Abstract: The present disposal routes of sewage sludge represent a critical environmental issue in Egypt. Recently, there has been an increasing concern about sewage sludge management due to the environmental risks, which resulted from the fast expansion of wastewater treatment plants without equal attention in dealing with the produced sludge. This paper discusses the current situation of sewage sludge management in Egypt presenting a brief overview of the existing wastewater treatment plants, sludge production and characteristics as well as options of beneficial use and potential demand of sewage sludge under Egyptian conditions. The characteristics of sewage sludge are discussed considering the results of own sampling and analysis as well as previous studies. Furthermore, alternative treatment scenarios for sewage sludge, which have been recently developed in Egypt, are discussed and perspectives for a sustainable agricultural use are outlined.
Abstract: The daily increase of organic waste materials resulting
from different activities in the country is one of the main factors for
the pollution of environment. Today, with regard to the low level of
the output of using traditional methods, the high cost of disposal
waste materials and environmental pollutions, the use of modern
methods such as anaerobic digestion for the production of biogas has
been prevailing. The collected biogas from the process of anaerobic
digestion, as a renewable energy source similar to natural gas but
with a less methane and heating value is usable. Today, with the help
of technologies of filtration and proper preparation, access to biogas
with features fully similar to natural gas has become possible. At
present biogas is one of the main sources of supplying electrical and
thermal energy and also an appropriate option to be used in four
stroke engine, diesel engine, sterling engine, gas turbine, gas micro
turbine and fuel cell to produce electricity. The use of biogas for
different reasons which returns to socio-economic and environmental
advantages has been noticed in CHP for the production of energy in
the world. The production of biogas from the technology of anaerobic
digestion and its application in CHP power plants in Iran can not only
supply part of the energy demands in the country, but it can
materialize moving in line with the sustainable development. In this
article, the necessity of the development of CHP plants with biogas
fuels in the country will be dealt based on studies performed from the
economic, environmental and social aspects. Also to prove the
importance of the establishment of these kinds of power plants from
the economic point of view, necessary calculations has been done as
a case study for a CHP power plant with a biogas fuel.
Abstract: In the modern construction practices, industrial wastes
or by-products are largely used as raw materials in cement and
concrete. These impart many benefits to the environment and bringabout
an economic impact because the cost of waste disposal is
constantly increasing due to strict environmental regulations. It was
reported in literature that the leakage of oil onto concrete element in
older cement grinding unit resulted in concrete with greater resistance
to freezing and thawing. This effect was thought to be similar to
adding an air-entraining chemical admixture to concrete. This paper
presents an investigation on the load deflection behaviour and crack
patterns of reinforced concrete (RC) beams subjected to four point
loading. Ten 120x260x1900 mm beams were cast with 100%
ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, 20% fly ash (FA) and 20%
rice husk ash (RHA) blended cement concrete. 0.15% dosage of
admixtures (used engine oil, new engine oil, and superplasticizer)
was used throughout the experiment. Results show that OPC and
OPC/RHA RC beams containing used engine oil and superplasticizer
exhibit higher capacity, 18-26% than their corresponding control
mix.
Abstract: Solidarity and kinship has long been an intangible
emblem to Malay community especially in the rural area. It is visibly
seen through the dependability among each unit of the community
either in religious and social events including the matrimonial or
wedding. Nevertheless, the inevitable phenomenon, modernization
legitimately alters every facets of human life not only the routines,
traditions, rituals, norms but also to the daily activities and the
specific occasion. Using triangulation approach of interview and self
completed questionnaire this study empirically examine the level of
alteration of Malays wedding foodways which relate to the
preparation and consumption of it and its impact on the community
social bonding. Some meaningful insights were obtained whereby
modernization through technology (modern equipments) and social
factors (education, migration, and high disposal income) significantly
contribute to the alteration of wedding foodways from preparation up
to consumption stages. The domino effect of this alteration
consequently leads to the fragility of social kinship or somehow
reduced cohesiveness and interaction among the individual of Malay
society in the rural area.
