Abstract: Air conditioning is mainly to be used as human
comfort medium. It has been use more often in country in which the
daily temperatures are high. In scientific, air conditioning is defined
as a process of controlling the moisture, cooling, heating and cleaning
air. Without proper estimation of cooling load, big amount of waste
energy been used because of unsuitable of air conditioning system are
not considering to overcoming heat gains from surrounding. This is
due to the size of the room is too big and the air conditioning has to
use more energy to cool the room and the air conditioning is too
small for the room. The studies are basically to develop a program to
calculate cooling load. Through this study it is easy to calculate
cooling load estimation. Furthermore it-s help to compare the cooling
load estimation by hourly and yearly. Base on the last study that been
done, the developed software are not user-friendly. For individual
without proper knowledge of calculating cooling load estimation
might be problem. Easy excess and user-friendly should be the main
objective to design something. This program will allow cooling load
able be estimate by any users rather than estimation by using rule of
thumb. Several of limitation of case study is judged to sure it-s
meeting to Malaysia building specification. Finally validation is done
by comparison manual calculation and by developed program.
Abstract: Indium-tin oxide films are deposited by low plasma
temperature RF sputtering on highly flexible modification of glycol
polyethyleneterephtalate substrates. The produced layers are
characterized with transparency over 82 % and sheet resistance of
86.9 Ω/square. The film’s conductivity was further improved by
additional UV illumination from light source (365 nm), having power
of 250 W. The influence of the UV exposure dose on the structural
and electro-optical properties of ITO was investigated. It was
established that the optimum time of illumination is 10 minutes and
further UV treatment leads to polymer substrates degradation.
Structural and bonds type analysis show that at longer treatment
carbon atoms release and diffuse into ITO films, which worsen their
electrical behavior. For the optimum UV dose the minimum sheet
resistance was measured to be 19.2 Ω/square, and the maximum
transparency remained almost unchanged – above 82 %.
Abstract: The fundamental aim of extended expansion concept is
to achieve higher work done which in turn leads to higher thermal
efficiency. This concept is compatible with the application of
turbocharger and LHR engine. The Low Heat Rejection engine was
developed by coating the piston crown, cylinder head inside with
valves and cylinder liner with partially stabilized zirconia coating of
0.5 mm thickness. Extended expansion in diesel engines is termed as
Miller cycle in which the expansion ratio is increased by reducing the
compression ratio by modifying the inlet cam for late inlet valve
closing. The specific fuel consumption reduces to an appreciable level
and the thermal efficiency of the extended expansion turbocharged
LHR engine is improved.
In this work, a thermodynamic model was formulated and
developed to simulate the LHR based extended expansion
turbocharged direct injection diesel engine. It includes a gas flow
model, a heat transfer model, and a two zone combustion model. Gas
exchange model is modified by incorporating the Miller cycle, by
delaying inlet valve closing timing which had resulted in considerable
improvement in thermal efficiency of turbocharged LHR engines. The
heat transfer model, calculates the convective and radiative heat
transfer between the gas and wall by taking into account of the
combustion chamber surface temperature swings. Using the two-zone
combustion model, the combustion parameters and the chemical
equilibrium compositions were determined. The chemical equilibrium
compositions were used to calculate the Nitric oxide formation rate by
assuming a modified Zeldovich mechanism. The accuracy of this
model is scrutinized against actual test results from the engine. The
factors which affect thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions were
deduced and their influences were discussed. In the final analysis it is
seen that there is an excellent agreement in all of these evaluations.
Abstract: In this paper, we present an innovative scheme of
blindly extracting message bits from an image distorted by an attack.
Support Vector Machine (SVM) is used to nonlinearly classify the
bits of the embedded message. Traditionally, a hard decoder is used
with the assumption that the underlying modeling of the Discrete
Cosine Transform (DCT) coefficients does not appreciably change.
In case of an attack, the distribution of the image coefficients is
heavily altered. The distribution of the sufficient statistics at the
receiving end corresponding to the antipodal signals overlap and a
simple hard decoder fails to classify them properly. We are
considering message retrieval of antipodal signal as a binary
classification problem. Machine learning techniques like SVM is
used to retrieve the message, when certain specific class of attacks is
most probable. In order to validate SVM based decoding scheme, we
have taken Gaussian noise as a test case. We generate a data set using
125 images and 25 different keys. Polynomial kernel of SVM has
achieved 100 percent accuracy on test data.
