Abstract: The fortified of soft wheat flour with cowpea flour in
bread making was investigated. The Soft wheat flour (SWF) was
substituted by cowpea flour at levels of 5, 15 and 20%. The protein content of composite breads ranged from 6.1 – 9.9%. Significant
difference was observed in moisture, protein and crude fibre contents of control (wheat bread) and composite bread at 5% addition of
cowpea. Water absorption capacities of composite flours increased with increasing levels of cowpea flour in the blend. The specific loaf
volume decreased significantly with increased cowpea content of
blends. The overall acceptability of the 5% cowpea flour content of
composite bread was not significantly different from the control (Soft Wheat-bread) but there is significantly different with increasing the
levels of cowpea flour in the blend more than 5%.
Abstract: This paper offers suggestions for educators at all levels about how to better prepare our students for the future, by building on the past. The discussion begins with a summary of changes in the World Wide Web, especially as the term Web 3.0 is being heard. The bulk of the discussion is retrospective and concerned with an overview of traditional teaching and research approaches as they evolved during the 20th century beginning with those grounded in the Cartesian reality of IA Richards- (1929) Practical Criticism. The paper concludes with a proposal of five strategies which incorporate timeless elements from the past as well as cutting-edge elements from today, in order to better prepare our students for the future.
Abstract: The beneficial effects of Si are mainly associated with
its high deposition in plant tissue and enhancing their strength and
rigidity. We investigated the role of Si against cadmium stress in
(Echium C) in house green condition. When the seventh leaves was
be appeared, plants were pretreated with five levels of Si: 0, 0.2, 0.5,
0.7and 1.5 mM Si (as sodium trisilicate, Na2(SiO2)3) and after that
plants were treated with two levels of Cd (30 and 90 mM). The
effects of Silicon and Cd were investigated on some physiological
and biochemical parameters such as: lipid peroxidation
(malondialdehyde (MDA) and other aldehydes, antocyanin and
flavonoid content. Our results showed that Cd significantly increased
MDA, other aldehydes, antocyanin and flavonoids content in
Echium and silicon offset the negative effect and increased tolerance
of Echium against Cd stress. From this results we concluded that Si
increase membrane integrity and antioxidative ability in this plant
against cd stress.
Abstract: Noise has adverse effect on human health and
comfort. Noise not only cause hearing impairment, but it also acts as
a causal factor for stress and raising systolic pressure. Additionally it
can be a causal factor in work accidents, both by marking hazards
and warning signals and by impeding concentration. Industry
workers also suffer psychological and physical stress as well as
hearing loss due to industrial noise. This paper proposes an approach
to enable engineers to point out quantitatively the noisiest source for
modification, while multiple machines are operating simultaneously.
The model with the point source and spherical radiation in a free field
was adopted to formulate the problem. The procedure works very
well in ideal cases (point source and free field). However, most of the
industrial noise problems are complicated by the fact that the noise is
confined in a room. Reflections from the walls, floor, ceiling, and
equipment in a room create a reverberant sound field that alters the
sound wave characteristics from those for the free field. So the model
was validated for relatively low absorption room at NIT Kurukshetra
Central Workshop. The results of validation pointed out that the
estimated sound power of noise sources under simultaneous
conditions were on lower side, within the error limits 3.56 - 6.35 %.
Thus suggesting the use of this methodology for practical
implementation in industry. To demonstrate the application of the
above analytical procedure for estimating the sound power of noise
sources under simultaneous operating conditions, a manufacturing
facility (Railway Workshop at Yamunanagar, India) having five
sound sources (machines) on its workshop floor is considered in this
study. The findings of the case study had identified the two most
effective candidates (noise sources) for noise control in the Railway
Workshop Yamunanagar, India. The study suggests that the
modification in the design and/or replacement of these two identified
noisiest sources (machine) would be necessary so as to achieve an
effective reduction in noise levels. Further, the estimated data allows
engineers to better understand the noise situations of the workplace
and to revise the map when changes occur in noise level due to a
workplace re-layout.