Abstract: Porcine production in China represents approximately
the 50% of the worldwide pig production. Information about pig
husbandry characteristics in China and manure properties from sows
to fatteners in intensive pig farms are not broadly available for
scientific studies as it is a time consuming, expensive task and highly
inaccessible. This study provides a report about solid pig manures
(28% dry matter) in a commercial pig farm located in the peri-urban
area of Beijing as well as a general overview of the current pig
husbandry techniques including pig breeds, feeds, diseases, housing as
well as pig manure and wastewater disposal. The main results are
intended to serve as a literature source for young scientists in order to
understand the main composition of pig manures as well as to identify
the husbandry techniques applied in an intensive pig farm in Beijing.
Abstract: The leaching rate of 137Cs from spent mix bead (anion and cation) exchange resins in a cement-bentonite matrix has been studied. Transport phenomena involved in the leaching of a radioactive material from a cement-bentonite matrix are investigated using three methods based on theoretical equations. These are: the diffusion equation for a plane source an equation for diffusion coupled to a firstorder equation and an empirical method employing a polynomial equation. The results presented in this paper are from a 25-year mortar and concrete testing project that will influence the design choices for radioactive waste packaging for a future Serbian radioactive waste disposal center.
Abstract: Disposal of health-care waste (HCW) is considered as
an important environmental problem especially in large cities.
Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) techniques are apt to deal
with quantitative and qualitative considerations of the health-care
waste management (HCWM) problems. This research proposes a
fuzzy multi-criteria group decision making approach with a multilevel
hierarchical structure including qualitative as well as
quantitative performance attributes for evaluating HCW disposal
alternatives for Istanbul. Using the entropy weighting method,
objective weights as well as subjective weights are taken into account
to determine the importance weighting of quantitative performance
attributes. The results obtained using the proposed methodology are
thoroughly analyzed.
Abstract: There are many expand of Wi-Fi zones provided
mobile careers and usage of wireless access point at home as increase
of usage of wireless internet caused by the use of smart phone. This
paper shows wireless local area network status, security threats of
WLAN and functionality of major wireless access point in Korea. We
propose security countermeasures concerned with life cycle of access
point from manufacturing to installation, using and finally disposal.
There needed to releasing with configured secure at access point.
Because, it is most cost effective resolution than stage of installation or
other life cycle of access point.
Abstract: This work presents the experimental results obtained
at a pilot plant which works with a slow, wet and catalytic pyrolysis
process of dry fowl manure. This kind of process mainly consists in
the cracking of the organic matrix and in the following reaction of
carbon with water, which is either already contained in the organic
feed or added, to produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Reactions
are conducted in a rotating reactor maintained at a temperature of
500°C; the required amount of water is about 30% of the dry organic
feed. This operation yields a gas containing about 59% (on a volume
basis) of hydrogen, 17% of carbon monoxide and other products such
as light hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane) and carbon
monoxide in lesser amounts. The gas coming from the reactor can be
used to produce not only electricity, through internal combustion
engines, but also heat, through direct combustion in industrial
boilers. Furthermore, as the produced gas is devoid of both solid
particles and pollutant species (such as dioxins and furans), the
process (in this case applied to fowl manure) can be considered as an
optimal way for the disposal and the contemporary energetic
valorization of organic materials, in such a way that is not damaging
to the environment.
Abstract: Cutting fluids, usually in the form of a liquid, are
applied to the chip formation zone in order to improve the cutting
conditions. Cutting fluid can be expensive and represents a biological
and environmental hazard that requires proper recycling and
disposal, thus adding to the cost of the machining operation. For
these reasons dry cutting or dry machining has become an
increasingly important approach; in dry machining no coolant or
lubricant is used. This paper discussed the effect of the dry cutting on
cutting force and tool life when machining aerospace materials
(Haynes 242) with using two different coated carbide cutting tools
(TiAlN and TiN/MT-TiCN/TiN). Response surface method (RSM)
was used to minimize the number of experiments. ParTiAlN Swarm
Optimisation (PSO) models were developed to optimize the
machining parameters (cutting speed, federate and axial depth) and
obtain the optimum cutting force and tool life. It observed that
carbide cutting tool coated with TiAlN performed better in dry
cutting compared with TiN/MT-TiCN/TiN. On other hand, TiAlN
performed more superior with using of 100 % water soluble coolant.
Due to the high temperature produced by aerospace materials, the
cutting tool still required lubricant to sustain the heat transfer from
the workpiece.
