Biometrical Comparison of Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 (Crustacea: Anostraca) Cysts between Rainy and Drought Years (1994-2003/4) from Urmia Lake, Iran
Nowadays, biometrical characterizations of Artemia
cysts are used as one of the most important factors in the study of
Artemia populations and intraspecific particularity; meanwhile these
characters can be used as economical indices. For example, typically
high hatching efficiency is possible due to the small diameter of
cysts (high number per gram); therefore small diameter of cysts
show someway high quality of cysts. This study was performed
during a ten year period, including two different ecological
conditions: rainy and drought. It is important from two different
aspects because it covers alteration of A. urmiana during ten years
also its variation in the best and worst environmental situations in
which salinity increased from 173.8 ppt in 1994 to 280.8 ppt in
2003/4. In this study the biometrical raw data of Artemia urmiana
cysts at seven stations from the Urmia Lake in 1994 and their seven
identical locations at 26 studied stations in 2003/4 were reanalyzed
again and compared together. Biometrical comparison of untreated
and decapsulated cysts in each of the seven similar stations showed a
highly significant variation between 1994 and 2003/4. Based on this
study, in whole stations the untreated and decapsulated cysts from
1994 were larger than cysts of 2003/4 without any exception. But
there was no logical relationship between salinity and chorion
thickness in the Urmia Lake. With regard to PCA analyses the
stations of two different studied years certainly have been separated
with factor 1 from each other. In conclusion, the interaction between
genetic and environmental factors can determine and explain
variation in the range of cysts diameter in Artemia.
[1] F. Hontoria, F. Amat, Morphological characterization of adult Artemia
(Crustacea, Branchiopoda) from different geographical origins. American
populations. J. of Pla. Res. 1992. 14: pp.1461-1471.
[2] G. Van Stappen, Zoogeography. In: Abatzopoulos, T.J., Beardmore, J.A.,
Clegg, J.S., Sorgeloos, P. (Eds.), Artemia basic and applied biology.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002. pp. 171-224.
[3] F.J. Post, and N.N. Youssef, A prokaryotic intracellular symbiont of the
Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.). Cana. J. of Micr.
1977.23: pp.1232-1236.
[4] G. Persoone, and P. Sorgeloos, General aspects of the ecology and
biogeography of Artemia. In: Persoone, G., Sorgeloos, P., Roels O.,
Jaspers E., (Eds.), The Brine Shrimp Artemia, vol. 3. Universa Press,
Wetteren, Belgium, 1980. pp. 3-24.
[5] A. Asem, Historical record on brine shrimp Artemia more than one
thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran . J. of Bio. Res. 2008. 9: pp.
113-114.
[6] R.T. G├╝nther, Contributions to the geography of Lake Urmi and its
neighbourhood. The Geo. J. 1899a. 14: pp. 504-523.
[7] R.T. G├╝nther, Contributions to the natural history of Lake Urmi, N. W.
Persia and its neighborhood. J. of the Lin. Soc. (Zoology). 1899b. 27: pp.
375-453.
[8] L.S. Clark, and S.T. Bowen, The genetics of Artemia salina. VII.
Reproductive isolation. The J. of Here. 1976. 67: pp: 385-388.
[9] K. Kelts, and M. Shahrabi, Holocene sedimentalogy of hypersaline Lake
Urmia, northwestern Iran. Paleogeography, Paleo. and Paleo. 1986. 54:
pp105-130.
[10] A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): a brief
review. Saline Systems. 2007. 3:5
[11] G.V. Triantaphyllidis, K. Poulopoulou, T.J. Abatzopoulos, C.A.P. Perez,
and P. Sorgeloos, International study on Artemia XLIX. Salinity effects
on survival, maturity, growth, biometrics, reproductive and lifespan
characteristics of a bisexual and a parthenogenetic population of Artemia.
Hydrobio. 1995. 302: pp 215-227.
[12] R.A. Browne, and G. Wanigasekera, Combined effects of salinity and
temperature on survival and reproduction of five species of Artemia. J. of
Exp. Mar. Bio. and Eco. 2000. 244: pp. 29-44.
[13] T.J. Abatzopoulos, N. El-Bermawi, C. Vasdekis, A.D. Baxevanis, and P.
Sorgeloos, Effects of salinity and temperature on reproductive and life
span characteristics of clonal Artemia. (International Study of Artemia.
LXVI). Hydrobio. 2003. 492: pp. 191-199.