Abstract: Wavelet transform has been extensively used in
machine fault diagnosis and prognosis owing to its strength to deal
with non-stationary signals. The existing Wavelet transform based
schemes for fault diagnosis employ wavelet decomposition of the
entire vibration frequency which not only involve huge
computational overhead in extracting the features but also increases
the dimensionality of the feature vector. This increase in the
dimensionality has the tendency to 'over-fit' the training data and
could mislead the fault diagnostic model. In this paper a novel
technique, envelope wavelet packet transform (EWPT) is proposed in
which features are extracted based on wavelet packet transform of the
filtered envelope signal rather than the overall vibration signal. It not
only reduces the computational overhead in terms of reduced number
of wavelet decomposition levels and features but also improves the
fault detection accuracy. Analytical expressions are provided for the
optimal frequency resolution and decomposition level selection in
EWPT. Experimental results with both actual and simulated machine
fault data demonstrate significant gain in fault detection ability by
EWPT at reduced complexity compared to existing techniques.
Abstract: The motivation of this work was to find a suitable 3D
scanner for human body parts digitalization in the field of prosthetics
and orthotics. The main project objective is to compare the three
hand-held portable scanners (two optical and one laser) and two
optical tripod scanners. The comparison was made with respect of
scanning detail, simplicity of operation and ability to scan directly on
the human body. Testing was carried out on a plaster cast of the
upper limb and directly on a few volunteers. The objective monitored
parameters were time of digitizing and post-processing of 3D data
and resulting visual data quality. Subjectively, it was considered level
of usage and handling of the scanner. The new tripod was developed
to improve the face scanning conditions. The results provide an
overview of the suitability of different types of scanners.
Abstract: This paper includes a positive analysis to quantitatively grasp the relationship among vulnerability, information security incidents, and the countermeasures by using data based on a 2007 questionnaire survey for Japanese ISPs (Internet Service Providers). To grasp the relationships, logistic regression analysis is used. The results clarify that there are relationships between information security incidents and the countermeasures. Concretely, there is a positive relationship between information security incidents and the number of information security systems introduced as well as a negative relationship between information security incidents and information security education. It is also pointed out that (especially, local) ISPs do not execute efficient information security countermeasures/ investment concerned with systems, and it is suggested that they should positively execute information security education. In addition, to further heighten the information security level of Japanese telecommunication infrastructure, the necessity and importance of the government to implement policy to support the countermeasures of ISPs is insisted.
Abstract: In this paper we investigate how wide-ranging
organizational support and the more specific form of support,
namely management support, may influence on tourism workers
satisfaction with a cash transaction system. The IS continuance
theory, proposed by Bhattacherjee in 2001, is utilized as a
theoretical framework. This implies that both perceived usefulness
and ease of use is included in the research model, in addition to
organizational and management support. The sample consists of
500 workers from 10 cruise and tourist ferries in Scandinavia that
use a cash transaction system to perform their work tasks. Using
structural equation modelling, results indicate that organizational
support and ease of use perceptions is critical for the users- level of
satisfaction with the cash transaction system.The findings have
implications for business managers and IS practitioners that want
to increase the quality of IT-based business processes within the
tourism industry.
Abstract: In the present paper, a numerical investigation has
been carried out to classify and clarify the effects of paramount
parameters on turbulent impinging slot jets. The effects of nozzle-s
exit turbulent intensity, distance between nozzle and impinging plate
are studied at Reynolds number 5000 and 20000. In addition, the
effect of Mach number that is varied between 0.3-0.8 at a constant
Reynolds number 133000 is investigated to elucidate the effect of
compressibility in impinging jet upon a flat plate. The wall that is
located at the same level with nozzle-s exit confines the flow. A
compressible finite volume solver is implemented for simulation the
flow behavior. One equation Spalart-Allmaras turbulent model is
used to simulate turbulent flow at this study. Assessment of the
Spalart-Allmaras turbulent model at high nozzle to plate distance,
and giving enough insights to characterize the effect of Mach number
at high Reynolds number for the complex impinging jet flow are the
remarkable results of this study.
Abstract: Probabilistic characteristics of seismic responses of the
Partially Restrained connection rotation (PRCR) and panel zone
deformation (PZD) installed in older steel moment frames were
investigated in accordance with statistical inference in
decision-making process. The 4, 6 and 8 story older steel moment
frames with clip angle and T-stub connections were designed and
analyzed using 2%/50yrs ground motions in four cities of the
Mid-America earthquake region. The probability density function and
cumulative distribution function of PRCR and PZD were determined
by the goodness-of-fit tests based on probabilistic parameters
measured from the results of the nonlinear time-history analyses. The
obtained probabilistic parameters and distributions can be used to find
out what performance level mainly PR connections and panel zones
satisfy and how many PR connections and panel zones experience a
serious damage under the Mid-America ground motions.