Abstract: The manufacturing transmission line tower parts has
being generated hazardous waste which is required proper disposal
of waste for protection of land pollution. Manufacturing Process in
the manufacturing of steel angle, plates, pipes, channels are passes
through conventional, semi automatic and CNC machines for
cutting, marking, punching, drilling, notching, bending operations.
All fabricated material Coated with thin layer of Zinc in Galvanizing
plant where molten zinc is used for coating. Prior to Galvanizing,
chemical like 33% concentrated HCl Acid, ammonium chloride and
d-oil being used for pretreatment of iron. The bath of water with
sodium dichromate is used for cooling and protection of the
galvanized steel. For the heating purpose the furnace oil burners are
used. These above process the Zinc dross, Zinc ash, ETP sludge and
waste pickled acid generated as hazardous waste. The RPG has
made captive secured land fill site, since 1997 since then it was
using for disposal of hazardous waste after completion of SLF
(Secured land fill) site. The RPG has raised height from ground
level then now it is being used for disposal of waste as he designed
the SLF after in creasing height of from GL it is functional without
leach ate or adverse impacts in the environment.
Abstract: The practice of burying the solid waste under the ground is one of the waste disposal methods and dumping is known as an ultimate method in the fastest-growing cities like Rasht city in Iran. Some municipalities select the solid waste landfills without feasibility studies, programming, design and management plans. Therefore, several social and environmental impacts are created by these sites. In this study, the suitability of solid waste landfill in Rasht city, capital of Gilan Province is reviewed using Regional Screening Method (RSM), Geographic Information System (GIS) and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The results indicated that according to the suitability maps, the value of study site is midsuitable to suitable based on RSM and mid-suitable based on AHP.
Abstract: The presence of toxic heavy metals in industrial
effluents is one of the serious threats to the environment. Heavy
metals such as Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Nickel, Zinc, Mercury,
Copper, Arsenic are found in the effluents of industries such as
foundries, electroplating, petrochemical, battery manufacturing,
tanneries, fertilizer, dying, textiles, metallurgical and metal finishing.
Tremendous increase of industrial copper usage and its presence in
industrial effluents has lead to a growing concern about the fate and
effects of Copper in the environment. Percolation of industrial
effluents through soils leads to contamination of ground water and
soils. The transport of heavy metals and their diffusion into the soils
has therefore, drawn the attention of the researchers.
In this study, an attempt has been made to delineate the
mechanisms of transport and fate of copper in terrestrial
environment. Column studies were conducted using perplex glass
square column of dimension side 15 cm and 1.35 m long. The soil
samples were collected from a natural drain near Mohali (India). The
soil was characterized to be poorly graded sandy loam. The soil was
compacted to the field dry density level of about 1.6 g/cm3. Break
through curves for different depths of the column were plotted. The
results of the column study indicated that the copper has high
tendency to flow in the soils and fewer tendencies to get absorbed on
the soil particles. The t1/2 estimates obtained from the studies can be
used for design copper laden wastewater disposal systems.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of current municipal
solid waste management in Khoram Abad city.
According to data collected by the local authorities, the waste
generation rate is estimated to be 800 g/cap.d with density of 243
kg/m3. Solid waste is stored in different types of containers at the
source of generation in different areas of the city.
Local Authority is responsible for waste collection, transportation.
Municipality is responsible for waste collection, using private sector
contracts.
At present, both mechanical and manual methods are used to
collect residential waste. Manual methods of collection are the most
commonly used for waste collection in most parts of the city.
Land filling is the main disposal method in this city. But it has
some obvious problem and deficiencies
The current state of solid waste management has been improved
slightly in the last decade. By more actions can reduce the human and
environmental risks.
Abstract: General as well as the MSW management in Thailand is reviewed in this paper. Topics include the MSW generation, sources, composition, and trends. The review, then, moves to sustainable solutions for MSW management, sustainable alternative approaches with an emphasis on an integrated MSW management. Information of waste in Thailand is also given at the beginning of this paper for better understanding of later contents. It is clear that no one single method of MSW disposal can deal with all materials in an environmentally sustainable way. As such, a suitable approach in MSW management should be an integrated approach that could deliver both environmental and economic sustainability. With increasing environmental concerns, the integrated MSW management system has a potential to maximize the useable waste materials as well as produce energy as a by-product. In Thailand, the compositions of waste (86%) are mainly organic waste, paper, plastic, glass, and metal. As a result, the waste in Thailand is suitable for an integrated MSW management. Currently, the Thai national waste management policy starts to encourage the local administrations to gather into clusters to establish central MSW disposal facilities with suitable technologies and reducing the disposal cost based on the amount of MSW generated.
