Abstract: MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) is an
emerging technology that aims to address many of the existing issues
associated with packet forwarding in today-s Internetworking
environment. It provides a method of forwarding packets at a high
rate of speed by combining the speed and performance of Layer 2
with the scalability and IP intelligence of Layer 3. In a traditional IP
(Internet Protocol) routing network, a router analyzes the destination
IP address contained in the packet header. The router independently
determines the next hop for the packet using the destination IP
address and the interior gateway protocol. This process is repeated at
each hop to deliver the packet to its final destination. In contrast, in
the MPLS forwarding paradigm routers on the edge of the network
(label edge routers) attach labels to packets based on the forwarding
Equivalence class (FEC). Packets are then forwarded through the
MPLS domain, based on their associated FECs , through swapping
the labels by routers in the core of the network called label switch
routers. The act of simply swapping the label instead of referencing
the IP header of the packet in the routing table at each hop provides
a more efficient manner of forwarding packets, which in turn allows
the opportunity for traffic to be forwarded at tremendous speeds and
to have granular control over the path taken by a packet. This paper
deals with the process of MPLS forwarding mechanism,
implementation of MPLS datapath , and test results showing the
performance comparison of MPLS and IP routing. The discussion
will focus primarily on MPLS IP packet networks – by far the
most common application of MPLS today.
Abstract: A thin layer on the component surface can be found
with high tensile residual stresses, due to turning operations, which
can dangerously affect the fatigue performance of the component. In
this paper an analytical approach is presented to reconstruct the
residual stress field from a limited incomplete set of measurements.
Airy stress function is used as the primary unknown to directly solve
the equilibrium equations and satisfying the boundary conditions. In
this new method there exists the flexibility to impose the physical
conditions that govern the behavior of residual stress to achieve a
meaningful complete stress field. The analysis is also coupled to a
least squares approximation and a regularization method to provide
stability of the inverse problem. The power of this new method is
then demonstrated by analyzing some experimental measurements
and achieving a good agreement between the model prediction and
the results obtained from residual stress measurement.
Abstract: It is important to give input information without other device in AR system. One solution is using hand for augmented reality application. Many researchers have proposed different solutions for hand interface in augmented reality. Analyze Histogram and connecting factor is can be example for that. Various Direction searching is one of robust way to recognition hand but it takes too much calculating time. And background should be distinguished with skin color. This paper proposes a hand tracking method to control the 3D object in augmented reality using depth device and skin color. Also in this work discussed relationship between several markers, which is based on relationship between camera and marker. One marker used for displaying virtual object and three markers for detecting hand gesture and manipulating the virtual object.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate a process of modernization of the People-s Republic of China. The theme of scientific research is interesting, first, because the Chinese model of development is recognized as successful and most dynamically developing. They are obliged by these successes of the modernization spent in the country. Economy modernization as the basic motive power of progress of the country is a priority direction of development in the Republic of Kazakhstan. So the example of successful development modernization processes in China can be rather useful to use in working out of the Kazakhstan national reforms.
Abstract: To investigates the effect of fiberglass clamping
process improvement on drape simulation prediction. This has
great effect on the mould and the fiber during manufacturing
process. This also, improves the fiber strain, the quality of the
fiber orientation in the area of folding and wrinkles formation
during the press-forming process. Drape simulation software
tool was used to digitalize the process, noting the formation
problems on the contour sensitive part. This was compared
with the real life clamping processes using single and double
frame set-ups to observe the effects. Also, restrains are
introduced by using clips, and the G-clamps with predetermine
revolution to; restrain the fabric deformation during the
forming process.The incorporation of clamping and fabric
restrain deformation improved on the prediction of the
simulation tool. Therefore, for effective forming process,
incorporation of clamping process into the drape simulation
process will assist in the development of fiberglass application
in manufacturing process.
