Abstract: For the purpose of finding the quotient structure of multiple algebras such as groups, Abelian groups and rings, we will state concepts of ( strong or weak ) equalities on multiple algebras, which will lead us to research on how ( strong or weak) are equalities defined on a multiple algebra over the quotients obtained from it. In order to find a quotient structure of multiple algebras such as groups, Abelian groups and loops, a part of this article has been allocated to the concepts of equalities (strong and weak) of the defined multiple functions on multiple algebras. This leads us to do research on how defined equalities (strong and weak) are made in the multiple algebra on its resulted quotient.
Abstract: Tehran, one of the heavily-populated capitals, is
severely suffering from increasing air pollution. To show a
documented trend of such pollutants during last years, plane tree
species (Platanus orientalis) were suited to be studied as indicators,
for the species have been planted throughout the city many years
ago. Two areas (Saadatabad and Narmak districts) allotting different
contents of crowed and highly-traffic routs but the same ecological
characteristics were selected. Twelve sample individuals were cored
twice perpendicularly in each area. Tree-rings of each core were
measured by a binocular microscope and separated annually for the
last 25 years. Two heavy metals including Cd and Pb accompanied
by a mineral element (Ca) were analyzed using Hatch method. Treerings
analysis of the two areas showed different groups in term of
physiologically ability as the growths were plunged during the last
10 years in Saadatabad district and showed a slight decrease in the
same period for another studying area. In direct contrast to
decreasing growth trend in Saadatabad, all three mentioned elements
increased sharply during last 25 years in the same area. When it came
to Narmak district, the trend was completely different with
Saadatabad. There were some fluctuations in absorbing trace
elements like tree-rings widths were, yet calcium showed an upward
trend all the last 25 years. The results of the study proved the
possibility of using tree species of each region to monitor its air
pollution trends of the past, hence to depict a pollution assessment of
a populated city for last years and then to make appropriate decisions
for the future as it is well-known what the trend is. On the other
hand, risen values of calcium (as the stress-indicator element)
accompanied by increased trace elements suggests non-sustainable
state of the trees.
Abstract: This paper proposes a neural network weights and
topology optimization using genetic evolution and the
backpropagation training algorithm. The proposed crossover and
mutation operators aims to adapt the networks architectures and
weights during the evolution process. Through a specific inheritance
procedure, the weights are transmitted from the parents to their
offsprings, which allows re-exploitation of the already trained
networks and hence the acceleration of the global convergence of the
algorithm. In the preprocessing phase, a new feature extraction
method is proposed based on Legendre moments with the Maximum
entropy principle MEP as a selection criterion. This allows a global
search space reduction in the design of the networks. The proposed
method has been applied and tested on the well known MNIST
database of handwritten digits.
Abstract: Mobile ad hoc network is a collection of mobile
nodes communicating through wireless channels without any
existing network infrastructure or centralized administration.
Because of the limited transmission range of wireless network
interfaces, multiple "hops" may be needed to exchange data
across the network. Consequently, many routing algorithms
have come into existence to satisfy the needs of
communications in such networks. Researchers have
conducted many simulations comparing the performance of
these routing protocols under various conditions and
constraints. One question that arises is whether speed of nodes
affects the relative performance of routing protocols being
studied. This paper addresses the question by simulating two
routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Protocols were
simulated using the ns-2 and were compared in terms of
packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load and average
delay, while varying number of nodes, and speed.
Abstract: The work describes the use of a synthetic transmit
aperture (STA) with a single element transmitting and all elements
receiving in medical ultrasound imaging. STA technique is a novel
approach to today-s commercial systems, where an image is acquired
sequentially one image line at a time that puts a strict limit on the
frame rate and the amount of data needed for high image quality. The
STA imaging allows to acquire data simultaneously from all
directions over a number of emissions, and the full image can be
reconstructed.
In experiments a 32-element linear transducer array with 0.48 mm
inter-element spacing was used. Single element transmission aperture
was used to generate a spherical wave covering the full image region.
The 2D ultrasound images of wire phantom are presented obtained
using the STA and commercial ultrasound scanner Antares to
demonstrate the benefits of the SA imaging.