[14] A.D. Baxevanis, N. El-Bermawi, T.J. Abatzopoulos, and P. Sorgeloos,
International Study on Artemia. LXVIII. Salinity effects on maturation,
reproductive and life span characteristics of four Egyptian Artemia
populations. Hydrobi. 2004. 513: pp 87-100.
[15] A.D. Baxevanis, and T.J. Abatzopoulos, The phenotypic response of
ME2 (M. Embolon, Greece) Artemia clone to salinity and temperature. J.
of Bio. Res. 2004. 1: pp. 107- 114.
[16] N. El-Bermawi, A.D.Baxevanis, T.J. Abatzopoulos, G. Van Stappen, and
P. Sorgeloos, International Study on Artemia. LXVII. Salinity effects on
survival, growth and morphometry of four Egyptian Artemia populations.
Hydrobio. 2004. 523: pp. 175-188.
[17] S.T. Bowen, E.A. Fogarino, K.N. Hitchner, G.L. Chow, M.R.
Buoncristiani, and J.R. Carl, Ecological isolation in Artemia: population
differences in tolerance of anion concentrations. J of Crus Bio. 1985. 5:
pp. 106-129.
[18] S.T. Bowen, M.R. Buoncristiani, and J.R. Carl, Artemia habitats: ion
concentrations tolerated by one superspecies. Hydrobio. 1988. 158: pp.
201-214.
[19] A. Eimanifar, S. Rezvani, J. Carapetian, Genetic differentiation of
Artemia urmiana from various ecological populations of Urmia Lake
assessed by PCR amplified RFLP analysis. J. of Expe Mar. Bio. and Eco.
2006. 333(2): pp. 275-285.
[20] A. Asem, and N. Rastegar-Pouyani, Morphological differentiation of
Artemia urmiana G├╝nther, 1899 (Crustacea: Anostraca) in different
geographical stations from the Urmia Lake-Iran. Res. J. of Bio.l Sci.
2008. 3(2): pp. 222-228.
[21] T.J. Abatzopoulos, A.D. Baxevanis, G.V. Triantaphyllidis, G. Criel, E.L.
Pador, G. Van Stappen, and P. Sorgeloos, Quality evaluation of Artemia
urmiana G├╝nther (Urmia Lake, Iran) with special emphasis on its
particular cyst characteristics (International Study on Artemia LXIX).
Aquac. 2006a. 254: pp. 442-454.
[22] A. Asem, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, and Agh, N. Biometrical study of
Artemia urmiana (Anostraca: Artemiidae) cysts harvested from Lake
Urmia (West Azerbaijan, Iran). Turk. J. of Zoo. 2007. 31: pp. 171-180.
[23] P. Vanhaecke, and P. Sorgeloos, International study on Artemia IV, The
Biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical origin. In:
Persoone, G., Sorgeloos, P., Roels, O., Jaspers, E. (Eds.) The brine
shrimp Artemia. Vol. 3. Universa press, Wettern, Belgium, 1980. pp. 393-
405.
[24] F. Hontoria, Caractrizacion de tres poblacionrs originarias del area
levantina Espanola del crustaceo branquiopoda Artemia. Aplicacion en
acuicultura, Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona,
Barcelona, Spain, 1990. 326pp.
[25] P. Zhenqiu, S. Jianhua, L. Mingren, and B. Bozhong, The biometry of
Artemia parthenogenetica from different localities in Shandong and
Xinjiang. Oceanol. Limnol. 1991. 2: pp. 62-69.
[26] G.V. Triantaphyllidis, T.J. Abatzopoulos, E. Miasa, and P. Sorgeloos,
International study on Artemia population from Namibia and Madagascar;
cytogenetics. biometry, hatchin characteristics and fatty acid profiles.
Hydrobio. 1996. 335: pp. 97-106.
[27] R.G. Cohen, F. Amat, F. Hontoria, and J.C. Navarro, Preliminary
characterization of some Argentinean Artemia population from La Pampa
and Buenos Aires provinces. Int. J. of sal. La. Res. 1999. 8: pp. 329-340.
[28] A. Asem, B. Atashbar, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, and N. Agh, Biometric
comparison of two parthenogenetic populations of Artemia Leach, 1819
from the Urmia Lake basin, Iran (Anostraca: Artemiidae), Zoology in the
Middle East. 2009.47: pp. 117-120.