Abstract: In this paper, the feasibility study of using a hybrid
system of ground heat exchangers (GHE) and direct evaporative
cooling system in arid weather condition has been performed. The
model is applied for Yazd and Kerman, two cities with arid weather
condition in Iran. The system composed of three sections: Ground-
Coupled-Circuit (GCC), Direct Evaporative Cooler (DEC) and
Cooling Coil Unite (CCU). The GCC provides the necessary precooling
for DEC. The GCC includes four vertical GHE which are
designed in series configuration. Simulation results show that
hybridization of GCC and DEC could provide comfort condition
whereas DEC alone did not. Based on the results the cooling
effectiveness of a hybrid system is more than unity. Thus, this novel
hybrid system could decrease the air temperature below the ambient
wet-bulb temperature. This environmentally clean and energy
efficient system can be considered as an alternative to the mechanical
vapor compression systems.
Abstract: According to the interaction of inflation and
unemployment, expectation of the rate of inflation in Croatia is
estimated. The interaction between inflation and unemployment is
shown by model based on three first-order differential i.e. difference
equations: Phillips relation, adaptive expectations equation and
monetary-policy equation. The resulting equation is second order
differential i.e. difference equation which describes the time path of
inflation. The data of the rate of inflation and the rate of
unemployment are used for parameters estimation. On the basis of
the estimated time paths, the stability and convergence analysis is
done for the rate of inflation.
Abstract: The sand production problem has led researchers into making various attempts to understand the phenomenon. The generally accepted concept is that the occurrence of sanding is due to the in-situ stress conditions and the induced changes in stress that results in the failure of the reservoir sandstone during hydrocarbon production from wellbores. By using a hypothetical cased (perforated) well, an approach to the problem is presented here by using Finite Element numerical modelling techniques. In addition to the examination of the erosion problem, the influence of certain key parameters is studied in order to ascertain their effect on the failure and subsequent erosion process. The major variables investigated include: drawdown, perforation depth, and the erosion criterion. Also included is the determination of the optimal mud pressure for given operational and reservoir conditions. The improved understanding between parameters enables the choice of optimal values to minimize sanding during oil production.
Abstract: This paper develops an unscented grid-based filter
and a smoother for accurate nonlinear modeling and analysis
of time series. The filter uses unscented deterministic sampling
during both the time and measurement updating phases, to approximate
directly the distributions of the latent state variable. A
complementary grid smoother is also made to enable computing
of the likelihood. This helps us to formulate an expectation
maximisation algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of
the state noise and the observation noise. Empirical investigations
show that the proposed unscented grid filter/smoother compares
favourably to other similar filters on nonlinear estimation tasks.
Abstract: Scale Time Offset Robust Modulation (STORM) [1]–
[3] is a high bandwidth waveform design that adds time-scale
to embedded reference modulations using only time-delay [4]. In
an environment where each user has a specific delay and scale,
identification of the user with the highest signal power and that
user-s phase is facilitated by the STORM processor. Both of these
parameters are required in an efficient multiuser detection algorithm.
In this paper, the STORM modulation approach is evaluated with
a direct sequence spread quadrature phase shift keying (DS-QPSK)
system. A misconception of the STORM time scale modulation is that
a fine temporal resolution is required at the receiver. STORM will
be applied to a QPSK code division multiaccess (CDMA) system
by modifying the spreading codes. Specifically, the in-phase code
will use a typical spreading code, and the quadrature code will
use a time-delayed and time-scaled version of the in-phase code.
Subsequently, the same temporal resolution in the receiver is required
before and after the application of STORM. In this paper, the bit error
performance of STORM in a synchronous CDMA system is evaluated
and compared to theory, and the bit error performance of STORM
incorporated in a single user WCDMA downlink is presented to
demonstrate the applicability of STORM in a modern communication
system.
Abstract: In this paper, we use a one-step iteration scheme to approximate common fixed points of two quasi-asymptotically nonexpansive mappings. We prove weak and strong convergence theorems in a uniformly convex Banach space. Our results generalize the corresponding results of Yao and Chen [15] to a wider class of mappings while extend those of Khan, Abbas and Khan [4] to an improved one-step iteration scheme without any condition and improve upon many others in the literature.
