Effective Density for the Classification of Transport Activity Centers
This research work takes a different approach in
the discussion of urban form impacts on transport planning and
auto dependency. Concentrated density represented by effective
density explains auto dependency better than the conventional
density and it is proved to be a realistic density representative for
the urban transportation analysis. Model analysis reveals that
effective density is influenced by the shopping accessibility
index as well as job density factor. It is also combined with the
job access variable to classify four levels of Transport Activity
Centers (TACs) in Okinawa, Japan. Trip attraction capacity and
levels of the newly classified TACs was found agreeable with the
amount of daily trips attracted to each center. The trip attraction
data set was drawn from a 2007 Okinawa personal trip survey.
This research suggests a planning methodology which guides
logical transport supply routes and concentrated local
development schemes.
[1] Okinawa prefecture official website.
http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/index.html
[2] Cervero, R. and Kockelman, K., "Travel demand and the 3Ds:
Density, Diversity and Design," Transportation research Part D:
Transport and Environment, vol.2. no.3, pp.199-219,1997.
[3] Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J., "Sustainability and cities," USA:
Island Press, 1999.
[4] Paul, C. and Tim, S., "Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on
travel patterns in Europe and North America," Elsevier Journal of
transport policy, vol.13, pp.229-239, 2006.
[5] Boarnet, G. and Crane, R., "Travel by design: The influence of
urban form on travel," USA: Oxford university press,2001.
[6] Cullinane, S. "Hong Kong-s low car dependence: lessons and
prospects," Journal of Transport Geography, Vol.11, no.1,
pp.25-35,2002.
[7] Soltani, A. and Allan, A., "Analyzing impacts of micro scale urban
attributes on travel: Evidence from Sub-urban Adelaide, Australia,"
Journal of Urban planning and Development, vol.132, no.3,
pp.132-135,2006.
[8] Giuliano, G. and Small, K.., "Sub centers in the Los Angeles
region," Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.12, no.2,
pp.161-196,1991
[9] Bogart, W. and Ferry, W. (1999) Employment centers in greater
Cleveland: Evidence of Evolution in a formerly mono-centric city.
Urban studies, vol.36 no. 12, 2099-2110,1999
[10] Casello,J. and Smith, T., "Transportation Activity Centers for
Urban Transportation Analysis" Journal of Urban Planning and
Development, vol.132, no. 4,pp. 247-257,2006
[11] Dargey, J., Gately, D. & Sommer, M., "Car Ownership and Income
Growth Worldwide: 1960-2030," British Institute of Energy
Economics, Annual Conference, Oxford, 20-22 September 2006.
UK.
[12] The 3rd Okinawa Person-Trip Survey Official Report. September
2007, Okinawa, Japan (Japanese)
[13] Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J., "urban design to reduce automobile
dependence," Opolis an international Journal of sub-urban and
metropolitan studies, vol.2, no.1, pp.35-52,2006
[14] Goodwill, J. and Hendrricks, S., "Building TOD in established
Communities," University of South Florida and Center for Urban
Transportation Research technical report No.473-135,2002.
[1] Okinawa prefecture official website.
http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/index.html
[2] Cervero, R. and Kockelman, K., "Travel demand and the 3Ds:
Density, Diversity and Design," Transportation research Part D:
Transport and Environment, vol.2. no.3, pp.199-219,1997.
[3] Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J., "Sustainability and cities," USA:
Island Press, 1999.
[4] Paul, C. and Tim, S., "Re-evaluating the impact of urban form on
travel patterns in Europe and North America," Elsevier Journal of
transport policy, vol.13, pp.229-239, 2006.
[5] Boarnet, G. and Crane, R., "Travel by design: The influence of
urban form on travel," USA: Oxford university press,2001.
[6] Cullinane, S. "Hong Kong-s low car dependence: lessons and
prospects," Journal of Transport Geography, Vol.11, no.1,
pp.25-35,2002.
[7] Soltani, A. and Allan, A., "Analyzing impacts of micro scale urban
attributes on travel: Evidence from Sub-urban Adelaide, Australia,"
Journal of Urban planning and Development, vol.132, no.3,
pp.132-135,2006.
[8] Giuliano, G. and Small, K.., "Sub centers in the Los Angeles
region," Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.12, no.2,
pp.161-196,1991
[9] Bogart, W. and Ferry, W. (1999) Employment centers in greater
Cleveland: Evidence of Evolution in a formerly mono-centric city.
Urban studies, vol.36 no. 12, 2099-2110,1999
[10] Casello,J. and Smith, T., "Transportation Activity Centers for
Urban Transportation Analysis" Journal of Urban Planning and
Development, vol.132, no. 4,pp. 247-257,2006
[11] Dargey, J., Gately, D. & Sommer, M., "Car Ownership and Income
Growth Worldwide: 1960-2030," British Institute of Energy
Economics, Annual Conference, Oxford, 20-22 September 2006.
UK.
[12] The 3rd Okinawa Person-Trip Survey Official Report. September
2007, Okinawa, Japan (Japanese)
[13] Newman, P. and Kenworthy, J., "urban design to reduce automobile
dependence," Opolis an international Journal of sub-urban and
metropolitan studies, vol.2, no.1, pp.35-52,2006
[14] Goodwill, J. and Hendrricks, S., "Building TOD in established
Communities," University of South Florida and Center for Urban
Transportation Research technical report No.473-135,2002.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:52838", author = "Dubbale Daniel A. and Tsutsumi J.", title = "Effective Density for the Classification of Transport Activity Centers", abstract = "This research work takes a different approach in
the discussion of urban form impacts on transport planning and
auto dependency. Concentrated density represented by effective
density explains auto dependency better than the conventional
density and it is proved to be a realistic density representative for
the urban transportation analysis. Model analysis reveals that
effective density is influenced by the shopping accessibility
index as well as job density factor. It is also combined with the
job access variable to classify four levels of Transport Activity
Centers (TACs) in Okinawa, Japan. Trip attraction capacity and
levels of the newly classified TACs was found agreeable with the
amount of daily trips attracted to each center. The trip attraction
data set was drawn from a 2007 Okinawa personal trip survey.
This research suggests a planning methodology which guides
logical transport supply routes and concentrated local
development schemes.", keywords = "Effective density, urban form,auto-dependency, transport activity centers", volume = "4", number = "6", pages = "206-6", }