Abstract: Spatial outliers in remotely sensed imageries represent
observed quantities showing unusual values compared to their
neighbor pixel values. There have been various methods to detect the
spatial outliers based on spatial autocorrelations in statistics and data
mining. These methods may be applied in detecting forest fire pixels
in the MODIS imageries from NASA-s AQUA satellite. This is
because the forest fire detection can be referred to as finding spatial
outliers using spatial variation of brightness temperature. This point is
what distinguishes our approach from the traditional fire detection
methods. In this paper, we propose a graph-based forest fire detection
algorithm which is based on spatial outlier detection methods, and test
the proposed algorithm to evaluate its applicability. For this the
ordinary scatter plot and Moran-s scatter plot were used. In order to
evaluate the proposed algorithm, the results were compared with the
MODIS fire product provided by the NASA MODIS Science Team,
which showed the possibility of the proposed algorithm in detecting
the fire pixels.
Abstract: We present a preliminary x-ray study on human-hair
microstructures for a health-state indicator, in particular a cancer
case. As an uncomplicated and low-cost method of x-ray technique,
the human-hair microstructure was analyzed by wide-angle x-ray
diffractions (XRD) and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The
XRD measurements exhibited the simply reflections at the d-spacing
of 28 Å, 9.4 Å and 4.4 Å representing to the periodic distance of the
protein matrix of the human-hair macrofibrous and the diameter and
the repeated spacing of the polypeptide alpha helixes of the
photofibrils of the human-hair microfibrous, respectively. When
compared to the normal cases, the unhealthy cases including to the
breast- and ovarian-cancer cases obtained higher normalized ratios of
the x-ray diffracting peaks of 9.4 Å and 4.4 Å. This likely resulted
from the varied distributions of microstructures by a molecular
alteration. As an elemental analysis by x-ray fluorescence (XRF), the
normalized quantitative ratios of zinc(Zn)/calcium(Ca) and
iron(Fe)/calcium(Ca) were determined. Analogously, both Zn/Ca and
Fe/Ca ratios of the unhealthy cases were obtained higher than both of
the normal cases were. Combining the structural analysis by XRD
measurements and the elemental analysis by XRF measurements
exhibited that the modified fibrous microstructures of hair samples
were in relation to their altered elemental compositions. Therefore,
these microstructural and elemental analyses of hair samples will be
benefit to associate with a diagnosis of cancer and genetic diseases.
This functional method would lower a risk of such diseases by the
early diagnosis. However, the high-intensity x-ray source, the highresolution
x-ray detector, and more hair samples are necessarily
desired to develop this x-ray technique and the efficiency would be
enhanced by including the skin and fingernail samples with the
human-hair analysis.
Abstract: one of the significant factors for improving the
accuracy of Land Surface Temperature (LST) retrieval is the correct
understanding of the directional anisotropy for thermal radiance. In
this paper, the multiple scattering effect between heterogeneous
non-isothermal surfaces is described rigorously according to the
concept of configuration factor, based on which a directional thermal
radiance model is built, and the directional radiant character for urban
canopy is analyzed. The model is applied to a simple urban canopy
with row structure to simulate the change of Directional Brightness
Temperature (DBT). The results show that the DBT is aggrandized
because of the multiple scattering effects, whereas the change range of
DBT is smoothed. The temperature difference, spatial distribution,
emissivity of the components can all lead to the change of DBT. The
“hot spot" phenomenon occurs when the proportion of high
temperature component in the vision field came to a head. On the other
hand, the “cool spot" phenomena occur when low temperature
proportion came to the head. The “spot" effect disappears only when
the proportion of every component keeps invariability. The model
built in this paper can be used for the study of directional effect on
emissivity, the LST retrieval over urban areas and the adjacency effect
of thermal remote sensing pixels.
Abstract: In this paper, we prove that if X is regular strongly screenable DC-like (C-scattered), then X ×Y is strongly screenable for every strongly screenable space Y . We also show that the product i∈ω Yi is strongly screenable if every Yi is a regular strongly screenable DC-like space. Finally, we present that the strongly screenableness are poorly behaved with its Tychonoff products.
