Abstract: In this paper a mixed method by combining an evolutionary and a conventional technique is proposed for reduction of Single Input Single Output (SISO) continuous systems into Reduced Order Model (ROM). In the conventional technique, the mixed advantages of Mihailov stability criterion and continued Fraction Expansions (CFE) technique is employed where the reduced denominator polynomial is derived using Mihailov stability criterion and the numerator is obtained by matching the quotients of the Cauer second form of Continued fraction expansions. Then, retaining the numerator polynomial, the denominator polynomial is recalculated by an evolutionary technique. In the evolutionary method, the recently proposed Differential Evolution (DE) optimization technique is employed. DE method is based on the minimization of the Integral Squared Error (ISE) between the transient responses of original higher order model and the reduced order model pertaining to a unit step input. The proposed method is illustrated through a numerical example and compared with ROM where both numerator and denominator polynomials are obtained by conventional method to show its superiority.
Abstract: We measured the major and trace element contents
and Rb-Sr isotopic compositions of 12 tektites from the Maoming
area, Guandong province (south China). All the samples studied are
splash-form tektites which show pitted or grooved surfaces with
schlieren structures on some surfaces. The trace element ratios Ba/Rb
(avg. 4.33), Th/Sm (avg. 2.31), Sm/Sc (avg. 0.44), Th/Sc (avg. 1.01) ,
La/Sc (avg. 2.86), Th/U (avg. 7.47), Zr/Hf (avg. 46.01) and the rare
earth elements (REE) contents of tektites of this study are similar to the
average upper continental crust. From the chemical composition, it is
suggested that tektites in this study are derived from similar parental
terrestrial sedimentary deposit which may be related to post-Archean
upper crustal rocks. The tektites from the Maoming area have high
positive εSr(0) values-ranging from 176.9~190.5 which indicate that
the parental material for these tektites have similar Sr isotopic
compositions to old terrestrial sedimentary rocks and they were not
dominantly derived from recent young sediments (such as soil or
loess). The Sr isotopic data obtained by the present study support the
conclusion proposed by Blum et al. (1992)[1] that the depositional age
of sedimentary target materials is close to 170Ma (Jurassic). Mixing
calculations based on the model proposed by Ho and Chen (1996)[2]
for various amounts and combinations of target rocks indicate that the
best fit for tektites from the Maoming area is a mixture of 40% shale,
30% greywacke, 30% quartzite.
Abstract: Rambutan is a tropical fruit which peel possesses antioxidant properties. This work was conducted to optimize extraction conditions of phenolic compounds from rambutan peel. Response surface methodology (RSM) was adopted to optimize subcritical water extraction (SWE) on temperature, extraction time and percent solvent mixture. The results demonstrated that the optimum conditions for SWE were as follows: temperature 160°C, extraction time 20min. and concentration of 50% ethanol. Comparison of the phenolic compounds from the rambutan peels in maceration 6h, soxhlet 4h, and SWE 20min., it indicated that total phenolic content (using Folin-Ciocalteu-s phenol reagent) was 26.42, 70.29, and 172.47mg of tannic acid equivalent (TAE) per g dry rambutan peel, respectively. The comparative study concluded that SWE was a promising technique for phenolic compounds extraction from rambutan peel, due to much more two times of conventional techniques and shorter extraction times.
Abstract: According to Hermite there exists only a finite
number of number fields having a given degree, and a given value of
the discriminant, nevertheless this number is not known generally.
The determination of a maximum number of number fields of degree
10 having a given discriminant that contain a subfield of degree 5
having a fixed class number, narrow class number and Galois group
is the purpose of this work. The constructed lists of the first
coincidences of 52 (resp. 50, 40, 48, 22, 6) nonisomorphic number
fields with same discriminant of degree 10 of signature (6,2) (resp.
(4,3), (8,1), (2,4), (0,5), (10,0)) containing a quintic field. For each
field in the lists, we indicate its discriminant, the discriminant of its
subfield, a relative polynomial generating the field over its quintic
field and its relative discriminant, the corresponding polynomial over
Q and its Galois closure are presented with concluding remarks.
