Functional Decomposition Based Effort Estimation Model for Software-Intensive Systems
An effort estimation model is needed for softwareintensive
projects that consist of hardware, embedded software or
some combination of the two, as well as high level software
solutions. This paper first focuses on functional decomposition
techniques to measure functional complexity of a computer system
and investigates its impact on system development effort. Later, it
examines effects of technical difficulty and design team capability
factors in order to construct the best effort estimation model. With
using traditional regression analysis technique, the study develops a
system development effort estimation model which takes functional
complexity, technical difficulty and design team capability factors as
input parameters. Finally, the assumptions of the model are tested.
[1] M. W. Maier, D. Emery, and R. Hillard, "ANSI/IEEE and Systems
Engineering," System Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3.pp. 257-270, 2004.
[2] L. H. Putman, " General empirical solution to the macro software sizing
and estimating problem," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
vol. SE 4, no. 4, pp. 345-361, July 1978.
[3] A. J. Albrecht, "Measuring Application Development Productivity," in
Proceedings of the IBM Applications Development Symposium,
GUIDE/SHARE (Goiterey, Calic,‘Oct. 14-17), IBM, 1979,‘ pp. 83-92.
[4] A. J Albrecht and J. E Gaffiney, "Software functions, source lines of
code and development effort prediction: A software science validation,"
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-9, no.6, pp. 639-
648, November 1983.
[5] C.F. Kemerer, "An Empirical Validation of Software Cost Estimation
Models," Communication of the ACM, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 416-429, May
1987.
[6] J. E. Matson, E. Barrett, and J. M. Mellichamp, "Software Development
Cost Estimation Using Function Points," IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 275-287, April 1994.
[7] Y. Zheng, B. Wang, Y. Zheng, and L. Shi, "Estimation of software
projects effort based on function point," ICCSE'09 4th International
Conference on Computer Science & Education, Nanning, China, 2009,
pp. 941-943.
[8] L. Fischman, K. McRitchie, and D. D. Galorath, "Inside SEER-SEM,"
CrossTalk-The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, pp. 26-28,
April 2005.
[9] B.W. Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics," Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981.
[10] B. Boehm, C. Abts, A. W. Brown, S. Chulani, B.K. Clark, E. Horowitz,
R. Madachy, D. J. Reifer, and B. Steece, "Software Cost Estimation
with COCOMO II," Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[11] A. B. Nassif, D. Ho, and L. F. Capretz, "Towards an early software
estimation using log-linear regression and a multilayer perceptron
model," The Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 86, pp. 144– 160,
2013.
[12] A. Sharma, and D. S. Kushwaha, "Estimation of Software Development
Effort from Requirements Based Complexity," in 2nd Int. Conf. on
Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology (C3IT-
2012), Procedia Technology, vol. 4, pp. 716 – 722, February 2012.
[13] P. W. Salchak and P. Chawla, "Supporting Hardware Trade Analysis
and Cost Estimation Using Design Complexity," in Proceedings of the
1997 VHDL International User's Forum (VIUF'97), pp. 126,
Washington, DC, USA, 1997.
[14] K. Littlejohn, M. Olis, R. Lentz, and M. Barnett, "Developing a design
complexity measure, " in 15th AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems
Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 27-31 Oct. 1996, pp. 31-36.
[15] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Estimating Design Complexity," Journal
of Engineering Design, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 247-257, 1999.
[16] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "An Analogy Based Model for Estimating
Design Effort," Design Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 157–167, March 2001.
[17] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Models for estimating design effort and
time," Design Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 141-156, March 2001.
[18] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Estimating design effort for GE hydro
projects," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 195–
204, 2004.
[19] A. Griffin, "Modeling and measuring product development cycle time
across industries," J. Eng. Technol. Manage, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
1997.
[20] H. A. Bashir, "Modeling of development time for hydroelectric
generators using factor and multiple regression analyses," International
Journal of Project Management, vol. 26, pp. 457–464, 2008.
[21] M. Hobday, "Product complexity, innovation and industrial
organization," Research Policy, vol. 26, pp. 689-710, 1998.
[22] B. El-Haik and K. Yang, "Measures of complexity in design," in
Proceedings of the 1999 ASME Design Engineering Technical
Conference, September 12-15, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1999.
[23] M. Keating, "Measuring Design Quality by Measuring Design
Complexity, " in Proceedings of IEEE 2000 First International
Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, San Jose, CA, USA, 20-22
March 2000, pp. 103-108.
[24] M. H. Meyer and J. M. Utterback, "Product Development Cycle Time
and Commercial Success," IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 297-304, 1995.
