Abstract: The demands of taller structures are becoming imperative almost everywhere in the world in addition to the challenges of material and labor cost, project time line etc. This paper conducted a study keeping in view the challenging nature of high-rise construction with no generic rules for deflection minimizations and frequency control. The effects of cyclonic wind and provision of outriggers on 28-storey, 42-storey and 57-storey are examined in this paper and certain conclusions are made which would pave way for researchers to conduct further study in this particular area of civil engineering. The results show that plan dimensions have vital impacts on structural heights. Increase of height while keeping the plan dimensions same, leads to the reduction in the lateral rigidity. To achieve required stiffness increase of bracings sizes as well as introduction of additional lateral resisting system such as belt truss and outriggers is required.
Abstract: The study was designed to evaluate the use of low
concentrations of separan flocculent (Less than 3 ppm) on
physicochemical properties of sugar cane juice. Colour, pH, purity,
turbidity, pol, brix, reducing sugars tannins and polyphenols of
crushed cane (green and burned) juice, mixed juice and clarified
juice were studied. The results showed that pol, brix, reducing sugar
and turbidity are higher in crushed cane juice. Clarified burned juice
had low turbidity, reducing sugars, pol and brix but had significantly
lower pH, purity and colour when compared to crushed juice.
Polyphenols of the crushed juice (1.19%) decreased significantly in
the clarified juice to 0.006%. Addition of separan at a concentration
of 0.015 ppm reduced significantly colour, polyphenols and tannins
and reducing sugar compared to the control.
Abstract: Electricity market activities and a growing demand for electricity have led to heavily stressed power systems. This requires operation of the networks closer to their stability limits. Power system operation is affected by stability related problems, leading to unpredictable system behavior. Voltage stability refers to the ability of a power system to sustain appropriate voltage levels through large and small disturbances. Steady-state voltage stability is concerned with limits on the existence of steady-state operating points for the network. FACTS devices can be utilized to increase the transmission capacity, the stability margin and dynamic behavior or serve to ensure improved power quality. Their main capabilities are reactive power compensation, voltage control and power flow control. Among the FACTS controllers, Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides fast acting dynamic reactive compensation for voltage support during contingency events. In this paper, voltage stability assessment with appropriate representations of tap-changer transformers and SVC is investigated. Integrating both of these devices is the main topic of this paper. Effect of the presence of tap-changing transformers on static VAR compensator controller parameters and ratings necessary to stabilize load voltages at certain values are highlighted. The interrelation between transformer off nominal tap ratios and the SVC controller gains and droop slopes and the SVC rating are found. P-V curves are constructed to calculate loadability margins.
Abstract: The adaptive backstepping controller for inverted pendulum is designed by using the general motion control model. Backstepping is a novel nonlinear control technique based on the Lyapunov design approach, used when higher derivatives of parameter estimation appear. For easy parameter adaptation, the mathematical model of the inverted pendulum converted into the motion control model. This conversion is performed by taking functions of unknown parameters and dynamics of the system. By using motion control model equations, inverted pendulum is simulated without any information about not only parameters but also measurable dynamics. Also these results are compare with the adaptive backstepping controller which extended with integral action that given from [1].
Abstract: This paper describes the application of a model predictive controller to the problem of batch reactor temperature control. Although a great deal of work has been done to improve reactor throughput using batch sequence control, the control of the actual reactor temperature remains a difficult problem for many operators of these processes. Temperature control is important as many chemical reactions are sensitive to temperature for formation of desired products. This controller consist of two part (1) a nonlinear control method GLC (Global Linearizing Control) to create a linear model of system and (2) a Model predictive controller used to obtain optimal input control sequence. The temperature of reactor is tuned to track a predetermined temperature trajectory that applied to the batch reactor. To do so two input signals, electrical powers and the flow of coolant in the coil are used. Simulation results show that the proposed controller has a remarkable performance for tracking reference trajectory while at the same time it is robust against noise imposed to system output.
