Abstract: Structural representation and technology mapping of
a Boolean function is an important problem in the design of nonregenerative
digital logic circuits (also called combinational logic
circuits). Library aware function manipulation offers a solution to
this problem. Compact multi-level representation of binary networks,
based on simple circuit structures, such as AND-Inverter Graphs
(AIG) [1] [5], NAND Graphs, OR-Inverter Graphs (OIG), AND-OR
Graphs (AOG), AND-OR-Inverter Graphs (AOIG), AND-XORInverter
Graphs, Reduced Boolean Circuits [8] does exist in
literature. In this work, we discuss a novel and efficient graph
realization for combinational logic circuits, represented using a
NAND-NOR-Inverter Graph (NNIG), which is composed of only
two-input NAND (NAND2), NOR (NOR2) and inverter (INV) cells.
The networks are constructed on the basis of irredundant disjunctive
and conjunctive normal forms, after factoring, comprising terms with
minimum support. Construction of a NNIG for a non-regenerative
function in normal form would be straightforward, whereas for the
complementary phase, it would be developed by considering a virtual
instance of the function. However, the choice of best NNIG for a
given function would be based upon literal count, cell count and
DAG node count of the implementation at the technology
independent stage. In case of a tie, the final decision would be made
after extracting the physical design parameters.
We have considered AIG representation for reduced disjunctive
normal form and the best of OIG/AOG/AOIG for the minimized
conjunctive normal forms. This is necessitated due to the nature of
certain functions, such as Achilles- heel functions. NNIGs are found
to exhibit 3.97% lesser node count compared to AIGs and
OIG/AOG/AOIGs; consume 23.74% and 10.79% lesser library cells
than AIGs and OIG/AOG/AOIGs for the various samples considered.
We compare the power efficiency and delay improvement achieved
by optimal NNIGs over minimal AIGs and OIG/AOG/AOIGs for
various case studies. In comparison with functionally equivalent,
irredundant and compact AIGs, NNIGs report mean savings in power
and delay of 43.71% and 25.85% respectively, after technology
mapping with a 0.35 micron TSMC CMOS process. For a
comparison with OIG/AOG/AOIGs, NNIGs demonstrate average
savings in power and delay by 47.51% and 24.83%. With respect to
device count needed for implementation with static CMOS logic
style, NNIGs utilize 37.85% and 33.95% lesser transistors than their
AIG and OIG/AOG/AOIG counterparts.
Abstract: Phylogenies ; The evolutionary histories of groups of
species are one of the most widely used tools throughout the life
sciences, as well as objects of research with in systematic,
evolutionary biology. In every phylogenetic analysis reconstruction
produces trees. These trees represent the evolutionary histories of
many groups of organisms, bacteria due to horizontal gene transfer
and plants due to process of hybridization. The process of gene
transfer in bacteria and hybridization in plants lead to reticulate
networks, therefore, the methods of constructing trees fail in
constructing reticulate networks. In this paper a model has been
employed to reconstruct phylogenetic network in honey bee. This
network represents reticulate evolution in honey bee. The maximum
parsimony approach has been used to obtain this reticulate network.
Abstract: Complaints today have the ability to retain
customer loyalty using state of the art systems and strategies
in customer relationship management to analyze and respond
to a plethora of customer perception. The Majority of
companies are not aware of the beneficiary utilization of
customer complaints for the sake of quality improvements.
Also, some companies have problems determining how
resolution of complaints can be profitable. In this study, we
will define the problems and ascertain the importance of
customer management system on the companies. Furthermore,
we will determine the impact of such a system on efficiency,
confidence, profitability and customer complaints. Eventually,
we will develop methods and address the issues. In this paper,
we used an open-ended questionnaire and distributed that to
30 randomly chosen respondents which were the passengers in
an airport. We also define three hypotheses for our study and
we will validate each of them. Then using frequency, Chi-
Square and quality control method we optimized the size of
customers- negative feedback and improved the process of
customer retention.
Abstract: In many applications, it is a priori known that the
target function should satisfy certain constraints imposed by, for
example, economic theory or a human-decision maker. Here we
consider partially monotone problems, where the target variable
depends monotonically on some of the predictor variables but not all.
