Neurogenic Potential of Clitoria ternatea Aqueous Root Extract–A Basis for Enhancing Learning and Memory
The neurogenic potential of many herbal extracts used
in Indian medicine is hitherto unknown. Extracts derived from
Clitoria ternatea Linn have been used in Indian Ayurvedic system of
medicine as an ingredient of “Medhya rasayana", consumed for
improving memory and longevity in humans and also in treatment of
various neurological disorders. Our earlier experimental studies with
oral intubation of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract (CTR) had
shown significant enhancement of learning and memory in postnatal
and young adult Wistar rats. The present study was designed to
elucidate the in vitro effects of 200ng/ml of CTR on proliferation,
differentiation and growth of anterior subventricular zone neural
stem cells (aSVZ NSC-s) derived from prenatal and postnatal rat
pups. Results show significant increase in proliferation and growth of
neurospheres and increase in the yield of differentiated neurons of
aSVZ neural precursor cells (aSVZNPC-s) at 7 days in vitro when
treated with 200ng/ml of CTR as compared to age matched control.
Results indicate that CTR has growth promoting neurogenic effect on
aSVZ neural stem cells and their survival similar to neurotrophic
factors like Survivin, Neuregulin 1, FGF-2, BDNF possibly the basis
for enhanced learning and memory.
[1] K. G. Bath, F.S.Lee, "Neurotrophic factor control of adult SVZ
neurogenesis ," in Developmental Neurobiology , Special Issue:trophic
Factors:50 years of growth . vol. 70, no.5, pp. 339-349 April 2010.
[2] Y.Ganat,S.Soni,M.Chacon,M.L.Schwartz and F.M.Vaccarino,
Neuroscience,vol.112,no. 4, pp. 977-991,July 2002.
[3] A.Alvarez-Byulla and J.M. Garcia -Verdugo, "Neurogenesis in adult
subventricular zone," The Journal of Neuroscience,vol 22,no. 3,pp. 629-
634,Feb, 2002.
[4] S.Temple, "The development of neural stem cells," Nature, vol. 414, pp.
112-117 2001.
[5] S.W.Levison and J.E.Goldman, "Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat
forebrain," Neuron, vol.15, pp. 7238-7249,1995.
[6] M.Zerlin,S.W.Levison and J.E.Goldman, "Early patterns of
migration,morphogenesis and intermediate filament expression of
subventricular zone cells in the postnatal rat forebrain," Journal of
Neuroscience., vol.10, no.2, pp. 201-212,Feb,1993.
[7] D.A.Lim,G.J.Fishell and A.Alvarez-Byulla, "A postnatal mouse
subventricular zone neuronal precursors can migrate and differentiate
within multiple levels of the developing neuraxis," Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA, vol.94, pp. 14832-14836,1997.
[8] R.Zhang,Z.Zhang,L.Wang,Y.Wang,A.Gousev,L.Zhang,et.al,"Activated
neural stem cells contribute to stroke-induced neurogenesis and
neuroblast migration towards the infarct boundary in adult rats," Journal
of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol.24, pp. 441-448,2004.
[9] V.Coremans,T.Ahmed,D.Balschun,R.D-Hooge,A.DeVriese,J.Cremer,et.
al, "Impaired neurogenesis, learning and memory and low seizure
threshold associated with loss of neural precursor cell survivin," BMC
Neurosci., vol. 11, pp. 2,Jan. 2010.
[10] K.Ohira, T.Furuta, H.Hioki, K.C.Nakamura, E.Kuramoto, Y.Tanaka,
et.al.,"Ischemia-induced neurogenesis of neocortical layer 1 progenitor
cells," Nature Neurosci., vol. 13, no.2, pp.173-179,Feb.2010.
[11] Y.Liu, B.D.Ford, M.A.Mann, G.D.Fischbach, "Neuregulin-1 increases
the proliferation of neuronal progenitors from embryonic neural stem
cells," Developmental Biology, vol. 283, pp. 437-445, 2005.
[12] K.S.Rai, B.Hattiangady, A.K.Shetty , "Enhanced production and
dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle- aged
hippocampus following intracerebroventricular FGF-2 infusions," Eur J
Neurosci, vol. 26,no.7, pp. 1765-1779, Oct 2007.