Abstract: The main objective of this article is to present the semi-active vibration control using an electro-rheological fluid embedded sandwich structure for a cantilever beam. ER fluid is a smart material, which cause the suspended particles polarize and connect each other to form chain. The stiffness and damping coefficients of the ER fluid can be changed in 10 micro seconds; therefore, ERF is suitable to become the material embedded in the tunable vibration absorber to become a smart absorber. For the ERF smart material embedded structure, the fuzzy control law depends on the experimental expert database and the proposed self-tuning strategy. The electric field is controlled by a CRIO embedded system to implement the real application. This study investigates the different performances using the Type-1 fuzzy and interval Type-2 fuzzy controllers. The Interval type-2 fuzzy control is used to improve the modeling uncertainties for this ERF embedded shock absorber. The self-tuning vibration controllers using Type-1 and Interval Type-2 fuzzy law are implemented to the shock absorber system. Based on the resulting performance, Internal Type-2 fuzzy is better than the traditional Type-1 fuzzy control for this vibration control system.
Abstract: Effects of bio-nitrogen fertilizer (bio-N), as a partial
alternative to mineral-nitrogen fertilizer (mineral-N), on growth,
yield and yield quality of broccoli plants were investigated. Bio-N
was applied at 1, 2 or 3 doses in combination with 65% of the
recommended dose of mineral-N (bio-N1, bio-N2 or bio-N3 +
⅔mineral-N). However, 100% of the recommended dose of mineral-
N was applied as a control. Significant positive influences of the bio-
N3 + ⅔mineral-N treatment were observed on growth traits, leaf
contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, nitrate and nitrite, and
yield quality when compared to the other two combined treatments.
In contrast, there were no significant differences in these parameters
between the bio-N3 + ⅔mineral-N and the control treatments, except
for leaf contents of nitrate and nitrite. They showed lower contents in
the bio-N3 + ⅔mineral-N treatment than the control. Therefore, we
recommend using bio-N as a partial alternative to mineral-N for
healthy nutrition.
Abstract: In order to meet the limits imposed on automotive
emissions, engine control systems are required to constrain air/fuel
ratio (AFR) in a narrow band around the stoichiometric value, due to
the strong decay of catalyst efficiency in case of rich or lean mixture.
This paper presents a model of a sample spark ignition engine and
demonstrates Simulink-s capabilities to model an internal combustion
engine from the throttle to the crankshaft output. We used welldefined
physical principles supplemented, where appropriate, with
empirical relationships that describe the system-s dynamic behavior
without introducing unnecessary complexity. We also presents a PID
tuning method that uses an adaptive fuzzy system to model the
relationship between the controller gains and the target output
response, with the response specification set by desired percent
overshoot and settling time. The adaptive fuzzy based input-output
model is then used to tune on-line the PID gains for different
response specifications. Experimental results demonstrate that better
performance can be achieved with adaptive fuzzy tuning relative to
similar alternative control strategies. The actual response
specifications with adaptive fuzzy matched the desired response
specifications.
Abstract: The neurogenic potential of many herbal extracts used
in Indian medicine is hitherto unknown. Extracts derived from
Clitoria ternatea Linn have been used in Indian Ayurvedic system of
medicine as an ingredient of “Medhya rasayana", consumed for
improving memory and longevity in humans and also in treatment of
various neurological disorders. Our earlier experimental studies with
oral intubation of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract (CTR) had
shown significant enhancement of learning and memory in postnatal
and young adult Wistar rats. The present study was designed to
elucidate the in vitro effects of 200ng/ml of CTR on proliferation,
differentiation and growth of anterior subventricular zone neural
stem cells (aSVZ NSC-s) derived from prenatal and postnatal rat
pups. Results show significant increase in proliferation and growth of
neurospheres and increase in the yield of differentiated neurons of
aSVZ neural precursor cells (aSVZNPC-s) at 7 days in vitro when
treated with 200ng/ml of CTR as compared to age matched control.
Results indicate that CTR has growth promoting neurogenic effect on
aSVZ neural stem cells and their survival similar to neurotrophic
factors like Survivin, Neuregulin 1, FGF-2, BDNF possibly the basis
for enhanced learning and memory.