Abstract: The main objective of this work is to compare the
quality of service of the bus companies operating in the city of Rio
Branco, located in the state of Acre with the quality of service of the
bus companies operating in the city of Campos, situated in the state
of Rio de Janeiro, both cities in Brazil. This comparison, based on the
opinion of the bus users, will determine their degree of satisfaction
with the service available in both cities. The outcome of this
evaluation shows the users unhappy with the quality of the service
provided by the bus companies operating in both cities and the need
to identify alternative solutions that may minimize the consequences
caused by the main problems detected in this work. With these
alternatives available, the bus companies will be able to better
understand the needs of their customers in terms of manpower,
service cost, time schedule, etc.
Abstract: In this paper, we investigate multihop polling and data gathering schemes in layered sensor networks in order to extend the life time of the networks. A network consists of three layers. The lowest layer contains sensors. The middle layer contains so called super nodes with higher computational power, energy supply and longer transmission range than sensor nodes. The top layer contains a sink node. A node in each layer controls a number of nodes in lower layer by polling mechanism to gather data. We will present four types of data gathering schemes: intermediate nodes do not queue data packet, queue single packet, queue multiple packets and aggregate data, to see which data gathering scheme is more energy efficient for multihop polling in layered sensor networks.
Abstract: In recent years, there have been attempts to store
natural gas in adsorptive form. This is called adsorptive natural gas,
or ANG. The problem with this technology is the low sorption
capacity. The purpose is to achieve compressed natural gas (CNG)
capacity of 230 V/V. Further research is required to achieve such
target. Several research studies have been performed with this target;
through either the modification or development of new sorbents or
the optimization of the operation sorption process itself. In this work,
storage of methane on molecular sieves 5A and 13X was studied on
dry basis, and on wet basis to certain extent. The temperature and the
pressure dynamics were investigated. The results indicated that
regardless of the charge pressure, the time for the peak temperature
during the methane charge process is always the same. This can be
used as a characteristic of the adsorbent. The total achieved
deliveries using molecular sieves were much lower than that of
activated carbons; 53.0 V/V for the case of 13X molecular sieves and
43 V/V for the case of 5A molecular sieves, both at 2oC and 4 MPa
(580 psi). Investigation of charge pressure dynamic using wet
molecular sieves at 2oC and a mass ratio of 0.5, revealed slowness of
the process and unexpected behavior.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the most satisfying and frustrating aspects of ICT (Information and Communications Technologies) teaching in Turkish schools. Another aim was to compare these aspects based-on ICT teachers- selfefficacy. Participants were 119 ICT teachers from different geographical areas of Turkey. Participants were asked to list salient satisfying and frustrating aspects of ICT teaching, and to fill out the Self-Efficacy Scale for ICT Teachers. Results showed that the high self-efficacy teachers listed more positive and negative aspects of ICT teaching then did the low self-efficacy teachers. The satisfying aspects of ICT teaching were the dynamic nature of ICT subject, higher student interest, having opportunity to help other subject teachers, and lecturing in well-equipped labs, whereas the most frequently cited frustrating aspects of ICT teaching were ICT-related extra works of schools and colleagues, shortages of hardware and technical problems, indifferent students, insufficient teaching time, and the status of ICT subject in school curriculum. This information could be useful in redesigning ICT teachers- roles and responsibilities as well as job environment in schools.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the basic information and communication technology (ICT) skills that may be needed by students studying in the 8th grade of the primary education in their cooperative project works implemented via the Internet. Within the scope of the study, the curriculum used for European Computer Driving License (ECDL) and the curriculum used in Turkey are also compared in terms of the ability to use ICT, which is aimed to be provided to the students. The research population of the study, during which the pre test – post test control group experimental model was used, consisted of 40 students from three different schools. In the first stage of the study, the skills that might be needed by students for their cooperative project works implemented via the Internet were determined through examination of the completed Comenious, e – twinning and WorldLinks projects. In the second stage of the study, the curriculums of the Turkish Ministry of National Education (MEB) and ECDL were evaluated by seven different teachers in line with these skills. Also in this study the ECDL and MEB curriculums were compared in terms of capability to provide the skills to implement cooperative projects via the Internet. In line with the findings of the study, the skills that might be needed by students to implement cooperative projects via the Internet were outlined, and existence of a significant difference was established in favor of the ECDL curriculum upon comparison of both curriculums in accordance with this outline (U = 50,500; p
Abstract: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of adding coal to obtain insulating ceramic product. The preparation of mixtures is achieved with 04 types of different masse compositions, consisting of gray and yellow clay, and coal. Analyses are performed on local raw materials by adding coal as additive. The coal content varies from 5 to 20 % in weight by varying the size of coal particles ranging from 0.25mm to 1.60mm.