Abstract: The selection for plantation of a particular type of
mustard plant depending on its productivity (pod yield) at the stage
of maturity. The growth of mustard plant dependent on some
parameters of that plant, these are shoot length, number of leaves,
number of roots and roots length etc. As the plant is growing, some
leaves may be fall down and some new leaves may come, so it can
not gives the idea to develop the relationship with the seeds weight at
mature stage of that plant. It is not possible to find the number of
roots and root length of mustard plant at growing stage that will be
harmful of this plant as roots goes deeper to deeper inside the land.
Only the value of shoot length which increases in course of time can
be measured at different time instances. Weather parameters are
maximum and minimum humidity, rain fall, maximum and minimum
temperature may effect the growth of the plant. The parameters of
pollution, water, soil, distance and crop management may be
dominant factors of growth of plant and its productivity. Considering
all parameters, the growth of the plant is very uncertain, fuzzy
environment can be considered for the prediction of shoot length at
maturity of the plant. Fuzzification plays a greater role for
fuzzification of data, which is based on certain membership
functions. Here an effort has been made to fuzzify the original data
based on gaussian function, triangular function, s-function,
Trapezoidal and L –function. After that all fuzzified data are
defuzzified to get normal form. Finally the error analysis
(calculation of forecasting error and average error) indicates the
membership function appropriate for fuzzification of data and use to
predict the shoot length at maturity. The result is also verified using
residual (Absolute Residual, Maximum of Absolute Residual, Mean
Absolute Residual, Mean of Mean Absolute Residual, Median of
Absolute Residual and Standard Deviation) analysis.
Abstract: Image compression is one of the most important
applications Digital Image Processing. Advanced medical imaging
requires storage of large quantities of digitized clinical data. Due to
the constrained bandwidth and storage capacity, however, a medical
image must be compressed before transmission and storage. There
are two types of compression methods, lossless and lossy. In Lossless
compression method the original image is retrieved without any
distortion. In lossy compression method, the reconstructed images
contain some distortion. Direct Cosine Transform (DCT) and Fractal
Image Compression (FIC) are types of lossy compression methods.
This work shows that lossy compression methods can be chosen for
medical image compression without significant degradation of the
image quality. In this work DCT and Fractal Compression using
Partitioned Iterated Function Systems (PIFS) are applied on different
modalities of images like CT Scan, Ultrasound, Angiogram, X-ray
and mammogram. Approximately 20 images are considered in each
modality and the average values of compression ratio and Peak
Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) are computed and studied. The quality
of the reconstructed image is arrived by the PSNR values. Based on
the results it can be concluded that the DCT has higher PSNR values
and FIC has higher compression ratio. Hence in medical image
compression, DCT can be used wherever picture quality is preferred
and FIC is used wherever compression of images for storage and
transmission is the priority, without loosing picture quality
diagnostically.
Abstract: This paper presents a new heuristic algorithm for the classical symmetric traveling salesman problem (TSP). The idea of the algorithm is to cut a TSP tour into overlapped blocks and then each block is improved separately. It is conjectured that the chance of improving a good solution by moving a node to a position far away from its original one is small. By doing intensive search in each block, it is possible to further improve a TSP tour that cannot be improved by other local search methods. To test the performance of the proposed algorithm, computational experiments are carried out based on benchmark problem instances. The computational results show that algorithm proposed in this paper is efficient for solving the TSPs.
Abstract: Implementation of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to study the effects of two factor (rubber clearance and round per minute) in brown rice peeling machine of The optimal BROKENS yield (19.02, average of three repeats),.The optimized composition derived from RSM regression was analyzed using Regression analysis and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). At a significant level α = 0.05, the values of Regression coefficient, R 2 (adj)were 97.35 % and standard deviation were 1.09513. The independent variables are initial rubber clearance, and round per minute parameters namely. The investigating responses are final rubber clearance, and round per minute (RPM). The restriction of the optimization is the designated.
Abstract: The research was set up on chernozem soil at the Látókép AGTC MÉK research area of the University of Debrecen in Hungary. We examined the yield, the yield production per 1kg NPK fertilizer and the water and nutrient utilization of hybrid PR37N01 and PR37M81 in 2013. We found that PR37N01 produced the most yield at the level of N120+P (17,476kg ha-1) while PR37M81 reached the highest yield at level N150+PK (16,754kg ha-1). Studies related to yield production per 1kg NPK indicated that the best results were achieved at level N30+PK compared to the control treatment. Yield production per 1kg NPK was17.6kg kg-1 by P37N01 and 44.2kg kg-1 by PR37M81. By comparing the water utilization of hybrids we found that the worst water utilization results were reached in the control treatment (PR37N01: 26.2kg mm-1, PR37M81: 19.5kg mm-1). The best water utilization values were produced at level N120+PK in the case of hybrid PR37N01 (32.1kg mm-1) and at N150+PK in the case of hybrid PR37M81 (30.8kg mm-1). We established the values of the nutrient reaction and the fertilizer optimum of hybrids. We discovered a strong relationship between the amount of fertilizer applied and the yield produced (r2= 0.8228–0.9515). The best nutrient response was induced by hybrid PR37N01, while the weakest results were reached by hybrid PR37M81.
