There are many sources trough which the soil get
enriched and contaminated with REEs. The determination of REEs in
environmental samples has been limited because of the lack of
sensitive analytical techniques. Soil samples were collected from
four sites including open cast coal mine, natural coal burning, coal
washery and control in the coal field located in Dhanbad, India.
Total concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined
using the inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry
in order to assess enrichment status in the coal field. Results showed
that the mean concentrations of La, Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm in open
cast mine and natural coal burning sites were elevated compared to
the reference concentrations, while Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd were
elevated in coal washery site. When compared to reference soil,
heavy REEs (HREEs) were enriched in open cast mines and natural
coal burning affected soils, however, the HREEs were depleted in the
coal washery sites. But, the Chondrite-normalization diagram showed
significant enrichment for light REEs (LREEs) in all the soils. High
concentration of Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu in coal mining and coal
burning sites may pose human health risks. Factor analysis showed
that distribution and relative abundance of REEs of the coal washery
site is comparable with the control. Eventually washing or cleaning
of coal could significantly decrease the emission of REEs from coal
into the environment.
[1] Z. Hu, S. Haneklaus, G. Sparovek, E. Schnug, "Rare Earth Elements in
Soils," Soil Sci. Plant Anal., vol. 37, pp. 1381-1420, 2006.
[2] A. A. Volokh, A.V. Gorbunov, S.F. Gundorina, B.A. Revich, M.V.
Frontasyeva, S.P. Chen, "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of
rare earth elements pollution of the environment," Sci. Total Environ.,
vol. 95, pp. 141-148, 1990.
[3] R.B. Finkelman, "The origin, occurrence, and distribution of the
inorganic constituents in low rank coals," Proc. of the Basic Coal
Science Workshop, US Department of Energy, Houston, TX, 1982, pp.
69-90.
[4] C.A. Palmer, P.C. Lyons, Z.A. Brown, J.S. Mee, "The use of rare earth
and trace element concentrations in vitrinite concentrates and companion
whole coals (hv A bituminous) to determine organic and inorganic
associations," Recent Advances in Coal Geochemistry, Geological
Society of America, Special paper, vol. 248, pp. 55-63, 1990.
[5] L. Zheng, G.Liu, C. Chou, C. Qi, Y. Zhang, "Geochemistry of rare earth
elements in Permian coals from the Huaibei Coalfield," China. J. Asian
Earth Sci., vol. 31, pp. 167-176, 2007.
[6] G. P. Wang, Z. Zhai, "Geochemical data as indicators of environmental
change and human impact in sediments derived from downstream
marshes of an ephemeral river," Northeast China. Environ. Geol., vol.
53, pp. 1261-1270, 2008.
[7] J.L.M. De Boer, W. Verweij, T.Van der Velde Koerts, W. Mennes,
"Levels of rare earth elements in Dutch drinking water and its sources.
Determination by inductively coupled0 plasma mass spectrometry and
toxicological implications. A pilot study," Water Res., vol. 30, pp. 190-
198, 1996.
[8] S. Tong, W. Zhu, Z. Gao, Y. Meng, R. Peng, G. Lu, "Distribution
characteristics of rare earth elements in children-s scalp hair from a rare
earths mining area in southern China," J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part AÔÇö
Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environ. Engin., vol. 39, pp. 2517-2532,
2004.
[9] T.J. Haley, "Pharmacology and toxicology of the rare earth elements," J.l
of Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 54, pp. 663- 704, 1965.
[10] E. Sabbioni, R. Pietra, P. Gaglione, G. Vacaturo, F. Colombo, M.
Zanoni, F. Radi, "Long-term occupational risk of rare earth
pneumoconiosis," Sci. Tot. Environ., vol. 26, pp. 19-32, 1982.
[11] N.I. Sax, "Dangerous properties of industrial materials, Van Nostrand-
Reinhold," New York, 1984, pp. 2358- 68.
[12] S. Schatzel, B. Stewart, "Rare earth element sources and modification in
the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Pennsylvania: implications for the origin
of coal mineral matter and rare earth element exposure in underground
mines," Internat. J. Coal Geol. vol. 54, pp. 223- 251, 2003.
[13] P.J. Haley, "Pulmonary toxicity of stable and radioactive lanthanide,"
Health Physics, vol. 61, no. 6, 809-820, 1991.
[14] L. Miao, R. Xu, Y. Ma, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, R. Cai, Y. Chen,
"Geochemistry and biogeochemistry of rare earth elements in a surface
environment (soil and plant) in South China," Environ. Geol., vol. 56,
pp. 225-235, 2008.
[15] Z. Wei, M. Yin, X. Zhang, F. Hong, B. Li, Y. Tao, G. Zhao, C. Yan,
"Rare earth elements in naturally grown fern Dicranopteris linearis in
relation to their variation in soils in South-Jiangxi region (Southern
China)," Environ. Pollut., vol. 114, pp. 345-355, 2001..