[25] M. V. Tatikonda and S. R. Rosenthal, " Technology Novelty, Project
Complexity, and Product Development Project Execution Success: A
Deeper Look at Task Uncertainty in Product Innovation," IEEE
Transaction on Engineering Management, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 74-87,
2000.
[26] M. Swink, " Completing projects on-time: how project acceleration
affects new product development," J. Engineering and Technology
Management, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 319–344, 2003.
[27] L. Wallace and M. Keil, "Software Project Risks and Their Effect on
Outcomes," Communications of the ACM, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 68-73,
April 2004.
[28] A. Griffin, " Metrics for Measuring Product Development Cycle Time,"
Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 112-125,
March 1993.
[29] R. E. Purser, W. A. Pasmore, and R. V. Tenkasi, "The influence of
deliberations on learning in new product development teams," Journal of
Engineering and Technology Management, vol. 9, pp. 1-28, 1992.
[30] T. Moynihan. "How experienced project managers assess risk," IEEE
Software, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 35-41, May-June 1997.
[31] M. Keil, P. E. Cule, K. Lyytinen, and R. C. Schmidt, "A Framework for
Identifying Software Project Risks," Communications of the ACM, vol.
41, no. 11, pp. 76-83 November 1998.
[32] P. Cule, R. Schmidt, K. Lyytinen, K. Mark, " Strategies for Heading Off
is Project Failure," Information Systems Management, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.
1-9, 2000.
[33] R. Schmidt, K. Lyytinen, M. Keil, and P. Cule, "Identifying software
project risks: an international Delphi study," Journal of Management
Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 5–36, 2001.
[34] B. A. Kitchenham, L. M. Pickard, S. G. MacDonell, and M. J.
Shepperd,"What accuracy statistics really measure," in IEE Proceedings
of Software, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 81-85, Jun 2001.
[35] M. O. Elish, "Improved estimation of software project effort using
multiple additive regression trees," Expert Systems with Applications,
vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 10774–10778 , September 2009.
[1] M. W. Maier, D. Emery, and R. Hillard, "ANSI/IEEE and Systems
Engineering," System Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3.pp. 257-270, 2004.
[2] L. H. Putman, " General empirical solution to the macro software sizing
and estimating problem," IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
vol. SE 4, no. 4, pp. 345-361, July 1978.
[3] A. J. Albrecht, "Measuring Application Development Productivity," in
Proceedings of the IBM Applications Development Symposium,
GUIDE/SHARE (Goiterey, Calic,‘Oct. 14-17), IBM, 1979,‘ pp. 83-92.
[4] A. J Albrecht and J. E Gaffiney, "Software functions, source lines of
code and development effort prediction: A software science validation,"
IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol. SE-9, no.6, pp. 639-
648, November 1983.
[5] C.F. Kemerer, "An Empirical Validation of Software Cost Estimation
Models," Communication of the ACM, vol. 5, no. 5, pp. 416-429, May
1987.
[6] J. E. Matson, E. Barrett, and J. M. Mellichamp, "Software Development
Cost Estimation Using Function Points," IEEE Transactions on Software
Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 275-287, April 1994.
[7] Y. Zheng, B. Wang, Y. Zheng, and L. Shi, "Estimation of software
projects effort based on function point," ICCSE'09 4th International
Conference on Computer Science & Education, Nanning, China, 2009,
pp. 941-943.
[8] L. Fischman, K. McRitchie, and D. D. Galorath, "Inside SEER-SEM,"
CrossTalk-The Journal of Defense Software Engineering, pp. 26-28,
April 2005.
[9] B.W. Boehm, "Software Engineering Economics," Englewood Cliffs,
NJ: Prentice Hall, 1981.
[10] B. Boehm, C. Abts, A. W. Brown, S. Chulani, B.K. Clark, E. Horowitz,
R. Madachy, D. J. Reifer, and B. Steece, "Software Cost Estimation
with COCOMO II," Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[11] A. B. Nassif, D. Ho, and L. F. Capretz, "Towards an early software
estimation using log-linear regression and a multilayer perceptron
model," The Journal of Systems and Software, vol. 86, pp. 144– 160,
2013.
[12] A. Sharma, and D. S. Kushwaha, "Estimation of Software Development
Effort from Requirements Based Complexity," in 2nd Int. Conf. on
Computer, Communication, Control and Information Technology (C3IT-
2012), Procedia Technology, vol. 4, pp. 716 – 722, February 2012.
[13] P. W. Salchak and P. Chawla, "Supporting Hardware Trade Analysis
and Cost Estimation Using Design Complexity," in Proceedings of the
1997 VHDL International User's Forum (VIUF'97), pp. 126,
Washington, DC, USA, 1997.