Abstract: Coherent and incoherent scattering cross section measurements have been carried out using a HPGe detector on elements in the range of Z = 13 - 50 using 241Am gamma rays. The cross sections have been derived by comparing the net count rate obtained from the Compton peak of aluminium with the corresponding peak of the target. The measured cross sections for the coherent and incoherent processes are compared with theoretical values and earlier reported values. Our results are in agreement with the theoretical values.
Abstract: Determining depth of anesthesia is a challenging problem
in the context of biomedical signal processing. Various methods
have been suggested to determine a quantitative index as depth of
anesthesia, but most of these methods suffer from high sensitivity
during the surgery. A novel method based on energy scattering of
samples in the wavelet domain is suggested to represent the basic
content of electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. In this method, first
EEG signal is decomposed into different sub-bands, then samples
are squared and energy of samples sequence is constructed through
each scale and time, which is normalized and finally entropy of the
resulted sequences is suggested as a reliable index. Empirical Results
showed that applying the proposed method to the EEG signals can
classify the awake, moderate and deep anesthesia states similar to
BIS.
Abstract: The angular distribution of Compton scattering of two
quanta originating in the annihilation of a positron with an electron
is investigated as a quantum key distribution (QKD) mechanism in
the gamma spectral range. The geometry of coincident Compton
scattering is observed on the two sides as a way to obtain partially
correlated readings on the quantum channel. We derive the noise
probability density function of a conceptually equivalent prepare
and measure quantum channel in order to evaluate the limits of the
concept in terms of the device secrecy capacity and estimate it at
roughly 1.9 bits per 1 000 annihilation events. The high error rate
is well above the tolerable error rates of the common reconciliation
protocols; therefore, the proposed key agreement protocol by public
discussion requires key reconciliation using classical error-correcting
codes. We constructed a prototype device based on the readily
available monolithic detectors in the least complex setup.
Abstract: In this paper, the effect of receive and/or transmit
antenna spacing on the performance (BER vs. SNR) of multipleantenna
systems is determined by using an RCS (Radar Cross
Section) channel model. In this physical model, the scatterers
existing in the propagation environment are modeled by their RCS so
that the correlation of the receive signal complex amplitudes, i.e.,
both magnitude and phase, can be estimated. The proposed RCS
channel model is then compared with classical models.
Abstract: the aim of that work is to study the proton transfer
phenomenon which takes place in the elastic scattering of 12C on 11B
at energies near the coulomb barrier. This reaction was studied at four
different energies 16, 18, 22, 24 MeV. The experimental data of the
angular distribution at these energies were compared to the
calculation prediction using the optical potential codes such as
ECIS88 and SPIVAL. For the raising in the cross section at backward
angles due to the transfer process we could use Distorted Wave Born
Approximation (DWUCK5). Our analysis showed that SPIVAL code
with l-dependent imaginary potential could be used effectively.
Abstract: This paper describes Nano-particle based Planar Laser
Scattering (NPLS) flow visualization of angled supersonic jets into a
supersonic cross flow based on the HYpersonic Low TEmperature
(HYLTE) nozzle which was widely used in DF chemical laser. In
order to investigate the non-reacting flowfield in the HYLTE nozzle, a
testing section with windows was designed and manufactured. The
impact of secondary fluids orifice separation on mixing was examined.
For narrow separation of orifices, the secondary fuel penetration
increased obviously compared to diluent injection, which means
smaller separation of diluent and fuel orifices would enhance the
mixing of fuel and oxidant. Secondary injections with angles of 30, 40
and 50 degrees were studied. It was found that the injectant
penetration increased as the injection angle increased, while the
interfacial surface area to entrain the freestream fluid is largest when
the injection angle is 40 degree.
Abstract: This paper describes a computer model of Quantum Field Theory (QFT), referred to in this paper as QTModel. After specifying the initial configuration for a QFT process (e.g. scattering) the model generates the possible applicable processes in terms of Feynman diagrams, the equations for the scattering matrix, and evaluates probability amplitudes for the scattering matrix and cross sections. The computations of probability amplitudes are performed numerically. The equations generated by QTModel are provided for demonstration purposes only. They are not directly used as the base for the computations of probability amplitudes. The computer model supports two modes for the computation of the probability amplitudes: (1) computation according to standard QFT, and (2) computation according to a proposed functional interpretation of quantum theory.