Abstract: The logistical requirements placed on industrial manufacturing companies are steadily increasing. In order to meet those requirements, a consistent and efficient concept is necessary for production control. Set up properly, production control offers considerable potential with respect to achieving the logistical targets. As experience with the many production control methods already in existence and their compatibility is, however, often inadequate, this article describes a systematic approach to the configuration of production control based on the Lödding model. This model enables production control to be set up individually to suit a company and the requirements. It therefore permits today-s demands regarding logistical performance to be met.
Abstract: Nowadays, new home appliances and office appliances
have been developed that communicate with users through the
Internet, for remote monitor and remote control. However, developments
and sales of these new appliances are just started, then,
many products in our houses and offices do not have these useful
functions. In few years, we add these new functions to the outlet,
it means multifunctional electrical power socket plug adapter. The
outlet measure power consumption of connecting appliances, and it
can switch power supply to connecting appliances, too. Using this
outlet, power supply of old appliances can be control and monitor.
And we developed the interface system using web browser to operate
it from users[1]. But, this system need to set up LAN cables between
outlets and so on. It is not convenience that cables around rooms. In
this paper, we develop the system that use wireless mobile ad hoc
network instead of wired LAN to communicate with the outlets.
Abstract: The main goal of the study is to analyze all relevant properties of the electro hydraulic systems and based on that to make a proper choice of the neural network control strategy that may be used for the control of the mechatronic system. A combination of electronic and hydraulic systems is widely used since it combines the advantages of both. Hydraulic systems are widely spread because of their properties as accuracy, flexibility, high horsepower-to-weight ratio, fast starting, stopping and reversal with smoothness and precision, and simplicity of operations. On the other hand, the modern control of hydraulic systems is based on control of the circuit fed to the inductive solenoid that controls the position of the hydraulic valve. Since this circuit may be easily handled by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signal with a proper frequency, the combination of electrical and hydraulic systems became very fruitful and usable in specific areas as airplane and military industry. The study shows and discusses the experimental results obtained by the control strategy of neural network control using MATLAB and SIMULINK [1]. Finally, the special attention was paid to the possibility of neuro-controller design and its application to control of electro-hydraulic systems and to make comparative with other kinds of control.
Abstract: The procurement and cost management approach adopted for mechanical and electrical (M&E) services in Malaysian construction industry have been criticized for its inefficiency. The study examined early cost estimating practices adopted for mechanical and electrical services (M&E) in Malaysia so as to understand the level of compliance of the current techniques with best practices. The methodology adopted for the study is a review of bidding documents used on both completed and on – going building projects awarded between 2008 – 2010 under 9th Malaysian Plan. The analysis revealed that, M&E services cost cannot be reliably estimated at pre-contract stage; the bidding techniques adopted for M&E services failed to provide uniform basis for contractors to submit tender; detailed measurement of items were not made which could complicate post contract cost control and financial management. The paper concluded that, there is need to follow a structured approach in determining the pre-contract cost estimate for M&E services which will serve as a virile tool for post contract cost control.
Abstract: Knowledge bases are basic components of expert
systems or intelligent computational programs. Knowledge bases
provide knowledge, events that serve deduction activity,
computation and control. Therefore, researching and developing of
models for knowledge representation play an important role in
computer science, especially in Artificial Intelligence Science and
intelligent educational software. In this paper, the extensive
deduction computational model is proposed to design knowledge
bases whose attributes are able to be real values or functional values.
The system can also solve problems based on knowledge bases.
Moreover, the models and algorithms are applied to produce the
educational software for solving alternating current problems or
solving set of equations automatically.
Abstract: There are many sources trough which the soil get
enriched and contaminated with REEs. The determination of REEs in
environmental samples has been limited because of the lack of
sensitive analytical techniques. Soil samples were collected from
four sites including open cast coal mine, natural coal burning, coal
washery and control in the coal field located in Dhanbad, India.