[16] G. Tyler, "Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems - A review,"
Plant Soil., vol. 267, pp. 191-206, 2004.
[17] C.M. Huang, Z.T. Gong, "Geochemical implication of rare earth
elements in process of soil development," J. of Rare Earths, vol. 19, pp.
57-62, 2001..
[18] G.M. Eskenazy, "Aspects of the geochemistry of rare earth elements in
coal: an experimental approach," Internat. J. Coal Geol., vol. 38, pp.
285-295, 1999.
[19] L.A. Haskin, T.R. Wildeman, M.A. Haskin, An accurate procedure for
the determination of the rare earths by neutron activation. J
Radioanalytical Chem., vol. 1, pp. 337-348, 1968..
[20] D. Aubert, P. Stille, A. Probst, "REE fractionation during granite
weathering and removal by waters and suspended loads: Sr and Nd
isotopic evidence," Geochim Cosmochim Acta, vol. 65(3), pp. 387 -406,
2001.
[21] J. Compton, R. White, M. Smith, "Rare earth element behaviour in soils
and salt pan sediments of a semi-arid granitic terrain in the Western
Cape, South Africa," Chem. Geol., vol. 201 pp. 239- 255, 2003.
[22] D. Koeppenkastrop, E.H. De Carlo, "Uptake of rare earth elements from
solution by metal oxides," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 1796-
1802, 1993.
[23] R.A. White, "Behaviour of the rare earth elements in ochreous mine
drainage: a laboratory and field study," PhD thesis, University of Wales,
Aberystwyth, 2000.
[24] F. Coppin, G. Berger, A. Bauer, S. Castet, M. Loubet, "Sorption of
lanthanides on smectite and kaolinite," Chem. Geol., vol. 182, pp. 57-
68, 2002.
[25] Y. Yang, C. Liu, K. Yuan, Z. He, "Laterite formation process in
Southern China and its rare earth element (REE) geochemistry,"
Quaternary Sci., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 472-480, 2000.
[1] Z. Hu, S. Haneklaus, G. Sparovek, E. Schnug, "Rare Earth Elements in
Soils," Soil Sci. Plant Anal., vol. 37, pp. 1381-1420, 2006.
[2] A. A. Volokh, A.V. Gorbunov, S.F. Gundorina, B.A. Revich, M.V.
Frontasyeva, S.P. Chen, "Phosphorus fertilizer production as a source of
rare earth elements pollution of the environment," Sci. Total Environ.,
vol. 95, pp. 141-148, 1990.
[3] R.B. Finkelman, "The origin, occurrence, and distribution of the
inorganic constituents in low rank coals," Proc. of the Basic Coal
Science Workshop, US Department of Energy, Houston, TX, 1982, pp.
69-90.
[4] C.A. Palmer, P.C. Lyons, Z.A. Brown, J.S. Mee, "The use of rare earth
and trace element concentrations in vitrinite concentrates and companion
whole coals (hv A bituminous) to determine organic and inorganic
associations," Recent Advances in Coal Geochemistry, Geological
Society of America, Special paper, vol. 248, pp. 55-63, 1990.
[5] L. Zheng, G.Liu, C. Chou, C. Qi, Y. Zhang, "Geochemistry of rare earth
elements in Permian coals from the Huaibei Coalfield," China. J. Asian
Earth Sci., vol. 31, pp. 167-176, 2007.
[6] G. P. Wang, Z. Zhai, "Geochemical data as indicators of environmental
change and human impact in sediments derived from downstream
marshes of an ephemeral river," Northeast China. Environ. Geol., vol.
53, pp. 1261-1270, 2008.
[7] J.L.M. De Boer, W. Verweij, T.Van der Velde Koerts, W. Mennes,
"Levels of rare earth elements in Dutch drinking water and its sources.
Determination by inductively coupled0 plasma mass spectrometry and
toxicological implications. A pilot study," Water Res., vol. 30, pp. 190-
198, 1996.
[8] S. Tong, W. Zhu, Z. Gao, Y. Meng, R. Peng, G. Lu, "Distribution
characteristics of rare earth elements in children-s scalp hair from a rare
earths mining area in southern China," J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part AÔÇö
Toxic/Hazardous Substances & Environ. Engin., vol. 39, pp. 2517-2532,
2004.
[9] T.J. Haley, "Pharmacology and toxicology of the rare earth elements," J.l
of Pharmacological Sciences, vol. 54, pp. 663- 704, 1965.
[10] E. Sabbioni, R. Pietra, P. Gaglione, G. Vacaturo, F. Colombo, M.
Zanoni, F. Radi, "Long-term occupational risk of rare earth
pneumoconiosis," Sci. Tot. Environ., vol. 26, pp. 19-32, 1982.
[11] N.I. Sax, "Dangerous properties of industrial materials, Van Nostrand-
Reinhold," New York, 1984, pp. 2358- 68.
