The simulation results show that the MAT of the proposed scheme
is shorter than that of the conventional scheme.
Abstract: We demonstrate a 1×4 coarse wavelength
division-multiplexing (CWDM) planar concave grating
multiplexer/demultiplexer and its application in re-configurable
optical add/drop multiplexer (ROADM) system in silicon-on-insulator
substrate. The wavelengths of the demonstrated concave grating
multiplexer align well with the ITU-T standard. We demonstrate a
prototype of ROADM comprising two such concave gratings and four
wide-band thermo-optical MZI switches. Undercut technology which
removes the underneath silicon substrate is adopted in optical switches
in order to minimize the operation power. For all the thermal heaters,
the operation voltage is smaller than 1.5 V, and the switch power is
~2.4 mW. High throughput pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS)
data transmission with up to 100 Gb/s is demonstrated, showing the
high-performance ROADM functionality.
Abstract: The paper proposes a way of parallel processing of
SURF and Optical Flow for moving object recognition and tracking.
The object recognition and tracking is one of the most important task
in computer vision, however disadvantage are many operations cause
processing speed slower so that it can-t do real-time object recognition
and tracking. The proposed method uses a typical way of feature
extraction SURF and moving object Optical Flow for reduce
disadvantage and real-time moving object recognition and tracking,
and parallel processing techniques for speed improvement. First
analyse that an image from DB and acquired through the camera using
SURF for compared to the same object recognition then set ROI
(Region of Interest) for tracking movement of feature points using
Optical Flow. Secondly, using Multi-Thread is for improved
processing speed and recognition by parallel processing. Finally,
performance is evaluated and verified efficiency of algorithm
throughout the experiment.
Abstract: This paper presents an algorithm for the recognition
and tracking of moving objects, 1/10 scale model car is used to verify
performance of the algorithm. Presented algorithm for the recognition
and tracking of moving objects in the paper is as follows. SURF
algorithm is merged with Lucas-Kanade algorithm. SURF algorithm
has strong performance on contrast, size, rotation changes and it
recognizes objects but it is slow due to many computational
complexities. Processing speed of Lucas-Kanade algorithm is fast but
the recognition of objects is impossible. Its optical flow compares the
previous and current frames so that can track the movement of a pixel.
The fusion algorithm is created in order to solve problems which
occurred using the Kalman Filter to estimate the position and the
accumulated error compensation algorithm was implemented. Kalman
filter is used to create presented algorithm to complement problems
that is occurred when fusion two algorithms. Kalman filter is used to
estimate next location, compensate for the accumulated error. The
resolution of the camera (Vision Sensor) is fixed to be 640x480. To
verify the performance of the fusion algorithm, test is compared to
SURF algorithm under three situations, driving straight, curve, and
recognizing cars behind the obstacles. Situation similar to the actual is
possible using a model vehicle. Proposed fusion algorithm showed
superior performance and accuracy than the existing object
recognition and tracking algorithms. We will improve the performance
of the algorithm, so that you can experiment with the images of the
actual road environment.
Abstract: Performance of millimeter-wave (mm-wave) multiband
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultrawideband
(UWB) signal generation using frequency quadrupling
technique and transmission over fiber is experimentally investigated.
The frequency quadrupling is achived by using only one Mach-
Zehnder modulator (MZM) that is biased at maximum transmission
(MATB) point. At the output, a frequency quadrupling signal is
obtained then sent to a second MZM. This MZM is used for MBOFDM
UWB signal modulation. In this work, we demonstrate 30-
GHz mm-wave wireless that carries three-bands OFDM UWB
signals, and error vector magnitude (EVM) is used to analyze the
transmission quality. It is found that our proposed technique leads to
an improvement of 3.5 dB in EVM at 40% of local oscillator (LO)
modulation with comparison to the technique using two cascaded
MZMs biased at minimum transmission (MITB) point.
Abstract: Refractive index control of benzocyclobutene (BCB 4024-40) is achieved by facilitating different conditions during the thermal curing of BCB film. Refractive index (RI) change of 1.49% is obtained with curing of BCB film using an oven, while the RI change is 0.1% when the BCB is cured using a hotplate. The two different curing methods exhibit a temperature dependent refractive index change of the BCB photosensitive polymer. By carefully controlling the curing conditions, multiple layers of BCB with different RI can be fabricated, which can then be applied in the fabrication of optical waveguides.