We propose an approach to build partially monotone models based
on the convolution of monotone neural networks and kernel
functions. The results from simulations and a real case study on
house pricing show that our approach has significantly better
performance than partially monotone linear models. Furthermore, the
incorporation of partial monotonicity constraints not only leads to
models that are in accordance with the decision maker's expertise,
but also reduces considerably the model variance in comparison to
standard neural networks with weight decay.
Abstract: Ten simply supported grossly underreinforced
tapered concrete beams of full size were tested upto complete
collapse under flexural effect .Out of 10 beams, 5 beams were
nonfibrous and the remaining beams contained fibres. The beams
had a variation in the tapered angle as 2°, 4°, 6°, 8° and 10°. The
concrete mix, conventional steel and the type of fibre used were
held constant. Flat corrugated steel fibres were utilized as
secondary reinforcement. The strength and stability parameters
were measured. It is established that the fibrous tapered beams can
be used economically in earthquake prone areas.
Abstract: Various models have been derived by studying large number of completed software projects from various organizations and applications to explore how project sizes mapped into project effort. But, still there is a need to prediction accuracy of the models. As Neuro-fuzzy based system is able to approximate the non-linear function with more precision. So, Neuro-Fuzzy system is used as a soft computing approach to generate model by formulating the relationship based on its training. In this paper, Neuro-Fuzzy technique is used for software estimation modeling of on NASA software project data and performance of the developed models are compared with the Halstead, Walston-Felix, Bailey-Basili and Doty Models mentioned in the literature.
Abstract: The problem of frequent itemset mining is considered in this paper. One new technique proposed to generate frequent patterns in large databases without time-consuming candidate generation. This technique is based on focusing on transaction instead of concentrating on itemset. This algorithm based on take intersection between one transaction and others transaction and the maximum shared items between transactions computed instead of creating itemset and computing their frequency. With applying real life transactions and some consumption is taken from real life data, the significant efficiency acquire from databases in generation association rules mining.
Abstract: Design patterns describe good solutions to common
and reoccurring problems in program design. Applying design
patterns in software design and implementation have significant
effects on software quality metrics such as flexibility, usability,
reusability, scalability and robustness. There is no standard rule for
using design patterns. There are some situations that a pattern is
applied for a specific problem and this pattern uses another pattern.
In this paper, we study the effect of using chain of patterns on
software quality metrics.
Abstract: This paper presents a solution for the behavioural animation of autonomous virtual agent navigation in virtual environments. We focus on using Dempster-Shafer-s Theory of Evidence in developing visual sensor for virtual agent. The role of the visual sensor is to capture the information about the virtual environment or identifie which part of an obstacle can be seen from the position of the virtual agent. This information is require for vitual agent to coordinate navigation in virtual environment. The virual agent uses fuzzy controller as a navigation system and Fuzzy α - level for the action selection method. The result clearly demonstrates the path produced is reasonably smooth even though there is some sharp turn and also still not diverted too far from the potential shortest path. This had indicated the benefit of our method, where more reliable and accurate paths produced during navigation task.
Abstract: A comprehensive discussion of feasible strategies for sustainable energy supply is urgently needed to achieve a turnaround of the current energy situation. The necessary fundamentals required for the development of a long term energy vision are lacking to a great extent due to the absence of reasonable long term scenarios that fulfill the requirements of climate protection and sustainable energy use. The contribution of the study is based on a search for sustainable energy paths in the long run for Austria. The analysis makes use of secondary data predominantly. The measures developed to avoid CO2 emissions and other ecological risk factors vary to a great extent among all economic sectors. This is shown by the calculation of CO2 cost of abatement curves. In this study it is demonstrated that the most effective technical measures with the lowest CO2 abatement costs yield solutions to the current energy problems. Various scenarios are presented concerning the question how the technological and environmental options for a sustainable energy system for Austria could look like in the long run. It is shown how sustainable energy can be supplied even with today-s technological knowledge and options available. The scenarios developed include an evaluation of the economic costs and ecological impacts. The results are not only applicable to Austria but demonstrate feasible and cost efficient ways towards a sustainable future.