Abstract: In this era of technology, fueled by the pervasive usage of the internet, security is a prime concern. The number of new attacks by the so-called “bots", which are automated programs, is increasing at an alarming rate. They are most likely to attack online registration systems. Technology, called “CAPTCHA" (Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) do exist, which can differentiate between automated programs and humans and prevent replay attacks. Traditionally CAPTCHA-s have been implemented with the challenge involved in recognizing textual images and reproducing the same. We propose an approach where the visual challenge has to be read out from which randomly selected keywords are used to verify the correctness of spoken text and in turn detect the presence of human. This is supplemented with a speaker recognition system which can identify the speaker also. Thus, this framework fulfills both the objectives – it can determine whether the user is a human or not and if it is a human, it can verify its identity.
Abstract: Numerical studies have been carried out using a two
dimensional code to examine the influence of pressure / thrust
transient of solid propellant rockets at liftoff. This code solves
unsteady Reynolds-averaged thin-layer Navier–Stokes equations by
an implicit LU-factorization time-integration method. The results
from the parametric study indicate that when the port is narrow there
is a possibility of increase in pressure / thrust-rise rate due to
relatively high flame spread rate. Parametric studies further reveal
that flame spread rate can be altered by altering the propellant
properties, igniter jet characteristics and nozzle closure burst pressure
without altering the grain configuration and/or the mission
demanding thrust transient. We observed that when the igniter
turbulent intensity is relatively low the vehicle could liftoff early due
to the early flow choking of the rocket nozzle. We concluded that the
high pressurization-rate has structural implications at liftoff in
addition to transient burning effect. Therefore prudent selection of the
port geometry and the igniter, for meeting the mission requirements,
within the given envelop are meaningful objectives for any designer
for the smooth liftoff of solid propellant rockets.
Abstract: Now a days, a significant part of commercial and governmental organisations like museums, cultural organizations, libraries, commercial enterprises, etc. invest intensively in new technologies for image digitization, digital libraries, image archiving and retrieval. Hence image authorization, authentication and security has become prime need. In this paper, we present a semi-fragile watermarking scheme for color images. The method converts the host image into YIQ color space followed by application of orthogonal dual domains of DCT and DWT transforms. The DCT helps to separate relevant from irrelevant image content to generate silent image features. DWT has excellent spatial localisation to help aid in spatial tamper characterisation. Thus image adaptive watermark is generated based of image features which allows the sharp detection of microscopic changes to locate modifications in the image. Further, the scheme utilises the multipurpose watermark consisting of soft authenticator watermark and chrominance watermark. Which has been proved fragile to some predefined processing like intentinal fabrication of the image or forgery and robust to other incidental attacks caused in the communication channel.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between the principles of Educational Sport and the objectives of Physical Education in two brasilian laws: National Curriculum Guidelines (PCNs) for the Elementary and Middle School Levels and the Guidelines and Basis Legislation (LDB). The method used was the survey analysis in order to determine the practices present in, or the opinions of, a specific population. The instrument used in this research was a questionnaire. After a broad review of the bibliography and according to the methodological procedures, the aim was to set the relationships between the Principles of Educational Sport and the objectives of Physical Education, according to the Brazilian Law (LDB) and National Curriculum Guidelines (PCNs) in a table made under the analysis of a group of specialists. As the relation between the principles of Educational Sport and the objectives of School Physical Education have shown, we can state that School Physical Education has gained pedagogical security for the potential use of Educational Sport as part of its contents.
Abstract: Multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) is an approach to ranking the solutions and finding the best one when two or more solutions are provided. In this study, MCDM approach is proposed to select the most suitable scheduling rule of robotic flexible assembly cells (RFACs). Two MCDM approaches, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) are proposed for solving the scheduling rule selection problem. The AHP method is employed to determine the weights of the evaluation criteria, while the TOPSIS method is employed to obtain final ranking order of scheduling rules. Four criteria are used to evaluate the scheduling rules. Also, four scheduling policies of RFAC are examined to choose the most appropriate one for this purpose. A numerical example illustrates applications of the suggested methodology. The results show that the methodology is practical and works in RFAC settings.
