Abstract: Aluminum hybrid reinforcement technology is a
response to the dynamic ever increasing service requirements of such
industries as transportation, aerospace, automobile, marine, etc. It is
unique in that it offers a platform of almost unending combinations of
materials to produce various hybrid composites. This article reviews
the studies carried out on various combinations of aluminum hybrid
composite and the effects on mechanical, physical and chemical
properties. It is observed that the extent of enhancement of these
properties of hybrid composites is strongly dependent on the nature
of the reinforcement, its hardness, particle size, volume fraction,
uniformity of dispersion within the matrix and the method of hybrid
production.
Abstract: In this research article a comprehensive investigation
has been carried out to determine the effect of thermal cycle on
temperature dependent process parameters developed during gas
tungsten arc (GTA) welding of high carbon (AISI 1090) steel butt
joints. An experiment based thermal analysis has been performed to
obtain the thermal history. We have focused on different
thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, heat transfer
coefficient and cooling rate. Angular torch model has been utilized to
find out the surface heat flux and its variation along the fusion zone as
well as along the longitudinal direction from fusion boundary. After
welding and formation of weld pool, heat transfer coefficient varies
rapidly in the vicinity of molten weld bead and heat affected zone. To
evaluate the heat transfer coefficient near the fusion line and near the
rear end of the plate (low temperature region), established correlation
has been implemented and has been compared with empirical
correlation which is noted as coupled convective and radiation heat
transfer coefficient. Change in thermal conductivity has been
visualized by analytical model of moving point heat source. Rate of
cooling has been estimated by using 2-dimensional mathematical
expression of cooling rate and it has shown good agreement with
experimental temperature cycle. Thermophysical properties have been
varied randomly within 0 -10s time span.
Abstract: Botnets are one of the most serious and widespread
cyber threats. Today botnets have been facilitating many
cybercrimes, especially financial, top secret thefts. Botnets can be
available for lease in the market and are utilized by the
cybercriminals to launch massive attacks like DDoS, click fraud,
phishing attacks etc., Several large institutions, hospitals, banks,
government organizations and many social networks such as twitter,
facebook etc., became the target of the botmasters. Recently,
noteworthy researches have been carried out to detect bot, C&C
channels, botnet and botmasters. Using many sophisticated
technologies, botmasters made botnet a titan of the cyber world.
Innumerable challenges have been put forth by the botmasters to the
researchers in the detection of botnet. In this paper we present a
survey of different types of botnet C&C channels and also provide a
comparison of various botnet categories. Finally we hope that our
survey will create awareness for forthcoming botnet research
endeavors.
Abstract: Nowadays, the Web has become one of the most
pervasive platforms for information change and retrieval. It collects
the suitable and perfectly fitting information from websites that one
requires. Data mining is the form of extracting data’s available in the
internet. Web mining is one of the elements of data mining
Technique, which relates to various research communities such as
information recovery, folder managing system and simulated
intellects. In this Paper we have discussed the concepts of Web
mining. We contain generally focused on one of the categories of
Web mining, specifically the Web Content Mining and its various
farm duties. The mining tools are imperative to scanning the many
images, text, and HTML documents and then, the result is used by
the various search engines. We conclude by presenting a comparative
table of these tools based on some pertinent criteria.
Abstract: This paper presents a hybrid fuzzy logic control
strategy for a unicycle trajectory following robot on irregular terrains.
In literature, researchers have presented the design of path tracking
controllers of mobile robots on non-frictional surface. In this work,
the robot is simulated to drive on irregular terrains with contrasting
frictional profiles of peat and rough gravel. A hybrid fuzzy logic
controller is utilised to stabilise and drive the robot precisely with the
predefined trajectory and overcome the frictional impact. The
controller gains and scaling factors were optimised using spiral
dynamics optimisation algorithm to minimise the mean square error
of the linear and angular velocities of the unicycle robot. The robot
was simulated on various frictional surfaces and terrains and the
controller was able to stabilise the robot with a superior performance
that is shown via simulation results.
Abstract: Two tragic tsunamis that devastated the west coast of
Sumatra Island, Indonesia in 2004 and North East Japan in 2011 had
damaged bridges to various extents. Tsunamis have resulted in the
catastrophic deterioration of infrastructures i.e. coastal structures,
utilities and transportation facilities. A bridge structure performs vital
roles to enable people to perform activities related to their daily needs
and for development. A damaged bridge needs to be repaired
expeditiously. In order to understand the effects of tsunami forces on
bridges, experimental tests are carried out to measure the
characteristics of hydrodynamic force at various wave heights.
