Abstract: Soil erosion is the most serious problem faced at
global and local level. So planning of soil conservation measures has
become prominent agenda in the view of water basin managers. To
plan for the soil conservation measures, the information on soil
erosion is essential. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE), Revised
Universal Soil Loss Equation 1 (RUSLE1or RUSLE) and Modified
Universal Soil Loss Equation (MUSLE), RUSLE 1.06, RUSLE1.06c,
RUSLE2 are most widely used conventional erosion estimation
methods. The essential drawbacks of USLE, RUSLE1 equations are
that they are based on average annual values of its parameters and so
their applicability to small temporal scale is questionable. Also these
equations do not estimate runoff generated soil erosion. So
applicability of these equations to estimate runoff generated soil
erosion is questionable. Data used in formation of USLE, RUSLE1
equations was plot data so its applicability at greater spatial scale
needs some scale correction factors to be induced. On the other hand
MUSLE is unsuitable for predicting sediment yield of small and large
events. Although the new revised forms of USLE like RUSLE 1.06,
RUSLE1.06c and RUSLE2 were land use independent and they have
almost cleared all the drawbacks in earlier versions like USLE and
RUSLE1, they are based on the regional data of specific area and
their applicability to other areas having different climate, soil, land
use is questionable. These conventional equations are applicable for
sheet and rill erosion and unable to predict gully erosion and spatial
pattern of rills. So the research was focused on development of nonconventional
(other than conventional) methods of soil erosion
estimation. When these non-conventional methods are combined with
GIS and RS, gives spatial distribution of soil erosion. In the present
paper the review of literature on non- conventional methods of soil
erosion estimation supported by GIS and RS is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a CFD analysis of the flow field
around a thin flat plate of infinite span inclined at 90° to a fluid
stream of infinite extent. Numerical predictions have been compared
to experimental measurements, in order to assess the potential of the
finite volume code of determining the aerodynamic forces acting on a
bluff body invested by a fluid stream of infinite extent.
Several turbulence models and spatial node distributions have
been tested. Flow field characteristics in the neighborhood of the flat
plate have been investigated, allowing the development of a
preliminary procedure to be used as guidance in selecting the
appropriate grid configuration and the corresponding turbulence
model for the prediction of the flow field over a two-dimensional
vertical flat plate.
Abstract: Analysis for the generalized thermoelastic Lamb
waves, which propagates in anisotropic thin plates in generalized
thermoelasticity, is presented employing normal mode expansion
method. The displacement and temperature fields are expressed by a
summation of the symmetric and antisymmetric thermoelastic modes
in the surface thermal stresses and thermal gradient free orthotropic
plate, therefore the theory is particularly appropriate for waveform
analyses of Lamb waves in thin anisotropic plates. The transient
waveforms excited by the thermoelastic expansion are analyzed for
an orthotropic thin plate. The obtained results show that the theory
provides a quantitative analysis to characterize anisotropic
thermoelastic stiffness properties of plates by wave detection. Finally
numerical calculations have been presented for a NaF crystal, and the
dispersion curves for the lowest modes of the symmetric and
antisymmetric vibrations are represented graphically at different
values of thermal relaxation time. However, the methods can be used
for other materials as well
Abstract: Existing underground pipe jacking methods use a
reinforcing rod in a steel tube to obtain structural stiffness. However,
some problems such as inconvenience of works and expensive
materials resulted from limited working space and reinforcing works
are existed. To resolve these problems, a new pipe jacking method,
namely PST (Prestressed Segment Tunnel) method, was developed
which used joint to connect the steel segment and form erection
structure. For evaluating the flexural capacity of the PST method
structure, a experimental test was conducted. The parameters
considered in the test were span-to-depth ratio of segment, diameter of
steel tube at the corner, prestressing force, and welding of joint. The
flexural behaviours with the effect of load capacity in serviceability
state according to different parameters were examined.. The frame
with long segments could increase flexural stiffness and the specimen
with large diameter of concave corner showed excellent resistance
ability to the negative moment. In addition, welding of joints increased
the flexural capacity.
