Abstract: This paper describes the architectural design
considerations for building a new class of application, a Personal
Knowledge Integrator and a particular example a Knowledge Theatre.
It then supports this description by describing a scenario of a child
acquiring knowledge and how this process could be augmented by
the proposed architecture and design of a Knowledge Theatre. David
Merrill-s first “principles of instruction" are kept in focus to provide
a background to view the learning potential.
Abstract: A numerical analysis used to simulate the effects of wavy surfaces and thermal radiation on natural convection heat transfer boundary layer flow over an inclined wavy plate has been investigated. A simple coordinate transformation is employed to transform the complex wavy surface into a flat plate. The boundary layer equations and the boundary conditions are discretized by the finite difference scheme and solved numerically using the Gauss-Seidel algorithm with relaxation coefficient. Effects of the wavy geometry, the inclination angle of the wavy plate and the thermal radiation on the velocity profiles, temperature profiles and the local Nusselt number are presented and discussed in detail.
Abstract: The induction hardening machines are utilized in
the industries which modify machine parts and tools needed to
achieve high ware resistance. This paper describes the model of
induction heating process design of inverter circuit and the results
of induction surface hardening of heating coil. In the design of
heating coil, the shape and the turn numbers of the coil are very
important design factors because they decide the overall operating
performance of induction heater including resonant frequency, Q
factor, efficiency and power factor. The performance will be tested
by experiments in some cases high frequency induction hardening
machine.
Abstract: A simple model for studying convectional lifting
processes in the tropics is described in this paper with some tests of
the model in dry air. The model consists of the density equation, the
wind equation, the vertical velocity equation, and the temperature
equation. The model domain is two-dimensional with length 100 km
and height 17.5 km. Plan for experiments to investigate the effects of
the heating surface, the deep convection approximation and the
treatment of velocities at the boundaries are discussed. Equations for
the simplified treatment of moisture in the atmosphere in future
numerical experiments are also given.
Abstract: The current sheath dynamics in plasma focus facilities
is the most important factors. In this paper the current sheath velocity
at three dimensional with Sahand plasma focus facility is
investigated. For this purpose the discharge is produced in argon gas
with deposited energy lying in the range of 20-37kJ. The current
sheath is monitored using two tridimensional magnetic probes. These
probes installed near the surface of the interior electrode (anode) at
125mm from the anode axis (pinch place). The effect of gas pressure
on the current sheath velocity also is investigated.
Abstract: Recent studies demonstrated that high-fat diet increases oxidative stress in plasma and in a variety of tissues. Many researchers have been looking for natural products, which can reverse the effect of high fat diet. Recently, buckwheat is becoming common ingredient in functional food because of it properties. In study on buckwheat, it is known that, this plant plays roles as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive. Nevertheless still little is known about buckwheat groats. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of addition of buckwheat groats to the fat diet (30% lard), on some antioxidant and oxidant stress parameters in plasma and selected tissues in Wistar rats. The experiment was carried out with three months old male Wistar rats ca. 250g of body weight fed for 5 weeks with either a high-fat (30% of lard) diet or control diet, with or without addition of buckwheat groats. In plasma biochemistry and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes were measured selected tissues: glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT) and the levels of total and reduced glutathione (GSH), free thiol groups (pSH), antioxidant potential of plasma (FRAP) and oxidant stress indices - proteins carbonyl groups (CO) and malonyldialdehyde concentration (MDA). Activity of catalase (CAT) in plasma of rats was significantly increased in buckwheat groats groups and activity of GPx3 in plasma of rats was decreased in buckwheat groups as compared to control group. The reduced glutathione (GSH) in plasma of rats was significantly increased and protein CO was significantly decreased in buckwheat groups as compared to controls. The lowered concentration of GSH was found in serum of rats fed buckwheat groats addition but it accompanied in 7-fold increase in reduced-to-oxidized glutatione ratio, significant increase in HDL and decrease in nonHDL concentration. Conclusions: Buckwheat groats indicate a beneficial effect in inhibiting protein and lipid peroxidation in rats and improved lipid profile. These results suggest that buckwheat groats exert a significant antioxidant potential and may be used as normal food constituent to ameliorate the oxidant-induced damage in organism.