Coastal bridge models designed at a 1:40 scale are used in a 24.0 m
long hydraulic flume with a cross section of 1.5 m by 2.0 m. The
horizontal forces and uplift forces in all cases show that forces
increase nonlinearly with increasing wave amplitude.
Abstract: The exposure to outdoor air pollution causes lung
cancer and increases the risk of bladder cancer. Because air pollution
in urban areas is mainly caused by transportation, it is necessary to
evaluate pollutant exhaust emissions from vehicles during their realworld
use. Nevertheless their evaluation and reduction is a key
problem, especially in the cities, that account for more than 50% of
world population.
A particular attention was given to the slope variability along the
streets during each journey performed by the instrumented vehicle.
In this paper we dealt with the problem of describing a
quantitatively approach for the reconstruction of GPS coordinates and
altitude, in the context of correlation study between driving cycles /
emission / geographical location, during an experimental campaign
realized with some instrumented cars.
Finally the slope analysis can be correlated to the emission and
consumption values in a specific road position, and it could be
evaluated its influence on their behaviour.
Abstract: The power converter that feeds high-frequency, highvoltage
transformers must be carefully designed due to parasitic
components, mainly the secondary winding capacitance and the
leakage inductance, that introduces resonances in relatively lowfrequency
range, next to the switching frequency. This paper
considers applications in which the load (resistive) has an
unpredictable behavior, changing from open to short-circuit condition
faster than the output voltage control loop could react. In this context,
to avoid overvoltage and over current situations, that could damage
the converter, the transformer or the load, it is necessary to find an
operation point that assure the desired output voltage in spite of the
load condition. This can done adjusting the frequency response of the
transformer adding an external inductance, together with selecting the
switching frequency to get stable output voltage independently of the
load.
Abstract: The operation of nuclear power plants involves
continuous monitoring of the environment in their area. This
monitoring is performed using a complex data acquisition system,
which collects status information about the system itself and values
of many important physical variables e.g. temperature, humidity,
dose rate etc. This paper describes a proposal and optimization of
communication that takes place in teledosimetric system between the
central control server responsible for the data processing and storing
and the decentralized measuring stations, which are measuring the
physical variables. Analyzes of ongoing communication were
performed and consequently the optimization of the system
architecture and communication was done.
Abstract: Quality control helps industries in improvements of its
product quality and productivity. Statistical Process Control (SPC) is
one of the tools to control the quality of products that turning practice
in bringing a department of industrial engineering process under
control. In this research, the process control of a turning
manufactured at workshops machines. The varying measurements
have been recorded for a number of samples of a rice polished
cylinder obtained from a number of trials with the turning practice.
SPC technique has been adopted by the process is finally brought
under control and process capability is improved.
Abstract: The influence of three different types of halloysite
nanotubes (HNTs) with different dimensions, namely as camel lake
(CLA), Jarrahdale (JA) and Matauri Bay (MB), on their reinforcing
ability of ethylene propylene dine monomer (EPDM) were
investigated by varying the HNTs loading (from 0-15 phr).
Mechanical properties of the nanocomposites improved with addition
of all three HNTs, but CLA based nanocomposites exhibited a
significant enhancement compared to the other HNTs. For instance,
tensile properties of EPDM nanocomposites increased by 120%,
256% and 340% for MB, JA and CLA, respectively, with addition of
15 phr of HNTs. This could be due to the higher aspect ratio and
higher surface area of CLA compared to others. Scanning electron
microscopy (SEM) of nanocomposites at 15 phr of HNT loadings
showed low amounts of pulled-out nanotubes which confirmed the
presence of more embedded nanotubes inside the EPDM matrix, as
well as aggregates within the fracture surface of EPDM/HNT
nanocomposites
Abstract: The present study involved analysis of certain
characteristics of the perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)
genotypes collected from the natural flora of Ankara, and explores a
correlation among them. In order to evaluate the plants for breeding
purpose as per Turkey's environmental conditions, the perennial
ryegrass plants were collected from natural pasture of Ankara in 2004
and were utilized for the study. Seeds of the collected plants were
sown in pots and seedlings were prepared in a greenhouse. In 2005,
the seedlings were transplanted at 50 × 50 cm2 intervals in
Randomized Complete Blocks Design in an experimental field. In
2007 and 2008, data were recorded from the observations and
measurements of 568 perennial ryegrasses. The plant characteristics,
which were investigated, included re-growth time in spring, color,
density, growth habit, tendency to form inflorescence, time of
inflorescence, plant height, length of upper internode, spike length,
leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, leaf shape, number of spikelets per
spike, seed yield per spike and 1000 grain weight and the correlation
analyses were made using this data. Correlation coefficients were
estimated between all paired combinations of the studied traits. The
yield components exhibited varying trends of association among
themselves. Seed yield per spike showed significant and positive
association with the number of spikelets per spike, 1000 grain weight,
plant height, length of upper internode, spike length, leaf length, leaf
width, leaf area and color, but significant and negative association
with the growth habit and re-growth time in spring.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate
perceptions of climate change risk to forest ecosystems and forestbased
communities as well as perceived effectiveness of adaptation
strategies for climate change as well as challenges for adaptation.
