Interannual Variations in Snowfall and Continuous Snow Cover Duration in Pelso, Central Finland, Linked to Teleconnection Patterns, 1944-2010
Climate warming would increase rainfall by shifting
precipitation falling form from snow to rain, and would accelerate
snow cover disappearing by increasing snowpack. Using temperature
and precipitation data in the temperature-index snowmelt model, we
evaluated variability of snowfall and continuous snow cover duration
(CSCD) during 1944-2010 over Pelso, central Finland. Mann-
Kendall non-parametric test determined that annual precipitation
increased by 2.69 (mm/year, p<0.05) during the study period, but no
clear trend in annual temperature. Both annual rainfall and snowfall
increased by 1.67 and 0.78 (mm/year, p<0.05), respectively. CSCD
was generally about 205 days from 14 October to 6 May. No clear
trend was found in CSCD over Pelso. Spearman’s rank correlation
showed most significant relationships of annual snowfall with the
East Atlantic (EA) pattern, and CSCD with the East Atlantic/West
Russia (EA/WR) pattern. Increased precipitation with no warming
temperature caused the rainfall and snowfall to increase, while no
effects on CSCD.
[1] P.Y. Groisman, T.R. Karl, R.W. Knight, "Changes of snow cover,
temperature, and radiative heat-balance over the Northern Hemisphere",
Journal of Climate, 7(11), 1994, 1633-1656.
[2] A. Frei, D.A. Robinson, "Northern Hemisphere snow extent: Regional
variability 1972-1994", International Journal of Climatology, 19 (14),
1999, 535-1560.
[3] T.P. Barnett, J.C. Adam, D.P. Lettenmaier, "Potential impacts of a
warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions",
Nature, 438, 2005, 303-303.
[4] M.I. Budyko, "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate on
the Earth", Tellus, 21(5), 1969, 611-611.
[5] K.F. Dewey, "Daily maximum and minimum temperature forecasts and
the influence of snow cover", Monthly Weather Review, Boston,
105(12), 1977, 1594-1597.
[6] T.R. Karl, P.Y. Groisman, W.K. Knight, R.R. Heim, "Recent variations
of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to
precipitation and temperature variations", Journal of Climate, Boston,
MA, 6(7), 1993, 1327-1343.
[7] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),"Climate Change
2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change", 2001, Cambridge University Press, Books, 40 West 20th Street
New York NY 10011-4211 USA, 2001.
[8] J. Jaagus, "Regionalisation of the precipitation pattern in the Baltic Sea
drainage basin and its dependence on large-scale atmospheric
circulation", Boreal Environment Research, 14(1), 2009, 31-44.
[9] P. Pirinen, H. Simola, J. Aalto, J.-P. Kaukoranta, P. Karlsson, R.
Ruuhela, "Tilastoja Suomen Ilmastosta 1981-2010 (Climatological
statistics of Finland 1981-2010)". Reports 2012:1, Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki (in Finnish and English), 2012.
[10] B. Vehviläinen, "Snow cover models in operational watershed
forecasting", Publications of Water and Environment Research Institute
11, Helsinki, 1992, 112 p.
[11] D.R. Helsel, R.M. Hirsch, "Statistical methods in water resources",
Studies in Environmental Science (Amsterdam), 1992, pp. 522.
[12] V. Sridhar, A. Nayak, "Implications of climate-driven variability and
trends for the hydrologic assessment of the Reynolds Creek
Experimental Watershed, Idaho", Journal of Hydrology, 385(1-4), 2010,
183-202.
[13] M. Irannezhad, H. Marttila, B. Kløve. "Long-term variations and trends
in precipitation in Finland", International Journal of Climatology,
34(10), 2014, 3139-3153.
[14] M. Irannezhad, D. Chen, B. Kløve, "Interannual variations and trends in
surface air temperature in Finland in relation to atmospheric circulation
patterns, 1961-2011", International Journal of Climatology (Accepted).
[15] K. Ruosteenoja, K. Jylhä, "Temperature and precipitation projections for
Finland based on climate models employed in the IPCC 4th Assessment
Report". In: Third International Conference on Climate and Water,
Helsinki, Finland, 3–6 September 2007, Proceedings, 2007, 404–406.
[16] K. Jylhä, S. Fronzek, H. Tuomenvirta, T.R. Carter, K. Ruosteenoja,
"Changes in frost, snow and Baltic sea ice by the end of the twenty-first
century based on climate model projections for Europe", Climatic
Change, 86(3-4), 2007, 441-462.