Abstract: A hotel mainly uses its energy on water heating, space
heating, refrigeration, space cooling, cooking, lighting and other
building services. A number of 4-5 stars hotels in Auckland city are
selected for this study. Comparing with the energy used for others,
the energy used for the internal space thermal control (e.g. internal
space heating) is more closely related to the hotel building itself.
This study not only investigates relationship between annual energy
(and winter energy) consumptions and building design data but also
relationships between winter extra energy consumption and building
design data. This study is to identify the major design factors that
significantly impact hotel energy consumption for improving the
future hotel design for energy efficient.
Abstract: Natural convection heat transfer from a heated
horizontal semi-circular cylinder (flat surface upward) has been
investigated for the following ranges of conditions; Grashof number,
and Prandtl number. The governing partial differential equations
(continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations) have been solved
numerically using a finite volume formulation. In addition, the role of
the type of the thermal boundary condition imposed at cylinder
surface, namely, constant wall temperature (CWT) and constant heat
flux (CHF) are explored. Natural convection heat transfer from a
heated horizontal semi-circular cylinder (flat surface upward) has
been investigated for the following ranges of conditions; Grashof
number, and Prandtl number, . The governing partial differential
equations (continuity, Navier-Stokes and energy equations) have
been solved numerically using a finite volume formulation. In
addition, the role of the type of the thermal boundary condition
imposed at cylinder surface, namely, constant wall temperature
(CWT) and constant heat flux (CHF) are explored. The resulting flow
and temperature fields are visualized in terms of the streamline and
isotherm patterns in the proximity of the cylinder. The flow remains
attached to the cylinder surface over the range of conditions spanned
here except that for and ; at these conditions, a separated flow
region is observed when the condition of the constant wall
temperature is prescribed on the surface of the cylinder. The heat
transfer characteristics are analyzed in terms of the local and average
Nusselt numbers. The maximum value of the local Nusselt number
always occurs at the corner points whereas it is found to be minimum
at the rear stagnation point on the flat surface. Overall, the average
Nusselt number increases with Grashof number and/ or Prandtl
number in accordance with the scaling considerations. The numerical
results are used to develop simple correlations as functions of
Grashof and Prandtl number thereby enabling the interpolation of the
present numerical results for the intermediate values of the Prandtl or
Grashof numbers for both thermal boundary conditions.
Abstract: Isobaric and cooling zone of iron ore reactor have been
simulated. In this paper, heat and mass transfer equation are
formulated to perform the temperature and concentration of gas and
solid phase respectively. Temperature profile for isobaric zone is
simulated on the range temperature of 873-1163K while cooling zone
is simulated on the range temperature of 733-1139K. The simulation
results have a good agreement with the plant data. Total carbon
formation in the isobaric zone is only 30% of total carbon contained in
the sponge iron product. The formation of Fe3C in isobaric zone
reduces metallization degree up to 0.58% whereas reduction of
metallization degree in cooling zone up to 1.139%. The decreasing of
sponge iron temperature in the isobaric and cooling zone is around 300
K and 600 K respectively.
Abstract: Air conditioning systems of houses consume large
quantity of electricity. To reducing energy consumption for air
conditioning purposes it is becoming attractive the use of evaporative
cooling air conditioning which is less energy consuming compared to
air chillers. But, it is obvious that higher energy efficiency of
evaporative cooling is not enough to judge whether evaporative
cooling economically is competitive with other types of cooling
systems. To proving the higher energy efficiency and cost
effectiveness of the evaporative cooling competitive analysis of
various types of cooling system should be accomplished. For noted
purpose optimization mathematical model for each system should be
composed based on system approach analysis. In this paper different
types of evaporative cooling-heating systems are discussed and
methods for increasing their energy efficiency and as well as
determining of their design parameters are developed. The
optimization mathematical models for each of them are composed
with help of which least specific costs for each of them are reviled.