Abstract: Today, node-disjoint routing becomes inessential
technique in communication of packets among various nodes in
networks. Meanwhile AODV (Ad Hoc On-demand Multipath
Distance Vector) creates single-path route between a pair of source
and destination nodes. Some researches has done so far to make
multipath node-disjoint routing based on AODV protocol. But
however their overhead and end-to-end delay are relatively high,
while the detail of their code is not available too. This paper proposes
a new approach of multipath node-disjoint routing based on AODV
protocol. Then the algorithm of analytical model is presented. The
extensive results of this algorithm will be presented in the next paper.
Abstract: Through the course of this paper we outline how
mobile Business Intelligence (m-BI) can help businesses to work
smarter and to improve their agility. When we analyze the industry
from the usage perspective or how interaction with the enterprise BI
system happens via mobile devices, we may easily understand that
there are two major types of mobile BI: passive and active. Active
mobile BI gives provisions for users to interact with the BI systems
on-the-fly. Active mobile business intelligence often works as a
combination of both “push and pull" techniques. Some mistakes were
done in the up-to-day progress of mobile technologies and mobile BI,
as well as some problems that still have to be resolved. We discussed
in the paper rather broadly.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of germination on chemical compositions, physio-chemical properties of malted (germinated) red sorghum flours and evaluated characteristics of gluten free breads from sorghum flour. Results showed that germinated sorghum flour had higher amylase activity, swelling power and solubility at 95°C, but lower in the peak, break down, final and set back viscosities than ungerminated sample (p≤0.05). Five gluten free breads made from sorghum flour blends, with different ratios of ungerminated and germinated sorghum flour, were compared for the physical properties with those made from wheat flour. Crumb hardness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness of sorghum breads were found significantly higher than those of wheat bread. With increasing of ungerminated flour proportion, the bread hardness increased while the cohesiveness declined. Sorghum breads appeared red to human eyes with a*values of 10.41-15.77.Their crust and crumb colors differed significantly from those of wheat bread.
Abstract: Biomechanical properties of infantile aorta in vitro in
cases of different standard anastomoses: end-to-end (ETE), extended
anastomosis end-to-end (EETE) and subclavian flap aortoplasty
(SFA) used for surgical correction of coarctation were analyzed to
detect the influence of the method on the biomechanics of infantile
aorta and possible changes in haemodinamics. 10 specimens of native
aorta, 3 specimens with ETE, 4 EEET and 3 SFA were investigated.
The experiments showed a non-linear relationship between stress and
strain in the infantile aorta, the modulus of elasticity of the aortic wall
increased with the increase of inner pressure. In the case of
anastomosis end-to-end the modulus was almost constant, relevant to
the modulus of elasticity of the aorta with the inner pressure 100-120
mmHg. The anastomoses EETE and SFA showed elastic properties
closer to native aorta, the stiffness of ETE did not change with the
changes in inner pressure.
Abstract: This paper presents the experimental results of the
investigation of various properties related to the durability and longterm
performance of mortars made of Fly Ash blended cement, FA
and Ordinary Portland cement, OPC. The properties that were
investigated in an experimental program include; equilibration of
specimen in different relative humidity, determination of total
porosity, compressive strength, chloride permeability index, and
electrical resistivity. Fly Ash blended cement mortar specimens
exhibited 10% to 15% lower porosity when measured at equilibrium
conditions in different relative humidities as compared to the
specimens made of OPC mortar, which resulted in 6% to 8% higher
compressive strength of FA blended cement mortar specimens. The
effects of ambient relative humidity during sample equilibration on
porosity and strength development were also studied. For specimens
equilibrated in higher relative humidity conditions, such as 75%, the
total porosity of different mortar specimens was between 35% to 50%
less than the porosity of samples equilibrated in 12% relative
humidity, consequently leading to higher compressive strengths of
these specimens.A valid statistical correlation between values of
compressive strength, porosity and the degree of saturation was
obtained. Measured values of chloride permeability index of fly ash
blended cement mortar were obtained as one fourth to one sixth of
those measured for OPC mortar specimens, which indicates high
resistance against chloride ion penetration in FA blended cement
specimens, hence resulting in a highly durable mortar.
Abstract: Bacterial molecular chaperone DnaK plays an essential role in protein folding, stress response and transmembrane targeting of proteins. DnaKs from many bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Haemophilus infleunzae are the molecular targets for the insect-derived antimicrobial peptide pyrrhocoricin. Pyrrhocoricin-like peptides bind in the substrate recognition tunnel. Despite the high degree of crossspecies sequence conservation in the substrate-binding tunnel, some bacteria are not sensitive to pyrrhocoricin. This work addresses the molecular mechanism of resistance of Helicobacter pylori DnaK to pyrrhocoricin. Homology modelling, structural and sequence analysis identify a single aminoacid substitution at the interface between the lid and the β-sandwich subdomains of the DnaK substrate-binding domain as the major determinant for its resistance.