Abstract: This paper presents the mathematical model of electric field and magnetic field in transmission system, which performs in second-order partial differential equation. This research has conducted analyzing the electromagnetic field radiating to atmosphere around the transmission line, when there is the transmission line transposition in case of long distance distribution. The six types of 500 kV transposed HV transmission line with double circuit will be considered. The computer simulation is applied finite element method that is developed by MATLAB program. The problem is considered to two dimensions, which is time harmonic system with the graphical performance of electric field and magnetic field. The impact from simulation of six types long distance distributing transposition will not effect changing of electric field and magnetic field which surround the transmission line.
Abstract: This paper presented the results of an experimental
investigation into the axial fatigue behavior of a 5086 aluminum
alloy which have several notch-aspect ratios a0/c0 and notch
thickness ratio a/t with semi-elliptical surface cracks. Tests were
conducted in la b air for stress levels of 50 % of their yield
strength. Experiments were carried out for various notch to
thickness ratios. Crack growth rates of test specimens both in
surface and depth directions were determined by using die
penetration method. Fuzzy Logic method was used to predict the
deep direction crack growth because the dept of the crack is
considerably difficult to measure.
Abstract: Over the past few years, XML (eXtensible Mark-up
Language) has emerged as the standard for information
representation and data exchange over the Internet. This paper
provides a kick-start for new researches venturing in XML databases
field. We survey the storage representation for XML document,
review the XML query processing and optimization techniques with
respect to the particular storage instance. Various optimization
technologies have been developed to solve the query retrieval and
updating problems. Towards the later year, most researchers
proposed hybrid optimization techniques. Hybrid system opens the
possibility of covering each technology-s weakness by its strengths.
This paper reviews the advantages and limitations of optimization
techniques.
Abstract: This study is aimed to investigate feasibility of the
aerobic biological process to treat oily wastewater from palm oil food
industry. Effect of aeration and sludge concentrations are studied.
Raw sludge and raw wastewater was mixed and acclimatized for five
days in a stirred tank reactor. The aeration rate (no aeration, low;
1.5L/min and high rate; 2L/min) and sludge concentration (3675,
7350, and 11025mg/L of VSS) were varied. Responses of process
were pH, COD, oil and grease, VSS, and PHB content. It was found
that the treatment can remove 85.1 to 97.1 % of COD and remove
12.9 to 54.8% of oil & grease. The PHB yield was found to be within
0.15% to 2.4% as PHB/VSS ratio and 0.01% to 0.12% as PHB/COD
removed. The higher aeration results a high COD removal and oil &
grease removal, while experiment without aeration gives better PHB
yield. Higher sludge concentrations (11025mg/L VSS) give higher
removal of oil & grease while moderate sludge concentration
(7350mg/L VSS) give better result in COD removal. Higher PHB
yield is obtained in low sludge concentration (3675mg/L).
Abstract: Estimation of natural frequency of structures is very
important and isn-t usually calculated simply and sometimes
complicated. Lack of knowledge about that caused hard damage and
hazardous effects.
In this paper, with using from two different models in FEM
method and based on hydrodynamic mass of fluids, natural frequency
of an especial bearing (Fig. 1) in an electric field (or, a periodic
force) is calculated in different stiffness and different geometric. In
final, the results of two models and analytical solution are compared.
Abstract: This study experimentally and numerically investigates
motor cooling performance. The motor consists of a centrifugal fan,
two axial fans, a shaft, a stator, a rotor and a heat exchanger with 637
cooling tubes. The pressure rise-flow rate (P-Q) performance curves of
the cooling fans at 1800 rpm are tested using a test apparatus
complying with the Chinese National Standard (CNS) 2726.
Compared with the experimental measurements, the numerical
analysis results show that the P-Q performance curves of the axial fan
and centrifugal fan can be estimated within about 2% and 6%,
respectively. By using the simplified model, setting up the heat
exchanger and stator as porous media, the flow field in the motor is
calculated. By using the results of the flow field near the rotor and
stator, and subjecting the heat generation rate as a boundary condition,
the temperature distributions of the stator and rotor are also calculated.
The simulation results show that the calculated temperature of the
stator winding near the axial fans is lower by about 5% than the
measured value, and the calculated temperature of the stator core
located at the center of the stator is about 1% higher than the measured
value. Besides, discussion is made to improve the motor cooling
performance.