Data was gathered using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire.
Simple random selection technique was applied. For the majority of
issues, the responses were obtained on multi-point likert scales, and
the scores provided were, in turn, used to estimate the means and
other useful estimates. A composite knowledge index developed
using correct responses to a set of self-rated statements were used to
evaluate the issues. The mean of the knowledge index was 0.64. Also
all respondents recorded values of the knowledge index above 0.25.
Increase forest fire was perceived by respondents as the greatest risk
to forest eco-system. Decrease access to water supplies was perceived
as the greatest risk to livelihoods of forest based communities. The
most effective adaptation strategy relevant to climate change risks to
forest eco-systems and forest based communities livelihoods in
Kathmandu valley in Nepal as perceived by the respondents was
reforestation and afforestation. As well, lack of public awareness was
perceived as the major limitation for climate change adaptation.
However, perceived risks as well as effective adaptation strategies
showed an inconsistent association with knowledge indicators and
social-cultural variables. The results provide useful information to
any party who involve with climate change issues in Nepal, since
such attempts would be more effective once the people’s perceptions
on these aspects are taken into account.
Abstract: Background: Bleeding during first half of pregnancy
mostly originates from placenta, some abort, others are at risk of
complications. Objective: Study was done to know perinatal outcome
with bleeding up to 20 weeks in singleton pregnancy. Material
Methods: Subjects were 1020, equal controls managed over 2 years,
435 had viable pregnancy at admission, 135 excluded, 300 followed
for perinatal outcome, 99 (19.52% up to 10 weeks), 201 (39.18% of
11-20 weeks). Results: Hypertensive disorders occurred in 24% cases
of bleeding within 10 weeks, 22% 11-20 weeks 14.79% controls,
placenta previa 4% in 10 weeks, 0.9% 11-20 weeks, 0.97% controls,
prelabor rupture of membranes in 16%, 7.45% controls. 20% up to 10
weeks, 35% 11-20 weeks, 18% controls had fetal growth restriction,
34.34% up to 10 weeks 30.35% of 11-20 weeks 17.17% controls had
preterm births, perinatal mortality rate in study was 118.62, in
controls 68.16 (Uneventful pregnancy in 13.52% study, 46.11%
controls). Conclusion: Once bleeding occurs, one third continue
pregnancy, maternal neonatal outcome gets affected with variations
in cases of bleeding within first 10 weeks & 11-20 weeks.
Abstract: This paper contains 2 main parts. In the first part of paper we simulated and studied three types of electrode patterns used in various industries for suspension and handling of the semiconductor and glass and we selected the best pattern by evaluating the electrostatic force, which was comb pattern electrode.
In the second part we investigated the parameters affecting the amount of electrostatic force such as the gap between surface and electrode (g), the electrode width (w), the gap between electrodes (t), the surface permittivity and electrode length and methods of improvement of adhesion force by changing these values.
Abstract: Software reusability is an essential characteristic of
Component-Based Software (CBS). The component reusability is an
important assess for the effective reuse of components in CBS. The
attributes of reusability proposed by various researchers are studied
and four of them are identified as potential factors affecting
reusability. This paper proposes metric for reusability estimation of
black-box software component along with metrics for Interface
Complexity, Understandability, Customizability and Reliability. An
experiment is performed for estimation of reusability through a case
study on a sample web application using a real world component.