[29] T.J. Abatzopoulos, B. Zhang, and P. Sorgeloos, International study on
Artemia: 59. Artemia tibetiana: preliminary characterization of a new
Artemia species found in Tibet (People's Republic of China). Int. J. of Sal.
Lak. Res. 1998. 7: pp. 41-44.
[30] E.J.S. Pilla, and J.A. Beardmore, Genetic and morphometric
differentiation in Old World bisexual species of Artemia (the brine
shrimp). Here. 1994. 73: pp. 47-56.
[31] T.B. Castro, G. Gajardo, J.M. Castro, and G.M. Castro, A biometric and
ecologic comparison between Artemia from Mexico and Chile, Sal. Syst.
2006. 2:13.
[32] T.J. Abatzopoulos, N. Agh, G. Van Stappen, S.M. Razavi Rouhani, and
P. Sorgeloos, Artemia sites in Iran. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 2006b. 86: pp.
299-307.
[33] P. Sorgeloos, Lake Urmia cooperation project - contract item A, Report
on the 'Resource assessment of Urmiah Lake Artemia cysts and biomass.
Faculty of agriculture and applied biological science, Laboratory of
aquaculture And Artemia reference center, Gent University, Belgium,
1997.106p.
[34] W.N. Camargo, G.C. Durán, O.C. Rada, L.C. Hernández. J.G. Linero,
I.M. Muelle, and P. Sorgeloos, Determination of biological and
physicochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana strains in hypersaline
environments for aquaculture in the Colombian Caribbean. Sal. Syst.
2005. 1: 9.
[35] P. Sorgeloos, G. Persoone, M. Baeza-Mesa, E. Bossuyt, and E.
Bruggeman, The use of Artemia cysts in aquaculture: the concept of
"hatching efficiency" and description of a new method for cyst
processing. In: Avault, J.W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th annual
meeting. World Mariculture Society, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, 1978. pp. 715-721.
[1] F. Hontoria, F. Amat, Morphological characterization of adult Artemia
(Crustacea, Branchiopoda) from different geographical origins. American
populations. J. of Pla. Res. 1992. 14: pp.1461-1471.
[2] G. Van Stappen, Zoogeography. In: Abatzopoulos, T.J., Beardmore, J.A.,
Clegg, J.S., Sorgeloos, P. (Eds.), Artemia basic and applied biology.
Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 2002. pp. 171-224.
[3] F.J. Post, and N.N. Youssef, A prokaryotic intracellular symbiont of the
Great Salt Lake brine shrimp Artemia salina (L.). Cana. J. of Micr.
1977.23: pp.1232-1236.
[4] G. Persoone, and P. Sorgeloos, General aspects of the ecology and
biogeography of Artemia. In: Persoone, G., Sorgeloos, P., Roels O.,
Jaspers E., (Eds.), The Brine Shrimp Artemia, vol. 3. Universa Press,
Wetteren, Belgium, 1980. pp. 3-24.
[5] A. Asem, Historical record on brine shrimp Artemia more than one
thousand years ago from Urmia Lake, Iran . J. of Bio. Res. 2008. 9: pp.
113-114.
[6] R.T. G├╝nther, Contributions to the geography of Lake Urmi and its
neighbourhood. The Geo. J. 1899a. 14: pp. 504-523.
[7] R.T. G├╝nther, Contributions to the natural history of Lake Urmi, N. W.
Persia and its neighborhood. J. of the Lin. Soc. (Zoology). 1899b. 27: pp.
375-453.
[8] L.S. Clark, and S.T. Bowen, The genetics of Artemia salina. VII.
Reproductive isolation. The J. of Here. 1976. 67: pp: 385-388.
[9] K. Kelts, and M. Shahrabi, Holocene sedimentalogy of hypersaline Lake
Urmia, northwestern Iran. Paleogeography, Paleo. and Paleo. 1986. 54:
pp105-130.
[10] A. Eimanifar and F. Mohebbi, Urmia Lake (Northwest Iran): a brief
review. Saline Systems. 2007. 3:5
[11] G.V. Triantaphyllidis, K. Poulopoulou, T.J. Abatzopoulos, C.A.P. Perez,
and P. Sorgeloos, International study on Artemia XLIX. Salinity effects
on survival, maturity, growth, biometrics, reproductive and lifespan
characteristics of a bisexual and a parthenogenetic population of Artemia.
Hydrobio. 1995. 302: pp 215-227.