Abstract: In this paper a new approach to face recognition is presented that achieves double dimension reduction making the system computationally efficient with better recognition results. In pattern recognition techniques, discriminative information of image increases with increase in resolution to a certain extent, consequently face recognition results improve with increase in face image resolution and levels off when arriving at a certain resolution level. In the proposed model of face recognition, first image decimation algorithm is applied on face image for dimension reduction to a certain resolution level which provides best recognition results. Due to better computational speed and feature extraction potential of Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) it is applied on face image. A subset of coefficients of DCT from low to mid frequencies that represent the face adequately and provides best recognition results is retained. A trade of between decimation factor, number of DCT coefficients retained and recognition rate with minimum computation is obtained. Preprocessing of the image is carried out to increase its robustness against variations in poses and illumination level. This new model has been tested on different databases which include ORL database, Yale database and a color database. The proposed technique has performed much better compared to other techniques. The significance of the model is two fold: (1) dimension reduction up to an effective and suitable face image resolution (2) appropriate DCT coefficients are retained to achieve best recognition results with varying image poses, intensity and illumination level.
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated that negative
attitudes towards people with physical disabilities and obesity are
predicted by a component of perceived vulnerability to disease; germ
aversion. These findings have been suggested as illustrations of an
evolved but over-active mechanism which promotes the avoidance of
pathogen-carrying individuals. To date, this interpretation of attitude
formation has not been explored with regard to people with
intellectual disability, and no attempts have been made to examine
possible mediating factors. This study examined attitudes in 333
adults and demonstrated that the moderate positive relationship
between germ aversion and negative attitudes toward people with
intellectual disability is fully mediated by social dominance
orientation, a general preference for hierarchies and inequalities
among social groups. These findings have implications for the
design of programs which attempt to promote community acceptance
and inclusion of people with disabilities.
Abstract: To achieve accurate and precise results of finite
element analysis (FEA) of bones, it is important to represent the
load/boundary conditions as identical as possible to the human body
such as the bone properties, the type and force of the muscles, the
contact force of the joints, and the location of the muscle attachment.
In this study, the difference in the Von-Mises stress and the total
deformation was compared by classifying them into Case 1, which
shows the actual anatomical form of the muscle attached to the femur
when the same muscle force was applied, and Case 2, which gives a
simplified representation of the attached location. An inverse
dynamical musculoskeletal model was simulated using data from an
actual walking experiment to complement the accuracy of the
muscular force, the input value of FEA. The FEA method using the
results of the muscular force that were calculated through the
simulation showed that the maximum Von-Mises stress and the
maximum total deformation in Case 2 were underestimated by 8.42%
and 6.29%, respectively, compared to Case 1. The torsion energy and
bending moment at each location of the femur occurred via the stress
ingredient. Due to the geometrical/morphological feature of the femur
of having a long bone shape when the stress distribution is wide, as
shown in Case 1, a greater Von-Mises stress and total deformation are
expected from the sum of the stress ingredients. More accurate results
can be achieved only when the muscular strength and the attachment
location in the FEA of the bones and the attachment form are the same
as those in the actual anatomical condition under the various moving
conditions of the human body.
Abstract: The frequency dependence of the phase field
model(PFM) is studied. A simple PFM is proposed, and is tested in a
laminar boundary layer. The Blasius-s laminar boundary layer
solution on a flat plate is used for the flow pattern, and several
frequencies are imposed on the PFM, and the decay times of the
interfaces are obtained. The computations were conducted for three
cases: 1) no-flow, and 2) a half ball on the laminar boundary layer, 3) a
line of mass sources in the laminar boundary layer. The computations
show the decay time becomes shorter as the frequency goes larger, and
also show that it is sensitive to both background disturbances and
surface tension parameters. It is concluded that the proposed simple
PFM can describe the properties of decay process, and could give the
fundamentals for the decay of the interface in turbulent flows.
Abstract: The tracing methods determine the contribution the
power system sources have in their supplying. The methods can be used
to assess the transmission prices, but also to recover the transmission
fixed cost. In this paper is presented the influence of the modification of
commons structure has on the specific price of transfer. The operator
must make use of a few basic principles about allocation. Most
tracing methods are based on the proportional sharing principle. In this
paper Kirschen method is used. In order to illustrate this method, the 25-
bus test system is used, elaborated within the Electrical Power
Engineering Department, from Timisoara, Romania.