[13] H.Scharfman,J.Goodman,A.Macleod,S.Phani,C.Antonelli,S.Croll,
"Increased neurogenesis and the ectopic granule cells after
intrahippocampal BDNF infusions in adult rats," Exp.Neurol., vol. 192,
no. 2, pp. 348-356, Apr. 2005.
[14] K.Jin,Y.Sun,L.Xie,S.Batteur,X.O.Mao,C.Smelick,A.Logvinova,D.A.Gre
enberg,"Neurogenesis and aging:FGF-2 and HB-EGF restore
neurogenesis in hippocampus and subventricular zone of aged mice,"
Aging Cell, vol. 2,no.3,pp.175-183,June 2003.
[15] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, K.S.Karanth, M.S.Rao, "Clitoria ternatea (Linn)
root extract during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory
in rats," Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol, vol.45,pp. 305-313,2001.
[16] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, M.S.Rao, K.S.Karanth, "Clitoria ternatea (Linn)
root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic
morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons," In Third Congress.
Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS), Calcutta (Abstract
no. 4.5),pp. 45,2000.
[17] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, K.S.Karanth, K.Nalini, M.S.Rao,K.K.Srinivasan,
"Clitoria ternatea root extract enhances acetylcholine content in rat
hippocampus," Fitoterapia, vol.73,pp. 685-689,2002.
[18] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, M.S.Rao, K.S.Karanth, "Altered dendritic
arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated
with Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract," Phytotherapy Research,
vol.19,pp. 592-598,2005.
[19] A.K.Shetty, "Progenitor cells from the CA3 region of the embryonic day
19 rat hippocampus generate region-specific neuronal phenotypes in
vitro," Hippocampus, vol.14, no.5, pp. 595-614, 2004.
[20] V.Darsalia, U.Heldmann, O.Lindvall, Z.Kokaia,"Stroke-induced
neurogenesis in aged brain," Stroke, vol.36, pp.1790-1795, 2005.
[21] J.Macas, C.Nern, K.H.Plate and S.Momma,"Increased generation of
neural progenitors after ischemic injury in the aged adult human
forebrain," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26,no.50, pp.13114-13119,
Dec 2006.
[22] G.Xu, J.Ong, Y-Q.Liu, F.S.Silverstein, J.D.E.Barks,"Subventricular
zone proliferation after ╬▒-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-mediated neonatal brain
injury," Developmental Neuroscience, vol.27,no.2-4, pp.228-234, 2005.
[23] B.Nait-Oumesmar, N.Picard-Riera, C.Kerninon, A.Baron
VanEvercooren, "The role of SVZ- derived neural precursors in
demyelinating diseases: From animal models to multiple sclerosis,"
Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.265, no.1-2, pp.26-31,Feb.
2008.
[24] H.Okana, M.Sakaguchi, K.Ohki, N.Suzuki,and K.Sawamoto,
"Regeneration of the central nervous system using endogenous repair
mechanisms," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.102, pp.1459-1465,2007.
[25] H.M.Sisti, A.L.Glass and T.J.Shors, "Neurogenesis and the spacing
effect: Learning over time enhances memory and the survival of new
neurons," Learning and Memory, vol.14, pp.368-375, 2007.
[26] G.Kempermann, "The neurogenic reserve hypothesis:What is adult
hippocampal neurogenesis good for?," Trends Neurosci., vol.31, no. 4,
pp.163-169, Mar.2008.
[27] J.Lee, W.Duan and M.P.Mattson, "Evidence that brain-derived
neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in
part,the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the
hippocampus of adult mice," Journal of Neurochemistry., vol.82,
pp.1367-1375, 2002.
[28] A.K.Olson, B.D.Eadie, C.Ernst and B.R.Christie, "Environmental
enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in
the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways," Hippocampus, Special
issue on Neurogenesis, vol.16, no.3, pp.250-260, Jan.2006.
[1] K. G. Bath, F.S.Lee, "Neurotrophic factor control of adult SVZ
neurogenesis ," in Developmental Neurobiology , Special Issue:trophic
Factors:50 years of growth . vol. 70, no.5, pp. 339-349 April 2010.
[2] Y.Ganat,S.Soni,M.Chacon,M.L.Schwartz and F.M.Vaccarino,
Neuroscience,vol.112,no. 4, pp. 977-991,July 2002.