[12] R.A. Browne, and G. Wanigasekera, Combined effects of salinity and
temperature on survival and reproduction of five species of Artemia. J. of
Exp. Mar. Bio. and Eco. 2000. 244: pp. 29-44.
[13] T.J. Abatzopoulos, N. El-Bermawi, C. Vasdekis, A.D. Baxevanis, and P.
Sorgeloos, Effects of salinity and temperature on reproductive and life
span characteristics of clonal Artemia. (International Study of Artemia.
LXVI). Hydrobio. 2003. 492: pp. 191-199.
[14] A.D. Baxevanis, N. El-Bermawi, T.J. Abatzopoulos, and P. Sorgeloos,
International Study on Artemia. LXVIII. Salinity effects on maturation,
reproductive and life span characteristics of four Egyptian Artemia
populations. Hydrobi. 2004. 513: pp 87-100.
[15] A.D. Baxevanis, and T.J. Abatzopoulos, The phenotypic response of
ME2 (M. Embolon, Greece) Artemia clone to salinity and temperature. J.
of Bio. Res. 2004. 1: pp. 107- 114.
[16] N. El-Bermawi, A.D.Baxevanis, T.J. Abatzopoulos, G. Van Stappen, and
P. Sorgeloos, International Study on Artemia. LXVII. Salinity effects on
survival, growth and morphometry of four Egyptian Artemia populations.
Hydrobio. 2004. 523: pp. 175-188.
[17] S.T. Bowen, E.A. Fogarino, K.N. Hitchner, G.L. Chow, M.R.
Buoncristiani, and J.R. Carl, Ecological isolation in Artemia: population
differences in tolerance of anion concentrations. J of Crus Bio. 1985. 5:
pp. 106-129.
[18] S.T. Bowen, M.R. Buoncristiani, and J.R. Carl, Artemia habitats: ion
concentrations tolerated by one superspecies. Hydrobio. 1988. 158: pp.
201-214.
[19] A. Eimanifar, S. Rezvani, J. Carapetian, Genetic differentiation of
Artemia urmiana from various ecological populations of Urmia Lake
assessed by PCR amplified RFLP analysis. J. of Expe Mar. Bio. and Eco.
2006. 333(2): pp. 275-285.
[20] A. Asem, and N. Rastegar-Pouyani, Morphological differentiation of
Artemia urmiana G├╝nther, 1899 (Crustacea: Anostraca) in different
geographical stations from the Urmia Lake-Iran. Res. J. of Bio.l Sci.
2008. 3(2): pp. 222-228.
[21] T.J. Abatzopoulos, A.D. Baxevanis, G.V. Triantaphyllidis, G. Criel, E.L.
Pador, G. Van Stappen, and P. Sorgeloos, Quality evaluation of Artemia
urmiana G├╝nther (Urmia Lake, Iran) with special emphasis on its
particular cyst characteristics (International Study on Artemia LXIX).
Aquac. 2006a. 254: pp. 442-454.
[22] A. Asem, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, and Agh, N. Biometrical study of
Artemia urmiana (Anostraca: Artemiidae) cysts harvested from Lake
Urmia (West Azerbaijan, Iran). Turk. J. of Zoo. 2007. 31: pp. 171-180.
[23] P. Vanhaecke, and P. Sorgeloos, International study on Artemia IV, The
Biometrics of Artemia strains from different geographical origin. In:
Persoone, G., Sorgeloos, P., Roels, O., Jaspers, E. (Eds.) The brine
shrimp Artemia. Vol. 3. Universa press, Wettern, Belgium, 1980. pp. 393-
405.
[24] F. Hontoria, Caractrizacion de tres poblacionrs originarias del area
levantina Espanola del crustaceo branquiopoda Artemia. Aplicacion en
acuicultura, Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona,
Barcelona, Spain, 1990. 326pp.
[25] P. Zhenqiu, S. Jianhua, L. Mingren, and B. Bozhong, The biometry of
Artemia parthenogenetica from different localities in Shandong and
Xinjiang. Oceanol. Limnol. 1991. 2: pp. 62-69.
[26] G.V. Triantaphyllidis, T.J. Abatzopoulos, E. Miasa, and P. Sorgeloos,
International study on Artemia population from Namibia and Madagascar;
cytogenetics. biometry, hatchin characteristics and fatty acid profiles.
Hydrobio. 1996. 335: pp. 97-106.