Abstract: Following the research in the Department of environmental engineering in Faculty of mechanical engineering on Technical University of Kosice and experiences with electrocoagulation style of disposal waste water, there were designed and partly examining the equipment of two stage revitalization on the standing and little fusible water of tenet electrolysis on the little tarns. With the cooperation with vet experts was that manners prove and it is innocuous for animals, during which time cyanobacteria are totally paralyzed. For the implementation of science and research results have been obtained by means EU funds for structural development.
Abstract: The recovery of metal values and safe disposal of
spent catalyst is gaining interest due to both its hazardous nature and
increased regulation associated with disposal methods. Prior to the
recovery of the valuable metals, removal of entrained deposits limit
the diffusion of lixiviate resulting in low recovery of metals must be
taken into consideration. Therefore, petroleum refinery spent catalyst
was subjected to acetone washing and roasting at 500oC. The treated
samples were investigated for metals bioleaching using
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in batch reactors and the leaching
efficiencies were compared. It was found out that acetone washed
spent catalysts results in better metal recovery compare to roasted
spent. About 83% Ni, 20% Al, 50% Mo and 73% V were leached
using the acetone washed spent catalyst. In both the cases, Ni, V and
Mo was high compared to Al.
Abstract: Utilization of bagasse ash for silica sources is one of
the most common application for agricultural wastes and valuable
biomass byproducts in sugar milling. The high percentage silica
content from bagasse ash was used as silica source for sodium
silicate solution. Different heating temperature, time and acid
treatment were studies for silica extraction. The silica was
characterized using various techniques including X-ray fluorescence,
X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy method,. The synthesis conditions
were optimized to obtain the bagasse ash with the maximum silica
content. The silica content of 91.57 percent was achieved from
heating of bagasse ash at 600°C for 3 hours under oxygen feeding
and HCl treatment. The result can be used as value added for bagasse
ash utilization and minimize the environmental impact of disposal
problems.
Abstract: This paper estimates the economic values of
household preference for enhanced solid waste disposal services in
Malaysia. The contingent valuation (CV) method estimates an
average additional monthly willingness-to-pay (WTP) in solid waste
management charges of Ôé¼0.77 to 0.80 for improved waste disposal
services quality. The finding of a slightly higher WTP from the
generic CV question than that of label-specific, further reveals a
higher WTP for sanitary landfill, at Ôé¼0.90, than incineration, at Ôé¼0.63.
This suggests that sanitary landfill is a more preferred alternative.
The logistic regression estimation procedure reveals that household-s
concern of where their rubbish is disposed, age, ownership of house,
household income and format of CV question are significant factors
in influencing WTP.
Abstract: Sampling and analysis of leachate from Bhalaswa
landfill and groundwater samples from nearby locations, clearly
indicated the likely contamination of groundwater due to landfill
leachate. The results of simulation studies carried out for the
migration of Chloride from landfill shows that the simulation results
are in consonance with the observed concentration of Chloride in the
vicinity of landfill facility. The solid waste disposal system presently
being practiced in Delhi consists of mere dumping of wastes
generated, at three locations Bhalaswa, Ghazipur, and Okhla without
any regard to proper care for the protection of surrounding
environment. Bhalaswa landfill site in Delhi, which is being operated
as a dump site, is expected to become cause of serious groundwater
pollution in its vicinity. The leachate from Bhalaswa landfill was
found to be having a high concentration of chlorides, as well as DOC,
COD. The present study was undertaken to determine the likely
concentrations of principle contaminants in the groundwater over a
period of time due to the discharge of such contaminants from
landfill leachates to the underlying groundwater. The observed
concentration of chlorides in the groundwater within 75m of the
radius of landfill facility was found to be in consonance with the
simulated concentration of chloride in groundwater considering one
dimensional transport model, with finite mass of contaminant source.
Governing equation of contaminant transport involving advection and
diffusion-dispersion was solved in matlab7.0 using finite difference
method.