[3] A.Alvarez-Byulla and J.M. Garcia -Verdugo, "Neurogenesis in adult
subventricular zone," The Journal of Neuroscience,vol 22,no. 3,pp. 629-
634,Feb, 2002.
[4] S.Temple, "The development of neural stem cells," Nature, vol. 414, pp.
112-117 2001.
[5] S.W.Levison and J.E.Goldman, "Both oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
develop from progenitors in the subventricular zone of postnatal rat
forebrain," Neuron, vol.15, pp. 7238-7249,1995.
[6] M.Zerlin,S.W.Levison and J.E.Goldman, "Early patterns of
migration,morphogenesis and intermediate filament expression of
subventricular zone cells in the postnatal rat forebrain," Journal of
Neuroscience., vol.10, no.2, pp. 201-212,Feb,1993.
[7] D.A.Lim,G.J.Fishell and A.Alvarez-Byulla, "A postnatal mouse
subventricular zone neuronal precursors can migrate and differentiate
within multiple levels of the developing neuraxis," Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA, vol.94, pp. 14832-14836,1997.
[8] R.Zhang,Z.Zhang,L.Wang,Y.Wang,A.Gousev,L.Zhang,et.al,"Activated
neural stem cells contribute to stroke-induced neurogenesis and
neuroblast migration towards the infarct boundary in adult rats," Journal
of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol.24, pp. 441-448,2004.
[9] V.Coremans,T.Ahmed,D.Balschun,R.D-Hooge,A.DeVriese,J.Cremer,et.
al, "Impaired neurogenesis, learning and memory and low seizure
threshold associated with loss of neural precursor cell survivin," BMC
Neurosci., vol. 11, pp. 2,Jan. 2010.
[10] K.Ohira, T.Furuta, H.Hioki, K.C.Nakamura, E.Kuramoto, Y.Tanaka,
et.al.,"Ischemia-induced neurogenesis of neocortical layer 1 progenitor
cells," Nature Neurosci., vol. 13, no.2, pp.173-179,Feb.2010.
[11] Y.Liu, B.D.Ford, M.A.Mann, G.D.Fischbach, "Neuregulin-1 increases
the proliferation of neuronal progenitors from embryonic neural stem
cells," Developmental Biology, vol. 283, pp. 437-445, 2005.
[12] K.S.Rai, B.Hattiangady, A.K.Shetty , "Enhanced production and
dendritic growth of new dentate granule cells in the middle- aged
hippocampus following intracerebroventricular FGF-2 infusions," Eur J
Neurosci, vol. 26,no.7, pp. 1765-1779, Oct 2007.
[13] H.Scharfman,J.Goodman,A.Macleod,S.Phani,C.Antonelli,S.Croll,
"Increased neurogenesis and the ectopic granule cells after
intrahippocampal BDNF infusions in adult rats," Exp.Neurol., vol. 192,
no. 2, pp. 348-356, Apr. 2005.
[14] K.Jin,Y.Sun,L.Xie,S.Batteur,X.O.Mao,C.Smelick,A.Logvinova,D.A.Gre
enberg,"Neurogenesis and aging:FGF-2 and HB-EGF restore
neurogenesis in hippocampus and subventricular zone of aged mice,"
Aging Cell, vol. 2,no.3,pp.175-183,June 2003.
[15] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, K.S.Karanth, M.S.Rao, "Clitoria ternatea (Linn)
root extract during growth spurt period enhances learning and memory
in rats," Indian J. Physiol Pharmacol, vol.45,pp. 305-313,2001.
[16] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, M.S.Rao, K.S.Karanth, "Clitoria ternatea (Linn)
root extract treatment in rats during growth spurt period affects dendritic
morphology of hippocampal CA3 neurons," In Third Congress.
Federation of Indian Physiological Societies (FIPS), Calcutta (Abstract
no. 4.5),pp. 45,2000.
[17] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, K.S.Karanth, K.Nalini, M.S.Rao,K.K.Srinivasan,
"Clitoria ternatea root extract enhances acetylcholine content in rat
hippocampus," Fitoterapia, vol.73,pp. 685-689,2002.
[18] K.S.Rai, K.D.Murthy, M.S.Rao, K.S.Karanth, "Altered dendritic
arborization of amygdala neurons in young adult rats orally intubated
with Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract," Phytotherapy Research,
vol.19,pp. 592-598,2005.