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network is Multi hop Self-configuring
Wireless Network consisting of sensor nodes. The deployment of
wireless sensor networks in many application areas, e.g., aggregation
services, requires self-organization of the network nodes into clusters.
Efficient way to enhance the lifetime of the system is to partition the
network into distinct clusters with a high energy node as cluster head.
The different methods of node clustering techniques have appeared in
the literature, and roughly fall into two families; those based on the
construction of a dominating set and those which are based solely on
energy considerations. Energy optimized cluster formation for a set
of randomly scattered wireless sensors is presented. Sensors within a
cluster are expected to be communicating with cluster head only. The
energy constraint and limited computing resources of the sensor nodes
present the major challenges in gathering the data. In this paper we
propose a framework to study how partially correlated data affect the
performance of clustering algorithms. The total energy consumption
and network lifetime can be analyzed by combining random geometry
techniques and rate distortion theory. We also present the relation
between compression distortion and data correlation.
Abstract: to simulate the phenomenon of electronic transport in semiconductors, we try to adapt a numerical method, often and most frequently it’s that of Monte Carlo. In our work, we applied this method in the case of a ternary alloy semiconductor GaInP in its cubic form; The Calculations are made using a non-parabolic effective-mass energy band model. We consider a band of conduction to three valleys (ΓLX), major of the scattering mechanisms are taken into account in this modeling, as the interactions with the acoustic phonons (elastic collisions) and optics (inelastic collisions). The polar optical phonons cause anisotropic collisions, intra-valleys, very probable in the III-V semiconductors. Other optical phonons, no polar, allow transitions inter-valleys. Initially, we present the full results obtained by the simulation of Monte Carlo in GaInP in stationary regime. We consider thereafter the effects related to the application of an electric field varying according to time, we thus study the transient phenomenon which make their appearance in ternary material
Abstract: This paper presents a novel approach for the design of
microwave circuits using Adaptive Network Fuzzy Inference
Optimizer (ANFIO). The method takes advantage of direct synthesis
of subsections of the amplifier using very fast and accurate ANFIO
models based on exact simulations using ADS. A mapping from
course space to fine space known as space mapping is also used. The
proposed synthesis approach takes into account the noise and
scattering parameters due to parasitic elements to achieve optimal
results. The overall ANFIO system is capable of designing different
LNAs at different noise and scattering criteria. This approach offers
significantly reduced time in the design of microwave amplifiers
within the validity range of the ANFIO system. The method has been
proven to work efficiently for a 2.4GHz LNA example. The S21 of
10.1 dB and noise figure (NF) of 2.7 dB achieved for ANFIO while
S21 of 9.05 dB and NF of 2.6 dB achieved for ANN.
Abstract: Constant amplitude fatigue crack growth (FCG) tests
were performed on dissimilar metal welded plates of Type 316L
Stainless Steel (SS) and IS 2062 Grade A Carbon steel (CS). The
plates were welded by TIG welding using SS E309 as electrode. FCG
tests were carried on the Side Edge Notch Tension (SENT)
specimens of 5 mm thickness, with crack initiator (notch) at base
metal region (BM), weld metal region (WM) and heat affected zones
(HAZ). The tests were performed at a test frequency of 10 Hz and at
load ratios (R) of 0.1 & 0.6. FCG rate was found to increase with
stress ratio for weld metals and base metals, where as in case of
HAZ, FCG rates were almost equal at high ΔK. FCG rate of HAZ of
stainless steel was found to be lowest at low and high ΔK. At
intermediate ΔK, WM showed the lowest FCG rate. CS showed
higher crack growth rate at all ΔK. However, the scatter band of data
was found to be narrow. Fracture toughness (Kc) was found to vary
in different locations of weldments. Kc was found lowest for the
weldment and highest for HAZ of stainless steel. A novel method of
characterizing the FCG behavior using an Infrared thermography
(IRT) camera was attempted. By monitoring the temperature rise at
the fast moving crack tip region, the amount of plastic deformation
was estimated.