Abstract: Nowadays, biometrical characterizations of Artemia
cysts are used as one of the most important factors in the study of
Artemia populations and intraspecific particularity; meanwhile these
characters can be used as economical indices. For example, typically
high hatching efficiency is possible due to the small diameter of
cysts (high number per gram); therefore small diameter of cysts
show someway high quality of cysts. This study was performed
during a ten year period, including two different ecological
conditions: rainy and drought. It is important from two different
aspects because it covers alteration of A. urmiana during ten years
also its variation in the best and worst environmental situations in
which salinity increased from 173.8 ppt in 1994 to 280.8 ppt in
2003/4. In this study the biometrical raw data of Artemia urmiana
cysts at seven stations from the Urmia Lake in 1994 and their seven
identical locations at 26 studied stations in 2003/4 were reanalyzed
again and compared together. Biometrical comparison of untreated
and decapsulated cysts in each of the seven similar stations showed a
highly significant variation between 1994 and 2003/4. Based on this
study, in whole stations the untreated and decapsulated cysts from
1994 were larger than cysts of 2003/4 without any exception. But
there was no logical relationship between salinity and chorion
thickness in the Urmia Lake. With regard to PCA analyses the
stations of two different studied years certainly have been separated
with factor 1 from each other. In conclusion, the interaction between
genetic and environmental factors can determine and explain
variation in the range of cysts diameter in Artemia.
Abstract: In the study of honeycomb crushing under quasistatic loading, two parameters are important, the mean crushing stress and the wavelength of the folding mode. The previous theoretical models did not consider the true cylindrical curvature effects and the flow stress in the folding mode of honeycomb material. The present paper introduces a modification on Wierzbicki-s model based on considering two above mentioned parameters in estimating the mean crushing stress and the wavelength through implementation of the energy method. Comparison of the results obtained by the new model and Wierzbicki-s model with existing experimental data shows better prediction by the model presented in this paper.
Abstract: Despite the fact that Arabic language is currently one
of the most common languages worldwide, there has been only a
little research on Arabic speech recognition relative to other
languages such as English and Japanese. Generally, digital speech
processing and voice recognition algorithms are of special
importance for designing efficient, accurate, as well as fast automatic
speech recognition systems. However, the speech recognition process
carried out in this paper is divided into three stages as follows: firstly,
the signal is preprocessed to reduce noise effects. After that, the
signal is digitized and hearingized. Consequently, the voice activity
regions are segmented using voice activity detection (VAD)
algorithm. Secondly, features are extracted from the speech signal
using Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) algorithm.
Moreover, delta and acceleration (delta-delta) coefficients have been
added for the reason of improving the recognition accuracy. Finally,
each test word-s features are compared to the training database using
dynamic time warping (DTW) algorithm. Utilizing the best set up
made for all affected parameters to the aforementioned techniques,
the proposed system achieved a recognition rate of about 98.5%
which outperformed other HMM and ANN-based approaches
available in the literature.
Abstract: The paper presents the study of synthetic transmit
aperture method applying the Golay coded transmission for medical
ultrasound imaging. Longer coded excitation allows to increase the
total energy of the transmitted signal without increasing the peak
pressure. Signal-to-noise ratio and penetration depth are improved
maintaining high ultrasound image resolution.
In the work the 128-element linear transducer array with 0.3 mm
inter-element spacing excited by one cycle and the 8 and 16-bit
Golay coded sequences at nominal frequencies 4 MHz was used.
Single element transmission aperture was used to generate a spherical
wave covering the full image region and all the elements received the
echo signals. The comparison of 2D ultrasound images of the wire
phantom as well as of the tissue mimicking phantom is presented to
demonstrate the benefits of the coded transmission. The results were
obtained using the synthetic aperture algorithm with transmit and
receive signals correction based on a single element directivity
function.
Abstract: Bean common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) is a
potyvirus with a worldwide distribution. This virus causes serious
economic losses in Iran in many leguminoses. During 20008,
samples were collected from soybeans fields in Tehran Province.
Four isolates (S1, S2 and S3) were inoculated on 15 species of
Cucurbitaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Solanacae and Leguminosae.
Chenopodium quinoa and C. amaranticolor.
Did not developed any symptoms.all isolates caused mosaic
symptoms on Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Red Kidney and P. vulgaris cv.
Bountiful. The molecular weights of coat protein using SDS-PAGE
and western blotting were estimated at 33 kDa. Reverse transcription
polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed using one
primer pairs designed by L. XU et al. An approximately 920 bp
fragment was amplified with a specific primer.
Abstract: The System Identification problem looks for a
suitably parameterized model, representing a given process. The
parameters of the model are adjusted to optimize a performance
function based on error between the given process output and
identified process output. The linear system identification field is
well established with many classical approaches whereas most of
those methods cannot be applied for nonlinear systems. The problem
becomes tougher if the system is completely unknown with only the
output time series is available. It has been reported that the
capability of Artificial Neural Network to approximate all linear and
nonlinear input-output maps makes it predominantly suitable for the
identification of nonlinear systems, where only the output time series
is available. [1][2][4][5]. The work reported here is an attempt to
implement few of the well known algorithms in the context of
modeling of nonlinear systems, and to make a performance
comparison to establish the relative merits and demerits.