[1] P.Y. Groisman, T.R. Karl, R.W. Knight, "Changes of snow cover,
temperature, and radiative heat-balance over the Northern Hemisphere",
Journal of Climate, 7(11), 1994, 1633-1656.
[2] A. Frei, D.A. Robinson, "Northern Hemisphere snow extent: Regional
variability 1972-1994", International Journal of Climatology, 19 (14),
1999, 535-1560.
[3] T.P. Barnett, J.C. Adam, D.P. Lettenmaier, "Potential impacts of a
warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions",
Nature, 438, 2005, 303-303.
[4] M.I. Budyko, "The effect of solar radiation variations on the climate on
the Earth", Tellus, 21(5), 1969, 611-611.
[5] K.F. Dewey, "Daily maximum and minimum temperature forecasts and
the influence of snow cover", Monthly Weather Review, Boston,
105(12), 1977, 1594-1597.
[6] T.R. Karl, P.Y. Groisman, W.K. Knight, R.R. Heim, "Recent variations
of snow cover and snowfall in North America and their relation to
precipitation and temperature variations", Journal of Climate, Boston,
MA, 6(7), 1993, 1327-1343.
[7] Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC),"Climate Change
2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the
Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change", 2001, Cambridge University Press, Books, 40 West 20th Street
New York NY 10011-4211 USA, 2001.
[8] J. Jaagus, "Regionalisation of the precipitation pattern in the Baltic Sea
drainage basin and its dependence on large-scale atmospheric
circulation", Boreal Environment Research, 14(1), 2009, 31-44.
[9] P. Pirinen, H. Simola, J. Aalto, J.-P. Kaukoranta, P. Karlsson, R.
Ruuhela, "Tilastoja Suomen Ilmastosta 1981-2010 (Climatological
statistics of Finland 1981-2010)". Reports 2012:1, Finnish
Meteorological Institute, Helsinki (in Finnish and English), 2012.
[10] B. Vehviläinen, "Snow cover models in operational watershed
forecasting", Publications of Water and Environment Research Institute
11, Helsinki, 1992, 112 p.
[11] D.R. Helsel, R.M. Hirsch, "Statistical methods in water resources",
Studies in Environmental Science (Amsterdam), 1992, pp. 522.
[12] V. Sridhar, A. Nayak, "Implications of climate-driven variability and
trends for the hydrologic assessment of the Reynolds Creek
Experimental Watershed, Idaho", Journal of Hydrology, 385(1-4), 2010,
183-202.
[13] M. Irannezhad, H. Marttila, B. Kløve. "Long-term variations and trends
in precipitation in Finland", International Journal of Climatology,
34(10), 2014, 3139-3153.
[14] M. Irannezhad, D. Chen, B. Kløve, "Interannual variations and trends in
surface air temperature in Finland in relation to atmospheric circulation
patterns, 1961-2011", International Journal of Climatology (Accepted).
[15] K. Ruosteenoja, K. Jylhä, "Temperature and precipitation projections for
Finland based on climate models employed in the IPCC 4th Assessment
Report". In: Third International Conference on Climate and Water,
Helsinki, Finland, 3–6 September 2007, Proceedings, 2007, 404–406.
[16] K. Jylhä, S. Fronzek, H. Tuomenvirta, T.R. Carter, K. Ruosteenoja,
"Changes in frost, snow and Baltic sea ice by the end of the twenty-first
century based on climate model projections for Europe", Climatic
Change, 86(3-4), 2007, 441-462.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:68490", author = "M. Irannezhad and E. H. N. Gashti and S. Mohammadighavam and M. Zarrini and B. Kløve", title = "Interannual Variations in Snowfall and Continuous Snow Cover Duration in Pelso, Central Finland, Linked to Teleconnection Patterns, 1944-2010", abstract = "Climate warming would increase rainfall by shifting
precipitation falling form from snow to rain, and would accelerate
snow cover disappearing by increasing snowpack. Using temperature
and precipitation data in the temperature-index snowmelt model, we
evaluated variability of snowfall and continuous snow cover duration
(CSCD) during 1944-2010 over Pelso, central Finland. Mann-
Kendall non-parametric test determined that annual precipitation
increased by 2.69 (mm/year, p", keywords = "Variations, snowfall, snow cover duration,
temperature-index snowmelt model, teleconnection patterns.", volume = "8", number = "12", pages = "855-6", }