The comparison of specific costs proved that the most efficient and
cost effective is considered the “direct evaporating" system if it is
applicable for given climatic conditions. Next more universal and
applicable for many climatic conditions system providing least cost
of heating and cooling is considered the “direct evaporating" system.
Abstract: In this research a mathematical model for direct
oxidization of hydrogen sulfide into elemental sulfur in a fluidized
bed reactor with external circulation was developed. As the catalyst
is deactivated in the fluidized bed, it might be placed in a reduction
tank in order to remove sulfur through heating above its dew point.
The reactor model demonstrated via MATLAB software. It was
shown that variations of H2S conversion as well as; products formed
were reasonable in comparison with corresponding results of a fixed
bed reactor. Through analyzing results of this model, it became
possible to propose the main optimized operating conditions for the
process considered. These conditions included; the temperature range
of 100-130ºC and utilizing the catalyst as much as possible providing
the highest bed density respect to dimensions of bed, economical
aspects that the bed ever remained in fluidized mode. A high active
and stable catalyst under the optimum conditions exhibited 100%
conversion in a fluidized bed reactor.
Abstract: In this paper, fully developed flow and heat transfer of
viscoelastic materials in curved ducts with square cross section under
constant heat flux have been investigated. Here, staggered mesh is
used as computational grids and flow and heat transfer parameters
have been allocated in this mesh with marker and cell method.
Numerical solution of governing equations has being performed with
FTCS finite difference method. Furthermore, Criminale-Eriksen-
Filbey (CEF) constitutive equation has being used as viscoelastic
model. CEF constitutive equation is a suitable model for studying
steady shear flow of viscoelastic materials which is able to model
both effects of the first and second normal stress differences. Here, it
is shown that the first and second normal stresses differences have
noticeable and inverse effect on secondary flows intensity and mean
Nusselt number which is the main novelty of current research.
Abstract: Ground-source heat pumps achieve higher efficiencies
than conventional air-source heat pumps because they exchange heat
with the ground that is cooler in summer and hotter in winter than the
air environment. Earth heat exchangers are essential parts of the
ground-source heat pumps and the accurate prediction of their
performance is of fundamental importance. This paper presents the
development and validation of a numerical model through an
incompressible fluid flow, for the simulation of energy and
temperature changes in and around a U-tube borehole heat
exchanger. The FlexPDE software is used to solve the resulting
simultaneous equations that model the heat exchanger. The validated
model (through a comparison with experimental data) is then used to
extract conclusions on how various parameters like the U-tube
diameter, the variation of the ground thermal conductivity and
specific heat and the borehole filling material affect the temperature
of the fluid.
Abstract: The cables in a nuclear power plant are designed to be
used for about 40 years in safe operation environment. However, the
heat and radiation in the nuclear power plant causes the rapid
performance deterioration of cables in nuclear vessels and heat
exchangers, which requires cable lifetime estimation. The most
accurate method of estimating the cable lifetime is to evaluate the
cables in a laboratory. However, removing cables while the plant is
operating is not allowed because of its safety and cost. In this paper, a
robot system to estimate the cable lifetime in nuclear power plants is
developed and tested. The developed robot system can calculate a
modulus value to estimate the cable lifetime even when the nuclear
power plant is in operation.
Abstract: The article presents test results on the changes
occurring in sewage sludge during the process of its storage. Tests
were conducted on mechanically dehydrated sewage sludge derived
from large municipal sewage treatment plants equipped with
biological sewage treatment systems. In testing presented in the paper
the focus was on the basic fuel properties of sewage sludge: moisture
content, heat of combustion, carbon share. In the first part of the
article the overview of the issues concerning the sewage sludge
management is presented and the genesis of tests is explained.
Further in the paper, selected results of conducted tests are discussed.
Changes in tested parameters were determined in the period of a 10-
month sewage storage.