Abstract: We here propose improved version of elastic graph matching (EGM) as a face detector, called the multi-scale EGM (MS-EGM). In this improvement, Gabor wavelet-based pyramid reduces computational complexity for the feature representation often used in the conventional EGM, but preserving a critical amount of information about an image. The MS-EGM gives us higher detection performance than Viola-Jones object detection algorithm of the AdaBoost Haar-like feature cascade. We also show rapid detection speeds of the MS-EGM, comparable to the Viola-Jones method. We find fruitful benefits in the MS-EGM, in terms of topological feature representation for a face.
Abstract: The proof of concept experiments were conducted to
determine the feasibility of using small amounts of Dissolved
Sulphur (DS) from the gaseous phase to precipitate platinum ions in
chloride media. Two sets of precipitation experiments were
performed in which the source of sulphur atoms was either a
thiosulphate solution (Na2S2O3) or a sulphur dioxide gas (SO2). In
liquid-liquid (L-L) system, complete precipitation of Pt was achieved
at small dosages of Na2S2O3 (0.01 – 1.0 M) in a time interval of 3-5
minutes. On the basis of this result, gas absorption tests were carried
out mainly to achieve sulphur solubility equivalent to 0.018 M. The
idea that huge amounts of precious metals could be recovered
selectively from their dilute solutions by utilizing the waste SO2
streams at low pressure seemed attractive from the economic and
environmental point of views. Therefore, mass transfer characteristics
of SO2 gas associated with reactive absorption across the gas-liquid
(G-L) interface were evaluated under different conditions of pressure
(0.5 – 2 bar), solution temperature ranges from 20 – 50 oC and acid
strength (1 – 4 M, HCl). This paper concludes with information about
selective precipitation of Pt in the presence of cations (Fe2+, Co2+,
and Cr3+) in a CSTR and recommendation to scale up laboratory data
to industrial pilot scale operations.
Abstract: This work focuses on the remediation of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-contaminated soil via Fenton
treatment coupled with novel chelating agent (CA). The feasibility of
chelated modified Fenton (MF) treatment to promote PAH oxidation
in artificially contaminated soils was investigated in laboratory scale
batch experiments at natural pH. The effects of adding inorganic and
organic CA are discussed. Experiments using different iron catalyst
to CA ratios were conducted, resulting in hydrogen peroxide: soil:
iron: CA weight ratios that varied from 0.049: 1: 0.072: 0.008 to
0.049: 1: 0.072: 0.067. The results revealed that (1) inorganic CA
could provide much higher PAH removal efficiency and (2) most of
the proposed CAs were more efficient than commonly utilised CAs
even at mild ratio. This work highlights the potential of novel
chelating agents in maintaining a suitable environment throughout
the Fenton treatment, particularly in soils with high buffer capacity.
Abstract: Abu Dhabi is one of the fastest developed cities in the region. On top of all the current and future environmental challenges, Abu Dhabi aims to be among the top governments in the world in sustainable development. Abu Dhabi plans to create an attractive, livable and sustainable managed urban environment in which all necessary services and infrastructure are provided in a sustainable and timely manner. Abu Dhabi is engaged in a difficult challenge to develop credible environmental indicators that would assess the ambitious environmental targets. The aim of those indicators is to provide reliable guidance to decision makers and the public concerning key factors that determine the state of urban environment and identify major areas for policy intervention. In order to ensure sustainable development in UAE in general, and of Abu Dhabi City in particular, relevant and contextual environmental indicators need to be carefully considered. These indicators provide a gauge at a national government scale of how close countries are to establish environmental policy goals. The environment indicators assist city decision-making in such areas as identification of significant environmental aspects and observation of environmental performance trends. Those can help to find ways of reducing environmental pollution and in improving eco-efficiency. This paper outlines recent strategies implemented in Abu Dhabi that aims to improve the sustainable performance of the city-s built environment. The paper explores the variety of current and possible indicators at different levels and their roles in the development of the city.