[14] K. Littlejohn, M. Olis, R. Lentz, and M. Barnett, "Developing a design
complexity measure, " in 15th AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems
Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA, 27-31 Oct. 1996, pp. 31-36.
[15] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Estimating Design Complexity," Journal
of Engineering Design, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 247-257, 1999.
[16] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "An Analogy Based Model for Estimating
Design Effort," Design Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 157–167, March 2001.
[17] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Models for estimating design effort and
time," Design Studies, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 141-156, March 2001.
[18] H. A. Bashir and V.Thomson, "Estimating design effort for GE hydro
projects," Computers & Industrial Engineering, vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 195–
204, 2004.
[19] A. Griffin, "Modeling and measuring product development cycle time
across industries," J. Eng. Technol. Manage, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-24.
1997.
[20] H. A. Bashir, "Modeling of development time for hydroelectric
generators using factor and multiple regression analyses," International
Journal of Project Management, vol. 26, pp. 457–464, 2008.
[21] M. Hobday, "Product complexity, innovation and industrial
organization," Research Policy, vol. 26, pp. 689-710, 1998.
[22] B. El-Haik and K. Yang, "Measures of complexity in design," in
Proceedings of the 1999 ASME Design Engineering Technical
Conference, September 12-15, Las Vegas, Nevada, 1999.
[23] M. Keating, "Measuring Design Quality by Measuring Design
Complexity, " in Proceedings of IEEE 2000 First International
Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, San Jose, CA, USA, 20-22
March 2000, pp. 103-108.
[24] M. H. Meyer and J. M. Utterback, "Product Development Cycle Time
and Commercial Success," IEEE Transactions on Engineering
Management, vol. 42, no. 4, pp. 297-304, 1995.
[25] M. V. Tatikonda and S. R. Rosenthal, " Technology Novelty, Project
Complexity, and Product Development Project Execution Success: A
Deeper Look at Task Uncertainty in Product Innovation," IEEE
Transaction on Engineering Management, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 74-87,
2000.
[26] M. Swink, " Completing projects on-time: how project acceleration
affects new product development," J. Engineering and Technology
Management, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 319–344, 2003.
[27] L. Wallace and M. Keil, "Software Project Risks and Their Effect on
Outcomes," Communications of the ACM, vol. 47, no. 4, pp. 68-73,
April 2004.
[28] A. Griffin, " Metrics for Measuring Product Development Cycle Time,"
Journal of Product Innovation Management, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 112-125,
March 1993.
[29] R. E. Purser, W. A. Pasmore, and R. V. Tenkasi, "The influence of
deliberations on learning in new product development teams," Journal of
Engineering and Technology Management, vol. 9, pp. 1-28, 1992.
[30] T. Moynihan. "How experienced project managers assess risk," IEEE
Software, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 35-41, May-June 1997.
[31] M. Keil, P. E. Cule, K. Lyytinen, and R. C. Schmidt, "A Framework for
Identifying Software Project Risks," Communications of the ACM, vol.
41, no. 11, pp. 76-83 November 1998.
[32] P. Cule, R. Schmidt, K. Lyytinen, K. Mark, " Strategies for Heading Off
is Project Failure," Information Systems Management, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.
1-9, 2000.
[33] R. Schmidt, K. Lyytinen, M. Keil, and P. Cule, "Identifying software
project risks: an international Delphi study," Journal of Management
Information Systems, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 5–36, 2001.
[34] B. A. Kitchenham, L. M. Pickard, S. G. MacDonell, and M. J.
Shepperd,"What accuracy statistics really measure," in IEE Proceedings
of Software, vol. 148, no. 3, pp. 81-85, Jun 2001.
[35] M. O. Elish, "Improved estimation of software project effort using
multiple additive regression trees," Expert Systems with Applications,
vol. 36, no. 7, pp. 10774–10778 , September 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:52859", author = "Nermin Sökmen", title = "Functional Decomposition Based Effort Estimation Model for Software-Intensive Systems", abstract = "An effort estimation model is needed for softwareintensive
projects that consist of hardware, embedded software or
some combination of the two, as well as high level software
solutions. This paper first focuses on functional decomposition
techniques to measure functional complexity of a computer system
and investigates its impact on system development effort. Later, it
examines effects of technical difficulty and design team capability
factors in order to construct the best effort estimation model. With
using traditional regression analysis technique, the study develops a
system development effort estimation model which takes functional
complexity, technical difficulty and design team capability factors as
input parameters. Finally, the assumptions of the model are tested.
", keywords = "Functional complexity, functional decomposition,
development effort, technical difficulty, design team capability,
regression analysis.", volume = "8", number = "9", pages = "1588-5", }