[19] A.K.Shetty, "Progenitor cells from the CA3 region of the embryonic day
19 rat hippocampus generate region-specific neuronal phenotypes in
vitro," Hippocampus, vol.14, no.5, pp. 595-614, 2004.
[20] V.Darsalia, U.Heldmann, O.Lindvall, Z.Kokaia,"Stroke-induced
neurogenesis in aged brain," Stroke, vol.36, pp.1790-1795, 2005.
[21] J.Macas, C.Nern, K.H.Plate and S.Momma,"Increased generation of
neural progenitors after ischemic injury in the aged adult human
forebrain," The Journal of Neuroscience, vol.26,no.50, pp.13114-13119,
Dec 2006.
[22] G.Xu, J.Ong, Y-Q.Liu, F.S.Silverstein, J.D.E.Barks,"Subventricular
zone proliferation after ╬▒-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-
isoxazolepropionic acid receptor-mediated neonatal brain
injury," Developmental Neuroscience, vol.27,no.2-4, pp.228-234, 2005.
[23] B.Nait-Oumesmar, N.Picard-Riera, C.Kerninon, A.Baron
VanEvercooren, "The role of SVZ- derived neural precursors in
demyelinating diseases: From animal models to multiple sclerosis,"
Journal of the Neurological Sciences, vol.265, no.1-2, pp.26-31,Feb.
2008.
[24] H.Okana, M.Sakaguchi, K.Ohki, N.Suzuki,and K.Sawamoto,
"Regeneration of the central nervous system using endogenous repair
mechanisms," Journal of Neurochemistry, vol.102, pp.1459-1465,2007.
[25] H.M.Sisti, A.L.Glass and T.J.Shors, "Neurogenesis and the spacing
effect: Learning over time enhances memory and the survival of new
neurons," Learning and Memory, vol.14, pp.368-375, 2007.
[26] G.Kempermann, "The neurogenic reserve hypothesis:What is adult
hippocampal neurogenesis good for?," Trends Neurosci., vol.31, no. 4,
pp.163-169, Mar.2008.
[27] J.Lee, W.Duan and M.P.Mattson, "Evidence that brain-derived
neurotrophic factor is required for basal neurogenesis and mediates, in
part,the enhancement of neurogenesis by dietary restriction in the
hippocampus of adult mice," Journal of Neurochemistry., vol.82,
pp.1367-1375, 2002.
[28] A.K.Olson, B.D.Eadie, C.Ernst and B.R.Christie, "Environmental
enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in
the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways," Hippocampus, Special
issue on Neurogenesis, vol.16, no.3, pp.250-260, Jan.2006.
@article{"International Journal of Medical, Medicine and Health Sciences:59354", author = "Kiranmai S.Rai", title = "Neurogenic Potential of Clitoria ternatea Aqueous Root Extract–A Basis for Enhancing Learning and Memory", abstract = "The neurogenic potential of many herbal extracts used
in Indian medicine is hitherto unknown. Extracts derived from
Clitoria ternatea Linn have been used in Indian Ayurvedic system of
medicine as an ingredient of “Medhya rasayana", consumed for
improving memory and longevity in humans and also in treatment of
various neurological disorders. Our earlier experimental studies with
oral intubation of Clitoria ternatea aqueous root extract (CTR) had
shown significant enhancement of learning and memory in postnatal
and young adult Wistar rats. The present study was designed to
elucidate the in vitro effects of 200ng/ml of CTR on proliferation,
differentiation and growth of anterior subventricular zone neural
stem cells (aSVZ NSC-s) derived from prenatal and postnatal rat
pups. Results show significant increase in proliferation and growth of
neurospheres and increase in the yield of differentiated neurons of
aSVZ neural precursor cells (aSVZNPC-s) at 7 days in vitro when
treated with 200ng/ml of CTR as compared to age matched control.
Results indicate that CTR has growth promoting neurogenic effect on
aSVZ neural stem cells and their survival similar to neurotrophic
factors like Survivin, Neuregulin 1, FGF-2, BDNF possibly the basis
for enhanced learning and memory.", keywords = "Anterior subventricular zone (aSVZ) neural stemcell, Clitoria ternatea, Learning and memory, Neurogenesis.", volume = "4", number = "10", pages = "530-6", }