Abstract: This paper examines predictability in stock return in
developed and emergingmarkets by testing long memory in stock
returns using wavelet approach. Wavelet-based maximum likelihood
estimator of the fractional integration estimator is superior to the
conventional Hurst exponent and Geweke and Porter-Hudak
estimator in terms of asymptotic properties and mean squared error.
We use 4-year moving windows to estimate the fractional integration
parameter. Evidence suggests that stock return may not be predictable
indeveloped countries of the Asia-Pacificregion. However,
predictability of stock return insome developing countries in this
region such as Indonesia, Malaysia and Philippines may not be ruled
out. Stock return in the Thailand stock market appears to be not
predictable after the political crisis in 2008.
Abstract: The Goursat partial differential equation arises in
linear and non linear partial differential equations with mixed
derivatives. This equation is a second order hyperbolic partial
differential equation which occurs in various fields of study such as
in engineering, physics, and applied mathematics. There are many
approaches that have been suggested to approximate the solution of
the Goursat partial differential equation. However, all of the
suggested methods traditionally focused on numerical differentiation
approaches including forward and central differences in deriving the
scheme. An innovation has been done in deriving the Goursat partial
differential equation scheme which involves numerical integration
techniques. In this paper we have developed a new scheme to solve
the Goursat partial differential equation based on the Adomian
decomposition (ADM) and associated with Boole-s integration rule to
approximate the integration terms. The new scheme can easily be
applied to many linear and non linear Goursat partial differential
equations and is capable to reduce the size of computational work.
The accuracy of the results reveals the advantage of this new scheme
over existing numerical method.
Abstract: In this paper, a pipelined version of genetic algorithm,
called PLGA, and a corresponding hardware platform are described.
The basic operations of conventional GA (CGA) are made pipelined
using an appropriate selection scheme. The selection operator, used
here, is stochastic in nature and is called SA-selection. This helps
maintaining the basic generational nature of the proposed pipelined
GA (PLGA). A number of benchmark problems are used to compare
the performances of conventional roulette-wheel selection and the
SA-selection. These include unimodal and multimodal functions with
dimensionality varying from very small to very large. It is seen that
the SA-selection scheme is giving comparable performances with
respect to the classical roulette-wheel selection scheme, for all the
instances, when quality of solutions and rate of convergence are considered.
The speedups obtained by PLGA for different benchmarks
are found to be significant. It is shown that a complete hardware
pipeline can be developed using the proposed scheme, if parallel
evaluation of the fitness expression is possible. In this connection
a low-cost but very fast hardware evaluation unit is described.
Results of simulation experiments show that in a pipelined hardware
environment, PLGA will be much faster than CGA. In terms of
efficiency, PLGA is found to outperform parallel GA (PGA) also.
Abstract: The present study was conducted to investigate the
response of plants exposed to lignite-based thermal power plant
emission. For this purpose, five plant species were collected from 1.0
km distance (polluted site) and control plants were collected from
20.0 km distance (control site) to thermal power plant. The common
tree species Cassia siamea Lamk., Polyalthia longifolia. Sonn,
Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Wild., Azadirachta indica A.Juss, Ficus
religiosa L. were selected as test plants. Photosynthetic pigments
changes (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids) and rubisco
enzyme modifications were studied. Reduction was observed in the
photosynthetic pigments of plants growing in polluted site and also
large sub unit of the rubisco enzyme was degraded in Azadirachta
indica A. Juss collected from polluted site.
Abstract: In this paper the neural network-based controller is
designed for motion control of a mobile robot. This paper treats the
problems of trajectory following and posture stabilization of the
mobile robot with nonholonomic constraints. For this purpose the
recurrent neural network with one hidden layer is used. It learns
relationship between linear velocities and error positions of the
mobile robot. This neural network is trained on-line using the
backpropagation optimization algorithm with an adaptive learning
rate. The optimization algorithm is performed at each sample time to
compute the optimal control inputs. The performance of the proposed
system is investigated using a kinematic model of the mobile robot.