Initially, each natural moisture content of a raw material has been determined at the temperature of 105°C in a laboratory oven. The Influence of low-coal content on absorption, the apparent density, the contraction and the resistance during compression have been evaluated. The experimental results showed that the optimized composition could be obtained by adding 10% by weight of coal leading thus to insulating ceramic products with water absorption, a density and resistance to compression of 9.40 %, 1.88 g/cm3, 35.46 MPa, respectively. The results show that coal, when mixed with traditional raw materials, offers the conditions to be used as an additive in the production of lightweight ceramic products.
Abstract: In this paper, a bond graph dynamic model for a valvecontrolled
hydraulic cylinder has been developed. A simplified bond
graph model of the inter-actuator interactions in a multi-cylinder
hydraulic system has also been presented. The overall bond graph
model of a valve-controlled hydraulic cylinder was developed by
combining the bond graph sub-models of the pump, spool valve and
the actuator using junction structures. Causality was then assigned
in order to obtain a computational model which could be simulated.
The causal bond graph model of the hydraulic cylinder was verified
by comparing the open loop state responses to those of an ODE
model which had been developed in literature based on the same
assumptions. The results were found to correlate very well both
in the shape of the curves, magnitude and the response times,
thus indicating that the developed model represents the hydraulic
dynamics of a valve-controlled cylinder. A simplified model for interactuator
interaction was presented by connecting an effort source with
constant pump pressure to the zero-junction from which the cylinders
in a multi-cylinder system are supplied with a constant pressure from
the pump. On simulating the state responses of the developed model
under different situations of cylinder operations, indicated that such
a simple model can be used to predict the inter-actuator interactions.
Abstract: Extraction of Fe(III) from aqueous solution using Trin-
butyl Phosphate (TBP) as carrier needs a highly acidic medium
(>6N) as it favours formation of chelating complex FeCl3.TBP.
Similarly, stripping of Iron(III) from loaded organic solvents requires
neutral pH or alkaline medium to dissociate the same complex. It is
observed that TBP co-extracts acids along with metal, which causes
reversal of driving force of extraction and iron(III) is re-extracted
back from the strip phase into the feed phase during Liquid Emulsion
Membrane (LEM) pertraction. Therefore, rate of extraction of
different mineral acids (HCl, HNO3, H2SO4) using TBP with and
without presence of metal Fe(III) was examined. It is revealed that in
presence of metal acid extraction is enhanced. Determination of mass
transfer coefficient of both acid and metal extraction was performed
by using Bulk Liquid Membrane (BLM). The average mass transfer
coefficient was obtained by fitting the derived model equation with
experimentally obtained data. The mass transfer coefficient of the
mineral acid extraction is in the order of kHNO3 = 3.3x10-6m/s > kHCl =
6.05x10-7m/s > kH2SO4 = 1.85x10-7m/s. The distribution equilibria of
the above mentioned acids between aqueous feed solution and a
solution of tri-n-butyl-phosphate (TBP) in organic solvents have been
investigated. The stoichiometry of acid extraction reveals the
formation of TBP.2HCl, HNO3.2TBP, and TBP.H2SO4 complexes.
Moreover, extraction of Iron(III) by TBP in HCl aqueous solution
forms complex FeCl3.TBP.2HCl while in HNO3 medium forms
complex 3FeCl3.TBP.2HNO3
Abstract: The absolute Cu atoms density in Cu(2S1/22P1/2)
ground state has been measured by Resonance Optical Absorption
(ROA) technique in a DC magnetron sputtering deposition with
argon. We measured these densities under variety of operation
conditions: pressure from 0.6 μbar to 14 μbar, input power from
10W to 200W and N2 mixture from 0% to 100%. For measuring the
gas temperature, we used the simulation of N2 rotational spectra
with a special computer code. The absolute number density of Cu
atoms decreases with increasing the N2 percentage of buffer gas at
any conditions of this work. But the deposition rate, is not decreased
with the same manner. The deposition rate variation is very small
and in the limit of quartz balance measuring equipment accuracy. So
we conclude that decrease in the absolute number density of Cu
atoms in magnetron plasma has not a big effect on deposition rate,
because the diffusion of Cu atoms to the chamber volume and
deviation of Cu atoms from direct path (towards the substrate)
decreases with increasing of N2 percentage of buffer gas. This is
because of the lower mass of N2 atoms compared to the argon ones.