Abstract: The mechanism of abiotic stress tolerance is crucial
for plants to survive in harsh condition and the knowledge of this
mechanism can be use to solve the problem of declining productivity
of plants or crops around the world. However in-depth description is
still unclear and it is argued, in particular that there is a relationship
between high salinity tolerance and the ability to tolerate high light
condition. In this study, Dunaliella salina, which can withstand high
salt was used as a model. Chlorophyll fluorometer for nonphotochemical
quenching (NPQ) measurement and high-performance
liquid chromatography for pigment determination was used. The
results show that NPQ value and the amount of pigment were
increased along with the levels of salinity. However, it establish a
clear relationship between high salt and high light but the further
study to optimized the solutions mentioned above is still required.
Abstract: SQL injection on web applications is a very popular
kind of attack. There are mechanisms such as intrusion detection
systems in order to detect this attack. These strategies often rely on
techniques implemented at high layers of the application but do not
consider the low level of system calls. The problem of only
considering the high level perspective is that an attacker can
circumvent the detection tools using certain techniques such as URL
encoding. One technique currently used for detecting low-level
attacks on privileged processes is the tracing of system calls. System
calls act as a single gate to the Operating System (OS) kernel; they
allow catching the critical data at an appropriate level of detail. Our
basic assumption is that any type of application, be it a system
service, utility program or Web application, “speaks” the language of
system calls when having a conversation with the OS kernel. At this
level we can see the actual attack while it is happening. We conduct
an experiment in order to demonstrate the suitability of system call
analysis for detecting SQL injection. We are able to detect the attack.
Therefore we conclude that system calls are not only powerful in
detecting low-level attacks but that they also enable us to detect highlevel
attacks such as SQL injection.
Abstract: Intermittent aeration process can be easily applied on
the existing activated sludge system and is highly reliable against the loading changes. It can be operated in a relatively simple way as well.
Since the moving-bed biofilm reactor method processes pollutants by attaching and securing the microorganisms on the media, the process
efficiency can be higher compared to the suspended growth biological
treatment process, and can reduce the return of sludge. In this study,
the existing intermittent aeration process with alternating flow being
applied on the oxidation ditch is applied on the continuous flow stirred tank reactor with advantages from both processes, and we would like
to develop the process to significantly reduce the return of sludge in the clarifier and to secure the reliable quality of treated water by
adding the moving media. Corresponding process has the appropriate
form as an infrastructure based on u- environment in future u- City and
is expected to accelerate the implementation of u-Eco city in conjunction with city based services. The system being conducted in a
laboratory scale has been operated in HRT 8hours except for the final
clarifier and showed the removal efficiency of 97.7 %, 73.1 % and 9.4
% in organic matters, TN and TP, respectively with operating range of
4hour cycle on system SRT 10days. After adding the media, the removal efficiency of phosphorus showed a similar level compared to
that before the addition, but the removal efficiency of nitrogen was
improved by 7~10 %. In addition, the solids which were maintained in
MLSS 1200~1400 at 25 % of media packing were attached all onto the
media, which produced no sludge entering the clarifier. Therefore, the
return of sludge is not needed any longer.
Abstract: Participation in global trade means that Chinas vegetables and fruits industry faces international food safety standards and increased scrutiny worldwide. The objectives of this paper were to investigate how existing food safety standards and regulations in the importing countries impact the export of vegetables and fruits from China. This paper discussed the current and historical situations of Chinas vegetables and fruits export from 1996 to 2010, analyzed the Maximum Residual Limit (MRL) standards of pesticides imposed by importing countries, quantitatively estimated the impacts of food safety standards on Chinas vegetables and fruits export based on a gravity model. The results showed that although transportation distance between trade partners and tariff rates on vegetables and fruits were still the importantly resistant factors for China export, vegetables and fruits export was sensitive to the number of regulated pesticides, the strictness, and the level of food safety standards imposed by importing countries, which showed a significant trade flow effect, stricter food safety standards, increased number of regulated pesticides significantly inhibit China export of vegetables and fruits. Moreover, Chinas food safety standards also showed a significantly effect on vegetables and fruits export, which inhibited export to some extent. KeywordsFood safety standards, MRL, Vegetables, Fruits, Export.