Abstract: Distributed Generation (DG) can help in reducing the
cost of electricity to the costumer, relieve network congestion and
provide environmentally friendly energy close to load centers. Its
capacity is also scalable and it provides voltage support at distribution
level. Hence, DG placement and penetration level is an important
problem for both the utility and DG owner. DG allocation and capacity
determination is a nonlinear optimization problem. The objective
function of this problem is the minimization of the total loss of the
distribution system. Also high levels of penetration of DG are a new
challenge for traditional electric power systems. This paper presents a
new methodology for the optimal placement of DG and penetration
level of DG in distribution system based on General Algebraic
Modeling System (GAMS) and Genetic Algorithm (GA).
Abstract: Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is one of the most
attractive bioceramics due to its moldable and shape ability to fill
complicated bony cavities or small dental defect positions. In this
study, CPC was produced by using mixture of tetracalcium phosphate
(TTCP, Ca4O(PO4)2) and dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA,
CaHPO4) in equimolar ratio (1/1) with aqueous solutions of acetic
acid (C2H4O2) and disodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate
(Na2HPO4.2H2O) in combination with sodium alginate in order to
improve theirs moldable characteristic. The concentration of the
aqueous solutions and sodium alginate were varied to investigate the
effect of different aqueous solutions and alginate on properties of the
cements. The cement paste was prepared by mixing cement powder
(P) with aqueous solution (L) in a P/L ratio of 1.0g/0.35ml. X-ray
diffraction (XRD) was used to analyses phase formation of the
cements. Setting time and compressive strength of the set CPCs were
measured using the Gilmore apparatus and Universal testing
machine, respectively.
The results showed that CPCs could be produced by using both
basic (Na2HPO4.2H2O) and acidic (C2H4O2) solutions. XRD results
show the precipitation of hydroxyapatite in all cement samples. No
change in phase formation among cements using difference
concentrations of Na2HPO4.2H2O solutions. With increasing
concentration of acidic solutions, samples obtained less
hydroxyapatite with a high dicalcium phosphate dehydrate leaded to
a shorter setting time. Samples with sodium alginate exhibited higher
crystallization of hydroxyapatite than that of without alginate as a
result of shorten setting time in a basic solution but a longer setting
time in an acidic solution. The stronger cement was attained from
samples using the acidic solution with sodium alginate; however the
strength was lower than that of using the basic solution.
Abstract: Since the marine environmental conditions are
extremely different from the other ones, marine actinomycetes might
produce novel bioactive compounds. Therefore, actinomycete strains
were screened from marine water and sediment samples collected
from the coastal areas of Northern Vietnam. Ninety-nine
actinomycete strains were obtained on starch-casein agar media by
dilution technique, only seven strains, named HP112, HP12, HP411,
HPN11, HP 11, HPT13 and HPX12, showed significant antibacterial
activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
(Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus epidemidis ATCC
12228, Escherichia coli ATCC 11105). Further studies were carried
out with the most active HP411 strain against Candida albicans
ATCC 10231. This strain could grow rapidly on starch casein agar
and other media with high salt containing 7-10% NaCl at 28-30oC.
Spore-chain of HP411 showed an elongated and circular shape with
10 to 30 spores/chain. Identification of the strain was carried out by
employing the taxonomical studies including the 16S rRNA
sequence. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence it is
proposed that HP411 to be belongs to species Streptomyces
variabilis. The potent of the crude extract of fermentation broth of
HP411 that are effective against wide range of pathogens: both grampositive,
gram-negative and fungi. Further studies revealed that the
crude extract HP411 could obtain the anticancer activity for cancer
cell lines: Hep-G2 (liver cancer cell line); RD (cardiac and skeletal
muscle letters cell line); FL (membrane of the uterus cancer cell line).
However, the actinomycetes from marine ecosystem will be useful
for the discovery of new drugs in the future.
Abstract: Climate warming would increase rainfall by shifting
precipitation falling form from snow to rain, and would accelerate
snow cover disappearing by increasing snowpack. Using temperature
and precipitation data in the temperature-index snowmelt model, we
evaluated variability of snowfall and continuous snow cover duration
(CSCD) during 1944-2010 over Pelso, central Finland. Mann-
Kendall non-parametric test determined that annual precipitation
increased by 2.69 (mm/year, p