Abstract: The paper presents an analytical solution for dispersion
of a solute in the peristaltic motion of a couple stress fluid
through a porous medium with slip condition in the presence of both
homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical reactions. The average
effective dispersion coefficient has been found using Taylor-s limiting
condition and long wavelength approximation. The effects of various
relevant parameters on the average coefficient of dispersion have been
studied. The average effective dispersion coefficient tends to increase
with permeability parameter but tends to decrease with homogeneous
chemical reaction rate parameter, couple stress parameter, slip parameter
and heterogeneous reaction rate parameter.
Abstract: Most of the losses in a power system relate to
the distribution sector which always has been considered.
From the important factors which contribute to increase losses
in the distribution system is the existence of radioactive flows.
The most common way to compensate the radioactive power
in the system is the power to use parallel capacitors. In
addition to reducing the losses, the advantages of capacitor
placement are the reduction of the losses in the release peak of
network capacity and improving the voltage profile. The point
which should be considered in capacitor placement is the
optimal placement and specification of the amount of the
capacitor in order to maximize the advantages of capacitor
placement.
In this paper, a new technique has been offered for the
placement and the specification of the amount of the constant
capacitors in the radius distribution network on the basis of
Genetic Algorithm (GA). The existing optimal methods for
capacitor placement are mostly including those which reduce
the losses and voltage profile simultaneously. But the
retaliation cost and load changes have not been considered as
influential UN the target function .In this article, a holistic
approach has been considered for the optimal response to this
problem which includes all the parameters in the distribution
network: The price of the phase voltage and load changes. So,
a vast inquiry is required for all the possible responses. So, in
this article, we use Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the most
powerful method for optimal inquiry.
Abstract: In this paper we propose a new traffic simulation
package, TDMSim, which supports both macroscopic and
microscopic simulation on free-flowing and regulated traffic systems.
Both simulators are based on travel demands, which specify the
numbers of vehicles departing from origins to arrive at different
destinations. The microscopic simulator implements the carfollowing
model given the pre-defined routes of the vehicles but also
supports the rerouting of vehicles. We also propose a macroscopic
simulator which is built in integration with the microscopic simulator
to allow the simulation to be scaled for larger networks without
sacrificing the precision achievable through the microscopic
simulator. The macroscopic simulator also enables the reuse of
previous simulation results when simulating traffic on the same
networks at later time. Validations have been conducted to show the
correctness of both simulators.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to compare the
sensitometric properties of commonly used radiographic films
processed with chemical solutions in different workload hospitals.
The effect of different processing conditions on induced densities on
radiologic films was investigated. Two accessible double emulsions
Fuji and Kodak films were exposed with 11-step wedge and
processed with Champion and CPAC processing solutions. The
mentioned films provided in both workloads centers, high and low.
Our findings displays that the speed and contrast of Kodak filmscreen
in both work load (high and low) is higher than Fuji filmscreen
for both processing solutions. However there was significant
differences in films contrast for both workloads when CPAC solution
had been used (p=0.000 and 0.028). The results showed base plus
fog density for Kodak film was lower than Fuji. Generally Champion
processing solution caused more speed and contrast for investigated
films in different conditions and there was significant differences in
95% confidence level between two used processing solutions
(p=0.01). Low base plus fog density for Kodak films provide more
visibility and accuracy and higher contrast results in using lower
exposure factors to obtain better quality in resulting radiographs. In
this study we found an economic advantages since Champion
solution and Kodak film are used while it makes lower patient dose.
Thus, in a radiologic facility any change in film processor/processing
cycle or chemistry should be carefully investigated before
radiological procedures of patients are acquired.
Abstract: In this paper, the direct AnsAz method is used for constructing the multi-wave solutions to the (2+1)-dimensional extension of the Korteweg de-Vries (shortly EKdV) equation. A new breather type of three-wave solutions including periodic breather type soliton solution, breather type of two-solitary solution are obtained. Some cases with specific values of the involved parameters are plotted for each of the three-wave solutions. Mechanical features of resonance interaction among the multi-wave are discussed. These results enrich the variety of the dynamics of higher-dimensional nonlinear wave field.