Abstract: One of the purposes of the robust method of
estimation is to reduce the influence of outliers in the data, on the
estimates. The outliers arise from gross errors or contamination from
distributions with long tails. The trimmed mean is a robust estimate.
This means that it is not sensitive to violation of distributional
assumptions of the data. It is called an adaptive estimate when the
trimming proportion is determined from the data rather than being
fixed a “priori-.
The main objective of this study is to find out the robustness
properties of the adaptive trimmed means in terms of efficiency, high
breakdown point and influence function. Specifically, it seeks to find
out the magnitude of the trimming proportion of the adaptive
trimmed mean which will yield efficient and robust estimates of the
parameter for data which follow a modified Weibull distribution with
parameter λ = 1/2 , where the trimming proportion is determined by a
ratio of two trimmed means defined as the tail length. Secondly, the
asymptotic properties of the tail length and the trimmed means are
also investigated. Finally, a comparison is made on the efficiency of
the adaptive trimmed means in terms of the standard deviation for the
trimming proportions and when these were fixed a “priori".
The asymptotic tail lengths defined as the ratio of two trimmed
means and the asymptotic variances were computed by using the
formulas derived. While the values of the standard deviations for the
derived tail lengths for data of size 40 simulated from a Weibull
distribution were computed for 100 iterations using a computer
program written in Pascal language.
The findings of the study revealed that the tail lengths of the
Weibull distribution increase in magnitudes as the trimming
proportions increase, the measure of the tail length and the adaptive
trimmed mean are asymptotically independent as the number of
observations n becomes very large or approaching infinity, the tail
length is asymptotically distributed as the ratio of two independent
normal random variables, and the asymptotic variances decrease as
the trimming proportions increase. The simulation study revealed
empirically that the standard error of the adaptive trimmed mean
using the ratio of tail lengths is relatively smaller for different values
of trimming proportions than its counterpart when the trimming
proportions were fixed a 'priori'.
Abstract: Pattern matching based on regular tree grammars have been widely used in many areas of computer science. In this paper, we propose a pattern matcher within the framework of code generation, based on a generic and a formalized approach. According to this approach, parsers for regular tree grammars are adapted to a general pattern matching solution, rather than adapting the pattern matching according to their parsing behavior. Hence, we first formalize the construction of the pattern matches respective to input trees drawn from a regular tree grammar in a form of the so-called match trees. Then, we adopt a recently developed generic parser and tightly couple its parsing behavior with such construction. In addition to its generality, the resulting pattern matcher is characterized by its soundness and efficient implementation. This is demonstrated by the proposed theory and by the derived algorithms for its implementation. A comparison with similar and well-known approaches, such as the ones based on tree automata and LR parsers, has shown that our pattern matcher can be applied to a broader class of grammars, and achieves better approximation of pattern matches in one pass. Furthermore, its use as a machine code selector is characterized by a minimized overhead, due to the balanced distribution of the cost computations into static ones, during parser generation time, and into dynamic ones, during parsing time.
Abstract: Efforts to secure supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) systems must be supported under the guidance of
sound security policies and mechanisms to enforce them. Critical
elements of the policy must be systematically translated into a format
that can be used by policy enforcement components. Ideally, the
goal is to ensure that the enforced policy is a close reflection of
the specified policy. However, security controls commonly used to
enforce policies in the IT environment were not designed to satisfy
the specific needs of the SCADA environment. This paper presents
a language, based on the well-known XACML framework, for the
expression of authorization policies for SCADA systems.
Abstract: The present work is motivated by the idea that the
layer deformation in anisotropic elasticity can be estimated from the
theory of interfacial dislocations. In effect, this work which is an
extension of a previous approach given by one of the authors
determines the anisotropic displacement fields and the critical
thickness due to a complex biperiodic network of MDs lying just
below the free surface in view of the arrangement of dislocations.
The elastic fields of such arrangements observed along interfaces
play a crucial part in the improvement of the physical properties of
epitaxial systems. New results are proposed in anisotropic elasticity
for hexagonal networks of MDs which contain intrinsic and extrinsic
stacking faults. We developed, using a previous approach based on
the relative interfacial displacement and a Fourier series formulation
of the displacement fields, the expressions of elastic fields when
there is a possible dissociation of MDs. The numerical investigations
in the case of the observed system Si/(111)Si with low twist angles
show clearly the effect of the anisotropy and thickness when the
misfit networks are dissociated.