Abstract: Today, building automation is advancing from simple
monitoring and control tasks of lightning and heating towards more
and more complex applications that require a dynamic perception
and interpretation of different scenes occurring in a building. Current
approaches cannot handle these newly upcoming demands. In this
article, a bionically inspired approach for multimodal, dynamic scene
perception and interpretation is presented, which is based on neuroscientific
and neuro-psychological research findings about the perceptual
system of the human brain. This approach bases on data from diverse
sensory modalities being processed in a so-called neuro-symbolic
network. With its parallel structure and with its basic elements being
information processing and storing units at the same time, a very
efficient method for scene perception is provided overcoming the
problems and bottlenecks of classical dynamic scene interpretation
systems.
Abstract: As application of re-activation of backside on power
device Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), laser annealing was
employed to irradiate amorphous silicon substrate, and resistivities
were measured using four point probe measurement. For annealing
the amorphous silicon two lasers were used at wavelength of visible
green (532 nm) together with Infrared (793 nm). While the green
laser efficiently increased temperature at top surface the Infrared
laser reached more deep inside and was effective for melting the
top surface. A finite element method was employed to evaluate time
dependent thermal distribution in silicon substrate.
Abstract: A numerical investigation of surface heat transfer
characteristics of turbulent air flows in different parallel plate
grooved channels is performed using CFD code. The results are
obtained for Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 30,000 and for
arc-shaped and rectangular grooved channels. The influence of
different geometric parameters of dimples as well as the number of
them and the geometric and thermophysical properties of channel
walls are studied. It is found that there exists an optimum value for
depth of dimples in which the largest wall heat flux can be achieved.
Also, the results show a critical value for the ratio of wall thermal
conductivity to the one of fluid in which the dependence of wall heat
flux to this ratio almost vanishes. In most cases examined, heat
transfer enhancement is larger for arc-shaped grooved channels than
rectangular ones.
Abstract: In order to study the effect of plant density and
competition of wheat with field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) on
yield and agronomical properties of wheat(Triticum Sativum) in
irrigated conditions, a factorial experiment as the base of complete
randomize block design in three replication was conducted at the
field of Kamalvand in khoramabad (Lorestan) region of Iran during
2008-2009. Three plant density (Factor A=200, 230 and 260kg/ha)
three cultivar (Factor B=Bahar,Pishtaz and Alvand) and weed control
(Factor C= control and no control of weeds)were assigned in
experiment. Results show that: Plant density had significant effect
(statistically) on seed yield, 1000 seed weight, weed density and dry
weight of weeds, seed yield and harvest index had been meaningful
effect for cultivars. The interaction between plant density and
cultivars for weed density, seed yield, thousand seed weight and
harvest index were significant. 260 kg/ha (plant density) of wheat had
more effect on increasing of seed yield in Bahar cultivar wheat in
khoramabad region of Iran.
Abstract: An experiment was conducted in October 2008 due the ability replacement plant associate biofertilizers by chemical fertilizers and the qualifying rate of chemical N fertilizers at the moment of using this biofertilizers and the interaction of this biofertilizer on each other. This field experiment has been done in Persepolis (Throne of Jamshid) and arrange by using factorial with the basis of randomized complete block design, in three replication Azespirilium SP bacteria has been admixed with consistence 108 cfu/g and inoculated with seeds of wheat, The streptomyces SP has been used in amount of 550 gr/ha and concatenated on clay and for the qualifying range of chemical fertilizer 4 level of N chemical fertilizer from the source of urea (N0=0, N1=60, N2=120, N3=180) has been used in this experiment. The results indicated there were Significant differences between levels of Nitrogen fertilizer in the entire characteristic which has been measured in this experiment. The admixed Azespirilium SP showed significant differences between their levels in the characteristics such as No. of fertile ear, No. of grain per ear, grain yield, grain protein percentage, leaf area index and the agronomic fertilizer use efficiency. Due the interaction streptomyses with Azespirilium SP bacteria this actinomycet didn-t show any statistically significant differences between it levels.