Abstract: In this study the mixed mode fracture mechanics
parameters were investigated for high tensile steel butt welded joint
based on modified Arcan test and finite element analysis was used to
evaluate the effect of crack length on fracture criterion. The nondimensional
stress intensity factors, strain energy release rates and Jintegral
energy on crack tip were obtained for various in-plane
loading combinations on Arcan specimen starting from pure mode-I
to pure mode-II loading conditions. The specimen and apparatus were
modeled by finite element method and analyzed under various
loading angles (between 0 to 90 degrees with 15 degree interval) to
simulate the pure mode-I, II and mixed mode fracture. Since the
analytical results are independent from elasticity modules for
isotropic materials, therefore the results in elastic fields can be used
for Arcan specimens. The main objective of this study was to
evaluate the geometric calibration factors for modified Arcan test
specimen in order to obtain fracture toughness under mixed mode
loading conditions.
Abstract: Most of the academics connect a theory of
multiculturalism with globalization and limit it by last decades of
20th century. However, Kazakh society encountered with this
problem when the Soviet-s rule emerged. As a result of repression,
the Second World War, development of virgin lands representatives
of more than 100 nationalities lives in Kazakhstan. Communist
ideology propagandized internationalism, which would defined
principles of multicultural community but a common ideology
demands a single culture. As a result multicultural society in the
USSR developed under control of Russian culture. Education in the
USSR was conducted in two departments: autochthonous and
Russian. Autochthonous education narrowed student capabilities.
Also because of soviet ideology science was conducted in Russian
Universities provided education in Russian and all science literature
were in Russian. Exceptions were humanitarian fields where Kazakh
departments were admitted. Naturally non-Kazakhs studied in
Russian departments, moreover Kazakhs preferred to study in
Russian as most do nowadays preferring English. As a result Kazakh
society consisted of Kazakhs, Kazakhs who recognized Russian as a
mother tongue and other nationalities who were also Russian
speakers. This aspect continues to distinguish particular qualities of
multicultural community in Kazakhstan.
Abstract: We report on the results of a pilot study in which a data-mining tool was developed for mining audiology records. The records were heterogeneous in that they contained numeric, category and textual data. The tools developed are designed to observe associations between any field in the records and any other field. The techniques employed were the statistical chi-squared test, and the use of self-organizing maps, an unsupervised neural learning approach.
Abstract: In this paper we investigate the electrical
characteristics of a new structure of gate all around strained silicon
nanowire field effect transistors (FETs) with dual dielectrics by
changing the radius (RSiGe) of silicon-germanium (SiGe) wire and
gate dielectric. Indeed the effect of high-κ dielectric on Field Induced
Barrier Lowering (FIBL) has been studied. Due to the higher electron
mobility in tensile strained silicon, the n-type FETs with strained
silicon channel have better drain current compare with the pure Si
one. In this structure gate dielectric divided in two parts, we have
used high-κ dielectric near the source and low-κ dielectric near the
drain to reduce the short channel effects. By this structure short
channel effects such as FIBL will be reduced indeed by increasing
the RSiGe, ID-VD characteristics will be improved. The leakage
current and transfer characteristics, the threshold-voltage (Vt), the
drain induced barrier height lowering (DIBL), are estimated with
respect to, gate bias (VG), RSiGe and different gate dielectrics. For
short channel effects, such as DIBL, gate all around strained silicon
nanowire FET have similar characteristics with the pure Si one while
dual dielectrics can improve short channel effects in this structure.
Abstract: An important step in studying the statistics of
fingerprint minutia features is to reliably extract minutia features from
the fingerprint images. A new reliable method of computation for
minutiae feature extraction from fingerprint images is presented. A
fingerprint image is treated as a textured image. An orientation flow
field of the ridges is computed for the fingerprint image. To
accurately locate ridges, a new ridge orientation based computation
method is proposed. After ridge segmentation a new method of
computation is proposed for smoothing the ridges. The ridge skeleton
image is obtained and then smoothed using morphological operators
to detect the features. A post processing stage eliminates a large
number of false features from the detected set of minutiae features.
The detected features are observed to be reliable and accurate.