[12] S. Schatzel, B. Stewart, "Rare earth element sources and modification in
the Lower Kittanning coal bed, Pennsylvania: implications for the origin
of coal mineral matter and rare earth element exposure in underground
mines," Internat. J. Coal Geol. vol. 54, pp. 223- 251, 2003.
[13] P.J. Haley, "Pulmonary toxicity of stable and radioactive lanthanide,"
Health Physics, vol. 61, no. 6, 809-820, 1991.
[14] L. Miao, R. Xu, Y. Ma, Z. Zhu, J. Wang, R. Cai, Y. Chen,
"Geochemistry and biogeochemistry of rare earth elements in a surface
environment (soil and plant) in South China," Environ. Geol., vol. 56,
pp. 225-235, 2008.
[15] Z. Wei, M. Yin, X. Zhang, F. Hong, B. Li, Y. Tao, G. Zhao, C. Yan,
"Rare earth elements in naturally grown fern Dicranopteris linearis in
relation to their variation in soils in South-Jiangxi region (Southern
China)," Environ. Pollut., vol. 114, pp. 345-355, 2001..
[16] G. Tyler, "Rare earth elements in soil and plant systems - A review,"
Plant Soil., vol. 267, pp. 191-206, 2004.
[17] C.M. Huang, Z.T. Gong, "Geochemical implication of rare earth
elements in process of soil development," J. of Rare Earths, vol. 19, pp.
57-62, 2001..
[18] G.M. Eskenazy, "Aspects of the geochemistry of rare earth elements in
coal: an experimental approach," Internat. J. Coal Geol., vol. 38, pp.
285-295, 1999.
[19] L.A. Haskin, T.R. Wildeman, M.A. Haskin, An accurate procedure for
the determination of the rare earths by neutron activation. J
Radioanalytical Chem., vol. 1, pp. 337-348, 1968..
[20] D. Aubert, P. Stille, A. Probst, "REE fractionation during granite
weathering and removal by waters and suspended loads: Sr and Nd
isotopic evidence," Geochim Cosmochim Acta, vol. 65(3), pp. 387 -406,
2001.
[21] J. Compton, R. White, M. Smith, "Rare earth element behaviour in soils
and salt pan sediments of a semi-arid granitic terrain in the Western
Cape, South Africa," Chem. Geol., vol. 201 pp. 239- 255, 2003.
[22] D. Koeppenkastrop, E.H. De Carlo, "Uptake of rare earth elements from
solution by metal oxides," Environ. Sci. Technol., vol. 27, pp. 1796-
1802, 1993.
[23] R.A. White, "Behaviour of the rare earth elements in ochreous mine
drainage: a laboratory and field study," PhD thesis, University of Wales,
Aberystwyth, 2000.
[24] F. Coppin, G. Berger, A. Bauer, S. Castet, M. Loubet, "Sorption of
lanthanides on smectite and kaolinite," Chem. Geol., vol. 182, pp. 57-
68, 2002.
[25] Y. Yang, C. Liu, K. Yuan, Z. He, "Laterite formation process in
Southern China and its rare earth element (REE) geochemistry,"
Quaternary Sci., vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 472-480, 2000.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:59174", author = "R. E. Masto and L. C. Ram and S. K. Verma and V. A. Selvi and J. George and R. C. Tripathi and N. K. Srivastava and D. Mohanty and S. K.Jha and A. K. Sinha and A. Sinha", title = "Rare Earth Elements in Soils of Jharia Coal Field", abstract = "There are many sources trough which the soil get
enriched and contaminated with REEs. The determination of REEs in
environmental samples has been limited because of the lack of
sensitive analytical techniques. Soil samples were collected from
four sites including open cast coal mine, natural coal burning, coal
washery and control in the coal field located in Dhanbad, India.
Total concentrations of rare earth elements (REEs) were determined
using the inductively coupled plasma atomic absorption spectrometry
in order to assess enrichment status in the coal field. Results showed
that the mean concentrations of La, Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, and Tm in open
cast mine and natural coal burning sites were elevated compared to
the reference concentrations, while Ce, Nd, Sm, and Gd were
elevated in coal washery site. When compared to reference soil,
heavy REEs (HREEs) were enriched in open cast mines and natural
coal burning affected soils, however, the HREEs were depleted in the
coal washery sites. But, the Chondrite-normalization diagram showed
significant enrichment for light REEs (LREEs) in all the soils. High
concentration of Pr, Eu, Tb, Ho, Tm, and Lu in coal mining and coal
burning sites may pose human health risks. Factor analysis showed
that distribution and relative abundance of REEs of the coal washery
site is comparable with the control. Eventually washing or cleaning
of coal could significantly decrease the emission of REEs from coal
into the environment.", keywords = "Rare earth elements, coal, soil, factor analysis", volume = "5", number = "4", pages = "250-6", }