[27] R.G. Cohen, F. Amat, F. Hontoria, and J.C. Navarro, Preliminary
characterization of some Argentinean Artemia population from La Pampa
and Buenos Aires provinces. Int. J. of sal. La. Res. 1999. 8: pp. 329-340.
[28] A. Asem, B. Atashbar, N. Rastegar-Pouyani, and N. Agh, Biometric
comparison of two parthenogenetic populations of Artemia Leach, 1819
from the Urmia Lake basin, Iran (Anostraca: Artemiidae), Zoology in the
Middle East. 2009.47: pp. 117-120.
[29] T.J. Abatzopoulos, B. Zhang, and P. Sorgeloos, International study on
Artemia: 59. Artemia tibetiana: preliminary characterization of a new
Artemia species found in Tibet (People's Republic of China). Int. J. of Sal.
Lak. Res. 1998. 7: pp. 41-44.
[30] E.J.S. Pilla, and J.A. Beardmore, Genetic and morphometric
differentiation in Old World bisexual species of Artemia (the brine
shrimp). Here. 1994. 73: pp. 47-56.
[31] T.B. Castro, G. Gajardo, J.M. Castro, and G.M. Castro, A biometric and
ecologic comparison between Artemia from Mexico and Chile, Sal. Syst.
2006. 2:13.
[32] T.J. Abatzopoulos, N. Agh, G. Van Stappen, S.M. Razavi Rouhani, and
P. Sorgeloos, Artemia sites in Iran. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. UK. 2006b. 86: pp.
299-307.
[33] P. Sorgeloos, Lake Urmia cooperation project - contract item A, Report
on the 'Resource assessment of Urmiah Lake Artemia cysts and biomass.
Faculty of agriculture and applied biological science, Laboratory of
aquaculture And Artemia reference center, Gent University, Belgium,
1997.106p.
[34] W.N. Camargo, G.C. Durán, O.C. Rada, L.C. Hernández. J.G. Linero,
I.M. Muelle, and P. Sorgeloos, Determination of biological and
physicochemical parameters of Artemia franciscana strains in hypersaline
environments for aquaculture in the Colombian Caribbean. Sal. Syst.
2005. 1: 9.
[35] P. Sorgeloos, G. Persoone, M. Baeza-Mesa, E. Bossuyt, and E.
Bruggeman, The use of Artemia cysts in aquaculture: the concept of
"hatching efficiency" and description of a new method for cyst
processing. In: Avault, J.W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 9th annual
meeting. World Mariculture Society, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana, 1978. pp. 715-721.
@article{"International Journal of Biological, Life and Agricultural Sciences:59060", author = "A. Asem and N. Rastegar-Pouyani and P. De Los Rios and R. Manaffar and F. Mohebbi", title = "Biometrical Comparison of Artemia urmiana Günther, 1899 (Crustacea: Anostraca) Cysts between Rainy and Drought Years (1994-2003/4) from Urmia Lake, Iran", abstract = "Nowadays, biometrical characterizations of Artemia
cysts are used as one of the most important factors in the study of
Artemia populations and intraspecific particularity; meanwhile these
characters can be used as economical indices. For example, typically
high hatching efficiency is possible due to the small diameter of
cysts (high number per gram); therefore small diameter of cysts
show someway high quality of cysts. This study was performed
during a ten year period, including two different ecological
conditions: rainy and drought. It is important from two different
aspects because it covers alteration of A. urmiana during ten years
also its variation in the best and worst environmental situations in
which salinity increased from 173.8 ppt in 1994 to 280.8 ppt in
2003/4. In this study the biometrical raw data of Artemia urmiana
cysts at seven stations from the Urmia Lake in 1994 and their seven
identical locations at 26 studied stations in 2003/4 were reanalyzed
again and compared together. Biometrical comparison of untreated
and decapsulated cysts in each of the seven similar stations showed a
highly significant variation between 1994 and 2003/4. Based on this
study, in whole stations the untreated and decapsulated cysts from
1994 were larger than cysts of 2003/4 without any exception. But
there was no logical relationship between salinity and chorion
thickness in the Urmia Lake. With regard to PCA analyses the
stations of two different studied years certainly have been separated
with factor 1 from each other. In conclusion, the interaction between
genetic and environmental factors can determine and explain
variation in the range of cysts diameter in Artemia.", keywords = "Artemia urmiana, Biometry, Cyst, Urmia Lake", volume = "4", number = "1", pages = "93-7", }