Total concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined
using the inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry
in order to assess enrichment status in the coal field. Results showed
that the mean concentrations of La, Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm in open
cast mine and natural coal burning sites were elevated compared to
the reference concentrations, while Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd were
elevated in coal washery site. When compared to reference soil,
heavy REEs (HREEs) were enriched in open cast mines and natural
coal burning affected soils, however, the HREEs were depleted in the
coal washery sites. But, the Chondrite-normalization diagram showed
significant enrichment for light REEs (LREEs) in all the soils. High
concentration of Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu in coal mining and coal
burning sites may pose human health risks. Factor analysis showed
that distribution and relative abundance of REEs of the coal washery
site is comparable with the control. Eventually washing or cleaning
of coal could significantly decrease the emission of REEs from coal
into the environment.
Abstract: The purpose of this research was to demonstrate
prevalence of post-exposure preventive measures (PEP) after needlestick
injuries and its relationship with locus of control beliefs in a
sample of medical students. In this cross-sectional study, 300 medical
students with history of having experienced needle stick injuries
(NSI) for at least once filled in a questionnaire to determine if they
perceived themselves to be responsible and effective in preventing
blood born infections after NSI. About 38% of students did not seek
any professional consult or PEP after NSI due to lack of enough time
or access, anxiety about tests results, belief in uselessness of followup
and not being able to change destiny. These 114 students were not
different from others regarding their scores on NSI specific scale of
locus of health control. Thus, the potentiality of NSI locus of control
beliefs in predicting PEP was not seen in this study.
Abstract: The main goal of the study is to analyze all relevant
properties of the electro hydraulic systems and based on that to make
a proper choice of the control strategy that may be used for the
control of the servomechanism system. A combination of electronic
and hydraulic systems is widely used since it combines the
advantages of both. Hydraulic systems are widely spread because of
their properties as accuracy, flexibility, high horsepower-to-weight
ratio, fast starting, stopping and reversal with smoothness and
precision, and simplicity of operations. On the other hand, the
modern control of hydraulic systems is based on control of the circuit
fed to the inductive solenoid that controls the position of the
hydraulic valve. Since this circuit may be easily handled by PWM
(Pulse Width Modulation) signal with a proper frequency, the
combination of electrical and hydraulic systems became very fruitful
and usable in specific areas as airplane and military industry.
The study shows and discusses the experimental results obtained
by the control strategy (classical feedback (PID) & neural network)
using MATLAB and SIMULINK [1]. Finally, the special attention
was paid to the possibility of neuro-controller design and its
application to control of electro-hydraulic systems and to make
comparative with classical control.
Abstract: Adaptive control involves modifying the control law
used by the controller to cope with the fact that the parameters of the
system being controlled change drastically due to change in
environmental conditions or in system itself. This technique is based
on the fundamental characteristic of adaptation of living organism.
The adaptive control process is one that continuously and
automatically measures the dynamic behavior of plant, compares it
with the desired output and uses the difference to vary adjustable
system parameters or to generate an actuating signal in such a way so
that optimal performance can be maintained regardless of system
changes. This paper deals with application of model reference
adaptive control scheme in first order system. The rule which is used
for this application is MIT rule. This paper also shows the effect of
adaptation gain on the system performance. Simulation is done in
MATLAB and results are discussed in detail.
Abstract: Wheel-running type moving robot has the restriction
on the moving range caused by obstacles or stairs. Solving this
weakness, we studied the development of moving robot using airship.
Our airship robot moves by recognizing arrow marks on the path. To
have the airship robot recognize arrow marks, we used edge-based
template matching. To control propeller units, we used PID and PD
controller. The results of experiments demonstrated that the airship
robot can move along the marks and can go up and down the stairs. It is
shown the possibility that airship robot can become a robot which can
move at wide range facilities.
Abstract: Automotive engine air-ratio plays an important role of
emissions and fuel consumption reduction while maintains
satisfactory engine power among all of the engine control variables. In
order to effectively control the air-ratio, this paper presents a model
predictive fuzzy control algorithm based on online least-squares
support vector machines prediction model and fuzzy logic optimizer.
The proposed control algorithm was also implemented on a real car for
testing and the results are highly satisfactory. Experimental results
show that the proposed control algorithm can regulate the engine
air-ratio to the stoichiometric value, 1.0, under external disturbance
with less than 5% tolerance.