Abstract: Antimicrobial resistant is becoming a major factor in
virtually all hospital acquired infection may soon untreatable is a
serious public health problem. These concerns have led to major
research effort to discover alternative strategies for the treatment of
bacterial infection. Nanobiotehnology is an upcoming and fast
developing field with potential application for human welfare. An
important area of nanotechnology for development of reliable and
environmental friendly process for synthesis of nanoscale particles
through biological systems In the present studies are reported on the
use of fungal strain Aspergillus species for the extracellular synthesis
of bionanoparticles from 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. The
report would be focused on the synthesis of metallic bionanoparticles
of silver using a reduction of aqueous Ag+ ion with the
culture supernatants of Microorganisms. The bio-reduction of the
Ag+ ions in the solution would be monitored in the aqueous
component and the spectrum of the solution would measure through
UV-visible spectrophotometer The bionanoscale particles were
further characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Fourier
Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Thin layer
chromatography. The synthesized bionanoscale particle showed a
maximum absorption at 385 nm in the visible region. Atomic Force
Microscopy investigation of silver bionanoparticles identified that
they ranged in the size of 250 nm - 680 nm; the work analyzed the
antimicrobial efficacy of the silver bionanoparticles against various
multi drug resistant clinical isolates. The present Study would be
emphasizing on the applicability to synthesize the metallic
nanostructures and to understand the biochemical and molecular
mechanism of nanoparticles formation by the cell filtrate in order to
achieve better control over size and polydispersity of the
nanoparticles. This would help to develop nanomedicine against
various multi drug resistant human pathogens.
Abstract: Chua’s circuit is one of the most important electronic devices that are used for Chaos and Bifurcation studies. A central role of secure communication is devoted to it. Since the adaptive control is used vastly in the linear systems control, here we introduce a new trend of application of adaptive method in the chaos controlling field. In this paper, we try to derive a new adaptive control scheme for Chua’s circuit controlling because control of chaos is often very important in practical operations. The novelty of this approach is for sake of its robustness against the external perturbations which is simulated as an additive noise in all measured states and can be generalized to other chaotic systems. Our approach is based on Lyapunov analysis and the adaptation law is considered for the feedback gain. Because of this, we have named it NAFT (Nonlinear Adaptive Feedback Technique). At last, simulations show the capability of the presented technique for Chua’s circuit.
Abstract: Image convolution similar to the receptive fields
found in mammalian visual pathways has long been used in
conventional image processing in the form of Gabor masks.
However, no VLSI implementation of parallel, multi-layered pulsed
processing has been brought forward which would emulate this
property. We present a technical realization of such a pulsed image
processing scheme. The discussed IC also serves as a general testbed
for VLSI-based pulsed information processing, which is of interest
especially with regard to the robustness of representing an analog
signal in the phase or duration of a pulsed, quasi-digital signal, as
well as the possibility of direct digital manipulation of such an
analog signal. The network connectivity and processing properties
are reconfigurable so as to allow adaptation to various processing
tasks.
Abstract: It is necessary to evaluate the bridges conditions and
strengthen bridges or parts of them. The reinforcement necessary due
to some reasons can be summarized as: First, a changing in use of
bridge could produce internal forces in a part of structural which
exceed the existing cross-sectional capacity. Second, bridges may
also need reinforcement because damage due to external factors
which reduced the cross-sectional resistance to external loads. One of
other factors could listed here its misdesign in some details, like
safety of bridge or part of its.This article identify the design demands
of Qing Shan bridge located in is in Heilongjiang Province He gang -
Nen Jiang Road 303 provincial highway, Wudalianchi area, China, is
an important bridge in the urban areas. The investigation program
was include the observation and evaluate the damage in T- section
concrete beams , prestressed concrete box girder bridges section in
additional evaluate the whole state of bridge includes the pier ,
abutments , bridge decks, wings , bearing and capping beam, joints,
........etc. The test results show that the bridges in general structural
condition are good. T beam span No 10 were observed, crack
extended upward along the ribbed T beam, and continue to the T
beam flange. Crack width varying between 0.1mm to 0.4mm, the
maximum about 0.4mm. The bridge needs to be improved flexural
bending strength especially at for T beam section.