Abstract: An effort estimation model is needed for softwareintensive
projects that consist of hardware, embedded software or
some combination of the two, as well as high level software
solutions. This paper first focuses on functional decomposition
techniques to measure functional complexity of a computer system
and investigates its impact on system development effort. Later, it
examines effects of technical difficulty and design team capability
factors in order to construct the best effort estimation model. With
using traditional regression analysis technique, the study develops a
system development effort estimation model which takes functional
complexity, technical difficulty and design team capability factors as
input parameters. Finally, the assumptions of the model are tested.
Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach to finding a
priori interesting regions in mammograms. In order to delineate those
regions of interest (ROI-s) in mammograms, which appear to be
prominent, a topographic representation called the iso-level contour
map consisting of iso-level contours at multiple intensity levels and
region segmentation based-thresholding have been proposed. The
simulation results indicate that the computed boundary gives the
detection rate of 99.5% accuracy.
Abstract: Forty-five dairy cows were used to compare the
enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate
dehydrogenase (LDH), α -amylase in the cervical mucus of cows
during spontaneous and induced estrus using progestagen or PGF2 α
and to determine whether these enzymes affect the fertility in cows
with induced estrus, at the time of Al. The animals were assigned to 3
groups (no treatment, a Crestar® for 12 days, a double im injection of
PGF2 α). The cows were artificially inseminated (AI). Cervical
mucus samples were collected from all cows 3 to 5 min before the
AI. The results are summarized as follows: ALP and α -amylase
activity for spontaneous estrus were similar to those for induced
estrus (P>0.05) . LDH activity levels during spontaneous and PGF2 α
induced estrus was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than that in
progestagene induced estrus groups. While no difference was found
between the first and the third groups. Our result showed a significant
difference in LDH activity levels between cows conceived with 2 or
more AI and those conceived with 1 AI. The result of this study
showed that the enzyme activity in cervical mucus is helpful for
detection of ovulation and time of AI.
Abstract: This research work takes a different approach in
the discussion of urban form impacts on transport planning and
auto dependency. Concentrated density represented by effective
density explains auto dependency better than the conventional
density and it is proved to be a realistic density representative for
the urban transportation analysis. Model analysis reveals that
effective density is influenced by the shopping accessibility
index as well as job density factor. It is also combined with the
job access variable to classify four levels of Transport Activity
Centers (TACs) in Okinawa, Japan. Trip attraction capacity and
levels of the newly classified TACs was found agreeable with the
amount of daily trips attracted to each center. The trip attraction
data set was drawn from a 2007 Okinawa personal trip survey.
This research suggests a planning methodology which guides
logical transport supply routes and concentrated local
development schemes.
Abstract: There are four challenges of sustainable development
and in corporate level sustainability management-s role is to answer
for ecological sustainability challenge, social sustainability challenge,
economic sustainability challenges to environment and social
management and integration challenge of corporate sustainable
challenges by the help of different concepts, methods, instruments,
which are in the toolbox of sustainability management. These
instruments, concepts have different relevance in these challenges,
and according to different literatures environmental management is
outside of social and integration challenge. Main aim of this paper is
to represent the answer for the question that: is it true that social and
integration point of view is outside of the concept environmental
accounting? Using literature review and primer research at the end of
the paper the answer will be confirmed.
Abstract: This paper describes studies carried out to investigate
the viability of using wireless cameras as a tool in monitoring
changes in air quality. A camera is used to monitor the change in
colour of a chemically responsive polymer within view of the camera
as it is exposed to varying chemical species concentration levels. The
camera captures this image and the colour change is analyzed by
averaging the RGB values present. This novel chemical sensing
approach is compared with an established chemical sensing method
using the same chemically responsive polymer coated onto LEDs. In
this way, the concentration levels of acetic acid in the air can be
tracked using both approaches. These approaches to chemical plume
tracking have many applications for air quality monitoring.