Abstract: New methodologies for XOR-XNOR circuits are
proposed to improve the speed and power as these circuits are basic
building blocks of many arithmetic circuits. This paper evaluates and
compares the performance of various XOR-XNOR circuits. The
performance of the XOR-XNOR circuits based on TSMC 0.18μm
process models at all range of the supply voltage starting from 0.6V
to 3.3V is evaluated by the comparison of the simulation results
obtained from HSPICE. Simulation results reveal that the proposed
circuit exhibit lower PDP and EDP, more power efficient and faster
when compared with best available XOR-XNOR circuits in the
literature.
Abstract: The objective of this paper is to characterize the spontaneous Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of four different motor imagery tasks and to show hereby a possible solution for the present binary communication between the brain and a machine ora Brain-Computer Interface (BCI). The processing technique used in this paper was the fractal analysis evaluated by the Critical Exponent Method (CEM). The EEG signal was registered in 5 healthy subjects,sampling 15 measuring channels at 1024 Hz.Each channel was preprocessed by the Laplacian space ltering so as to reduce the space blur and therefore increase the spaceresolution. The EEG of each channel was segmented and its Fractaldimension (FD) calculated. The FD was evaluated in the time interval corresponding to the motor imagery and averaged out for all the subjects (each channel). In order to characterize the FD distribution,the linear regression curves of FD over the electrodes position were applied. The differences FD between the proposed mental tasks are quantied and evaluated for each experimental subject. The obtained results of the proposed method are a substantial fractal dimension in the EEG signal of motor imagery tasks and can be considerably utilized as the multiple-states BCI applications.
Abstract: Sequences of execution of algorithms in an interactive
manner using multimedia tools are employed in this paper. It helps to
realize the concept of fundamentals of algorithms such as searching
and sorting method in a simple manner. Visualization gains more
attention than theoretical study and it is an easy way of learning
process. We propose methods for finding runtime sequence of each
algorithm in an interactive way and aims to overcome the drawbacks
of the existing character systems. System illustrates each and every
step clearly using text and animation. Comparisons of its time
complexity have been carried out and results show that our approach
provides better perceptive of algorithms.
Abstract: This paper focuses on the Mega-Sub Controlled
Structure Systems (MSCSS) performances and characteristics
regarding the new control principle contained in MSCSS subjected to
strong earthquake excitations. The adopted control scheme consists of
modulated sub-structures where the control action is achieved by
viscous dampers and sub-structure own configuration. The
elastic-plastic time history analysis under severe earthquake excitation
is analyzed base on the Finite Element Analysis Method (FEAM), and
some comparison results are also given in this paper. The result shows
that the MSCSS systems can remarkably reduce vibrations effects
more than the mega-sub structure (MSS). The study illustrates that the
improved MSCSS presents good seismic resistance ability even at 1.2g
and can absorb seismic energy in the structure, thus imply that
structural members cross section can be reduce and achieve to good
economic characteristics. Furthermore, the elasto-plastic analysis
demonstrates that the MSCSS is accurate enough regarding
international building evaluation and design codes. This paper also
shows that the elasto-plastic dynamic analysis method is a reasonable
and reliable analysis method for structures subjected to strong
earthquake excitations and that the computed results are more precise.
Abstract: Size based filtration is one of the common methods
employed to isolate circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole
blood. It is well known that this method suffers from isolation
efficiency to purity tradeoff. However, this tradeoff is poorly
understood. In this paper, we present the design and manufacturing
of a special rectangular slit filter. The filter was designed to retain
maximal amounts of nucleated cells, while minimizing the pressure
on cells, thereby preserving their morphology. The key parameter,
namely, input pressure, was optimized to retain the maximal number
of tumor cells, whilst maximizing the depletion of normal blood cells
(red and white blood cells and platelets). Our results indicate that for
a slit geometry of 5 × 40 μm on a 13 mm circular membrane with a
fill factor of 21%, a pressure of 6.9 mBar yields the optimum for
maximizing isolation of MCF-7 and depletion of normal blood cells.
Abstract: Graph has become increasingly important in modeling
complicated structures and schemaless data such as proteins, chemical
compounds, and XML documents. Given a graph query, it is desirable
to retrieve graphs quickly from a large database via graph-based
indices. Different from the existing methods, our approach, called
VFM (Vertex to Frequent Feature Mapping), makes use of vertices
and decision features as the basic indexing feature. VFM constructs
two mappings between vertices and frequent features to answer graph
queries. The VFM approach not only provides an elegant solution to
the graph indexing problem, but also demonstrates how database
indexing and query processing can benefit from data mining,
especially frequent pattern mining. The results show that the proposed
method not only avoids the enumeration method of getting subgraphs
of query graph, but also effectively reduces the subgraph isomorphism
tests between the query graph and graphs in candidate answer set in
verification stage.