Abstract: the effects of refining and alkaline chemicals on potential of recycling bleached chemical pulp of bagasse were investigated in this study. Recycling was done until three times. Handsheet properties such as, apparent density, light scattering coefficient, tear index, burst index, breaking length, and fold number according to TAPPI standard were measured. Water retention value also was used to considering the treatments during recycling. Refining enhanced the strength of recycled pulp by increasing fiber flexibility and swelling ability, whereas by applying chemical treatment didn't observe any improvement. The morphology of recycled fiber was considered with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Abstract: Most of the drugs used for pharmaceutical purposes
are poorly water-soluble drugs. About 40% of all newly discovered
drugs are lipophilic and the numbers of lipophilic drugs seem to
increase more and more. Drug delivery systems such as
nanoparticles, micelles or liposomes are applied to improve their
solubility and thus their bioavailability. Besides various techniques of
solubilization, oil-in-water emulsions are often used to incorporate
lipophilic drugs into the oil phase. To stabilize emulsions surface
active substances (surfactants) are generally used. An alternative
method to avoid the application of surfactants was of great interest.
One possibility is to develop O/W-emulsion without any addition of
surface active agents or the so called “surfactant-free emulsion or
SFE”. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize SFE as a
drug carrier by varying the production conditions. Lidocaine base
was used as a model drug. The injection method was developed.
Effects of ultrasound as well as of temperature on the properties of
the emulsion were studied. Particle sizes and release were
determined. The long-term stability up to 30 days was performed.
The results showed that the surfactant-free O/W emulsions with
pharmaceutical oil as drug carrier can be produced.
Abstract: Speckled images arise when coherent microwave,
optical, and acoustic imaging techniques are used to image an object, surface or scene. Examples of coherent imaging systems include synthetic aperture radar, laser imaging systems, imaging sonar
systems, and medical ultrasound systems. Speckle noise is a form of object or target induced noise that results when the surface of the object is Rayleigh rough compared to the wavelength of the illuminating radiation. Detection and estimation in images corrupted
by speckle noise is complicated by the nature of the noise and is not
as straightforward as detection and estimation in additive noise. In
this work, we derive stochastic models for speckle noise, with an emphasis on speckle as it arises in medical ultrasound images. The
motivation for this work is the problem of segmentation and tissue classification using ultrasound imaging. Modeling of speckle in this
context involves partially developed speckle model where an underlying Poisson point process modulates a Gram-Charlier series
of Laguerre weighted exponential functions, resulting in a doubly
stochastic filtered Poisson point process. The statistical distribution of partially developed speckle is derived in a closed canonical form.
It is observed that as the mean number of scatterers in a resolution cell is increased, the probability density function approaches an
exponential distribution. This is consistent with fully developed speckle noise as demonstrated by the Central Limit theorem.
Abstract: The effect of chemical treatment in CdCl2 on the
compositional changes and defect structures of potentially useful ZnS
solar cell thin films prepared by vacuum deposition method was
studied using the complementary Rutherford backscattering (RBS)
and Thermoluminesence (TL) techniques. A series of electron and
hole traps are found in the various as deposited samples studied.
After treatment, perturbation on the intensity is noted; mobile defect
states and charge conversion and/or transfer between defect states are
found.
Abstract: The textile industry produces highly coloured
effluents containing polar and non-polar compounds. The textile mill
run by the Assam Polyester Co-operative Society Limited (APOL) is
situated at Rangia, about 55 km from Guwahati (26011' N, 91047' E)
in the northern bank of the river Brahmaputra, Assam (India). This
unit was commissioned in June 1988 and started commercial
production in November 1988. The installed capacity of the weaving
unit was 8000 m/day and that of the processing unit was 20,000
m/day. The mill has its own dyeing unit with a capacity of 1500-2000
kg/day. The western side of the mill consists of vast agricultural land
and the far northern and southern side of the mill has scattered human
population. The eastern side of the mill has a major road for
thoroughfare. The mill releases its effluents into the agricultural land
in the western side of the mill. The present study was undertaken to
assess the impact of the textile mill on surface soil quality in and
around the mill with particular reference to Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn.
Surface soil samples, collected along different directions at 200, 500
and 1000 m were digested and the metals were estimated with
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The metals were found in the
range of: Cr 50.9 – 105.0 mg kg-1, Mn 19.2- 78.6 mg kg-1, Ni 41.9 –
50.6 mg kg-1 and Zn 187.8 – 1095.8 mg kg-1. The study reveals
enrichment of Cr, Mn, Ni and Zn in the soil near the textile mill.