Abstract: A collaboration among the Hospital S. Giovanni Battista
of Turin, the Politecnico of Turin, and the MUST company is
described. The content of the collaboration has been and is the use of
ICT-s, e-learning, and blended learning for the internal professional
education, training, and keeping up to date of the personnel of the
hospital. A platform for the delivery of the teaching materials has
been built, including an evaluation and self-evaluation tool. The first
on line courses have been developed and delivered and many more
are in preparation. The first results of the monitoring of the efficacy
of the online education have been positive.
Abstract: α-Pinene is the main component of the most
turpentine oils. The hydration of α-pinene with acid catalysts leads to
a complex mixture of monoterpenes. In order to obtain more valuable
products, the α-pinene in the turpentine can be hydrated in dilute
mineral acid solutions to produce α-terpineol. The design of
separation processes requires information on phase equilibrium and
related thermodynamic properties. This paper reports the results of
study on liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) of system containing α-
pinene + water and α-terpineol + water.
Binary LLE for α-pinene + water system, and α-terpineol + water
systems were determined by experiment at 301K and atmospheric
pressure. The two component mixture was stirred for about 30min,
then the mixture was left for about 2h for complete phase separation.
The composition of both phases was analyzed by using a Gas
Chromatograph. The experimental data were correlated by
considering both NRTL and UNIQUAC activity coefficient models.
The LLE data for the system of α-pinene + water and α-terpineol +
water were correlated successfully by the NRTL model. The
experimental data were not satisfactorily fitted by the UNIQUAC
model. The NRTL model (α =0.3) correlates the LLE data for the
system of α-pinene + water at 301K with RMSD of 0.0404%. And
the NRTL model (α =0.61) at 301K with RMSD of 0.0058 %. The
NRTL model (α =0.3) correlates the LLE data for the system of α-
terpineol + water at 301K with RMSD of 0.1487% and the NRTL
model (α =0.6) at 301K with RMSD of 0.0032%, between the
experimental and calculated mole fractions.
Abstract: This paper introduces the foundations of Bayesian probability theory and Bayesian decision method. The main goal of Bayesian decision theory is to minimize the expected loss of a decision or minimize the expected risk. The purposes of this study are to review the decision process on the issue of flood occurrences and to suggest possible process for decision improvement. This study examines the problem structure of flood occurrences and theoretically explicates the decision-analytic approach based on Bayesian decision theory and application to flood occurrences in Environmental Engineering. In this study, we will discuss about the flood occurrences upon an annual maximum water level in cm, 43-year record available from 1965 to 2007 at the gauging station of Sagaing on the Ayeyarwady River with the drainage area - 120193 sq km by using Bayesian decision method. As a result, we will discuss the loss and risk of vast areas of agricultural land whether which will be inundated or not in the coming year based on the two standard maximum water levels during 43 years. And also we forecast about that lands will be safe from flood water during the next 10 years.
Abstract: System MEMORI automatically detects and recognizes
rotated and/or rescaled versions of the objects of a database within
digital color images with cluttered background. This task is accomplished
by means of a region grouping algorithm guided by heuristic
rules, whose parameters concern some geometrical properties and the
recognition score of the database objects. This paper focuses on the
strategies implemented in MEMORI for the estimation of the heuristic
rule parameters. This estimation, being automatic, makes the system
a self configuring and highly user-friendly tool.
Abstract: This paper presents a new growing neural network for
cluster analysis and market segmentation, which optimizes the size
and structure of clusters by iteratively checking them for multivariate
normality. We combine the recently published SGNN approach [8]
with the basic principle underlying the Gaussian-means algorithm
[13] and the Mardia test for multivariate normality [18, 19]. The new
approach distinguishes from existing ones by its holistic design and
its great autonomy regarding the clustering process as a whole. Its
performance is demonstrated by means of synthetic 2D data and by
real lifestyle survey data usable for market segmentation.
Abstract: During last decades, developing multi-objective
evolutionary algorithms for optimization problems has found
considerable attention. Flexible job shop scheduling problem, as an
important scheduling optimization problem, has found this attention
too. However, most of the multi-objective algorithms that are
developed for this problem use nonprofessional approaches. In
another words, most of them combine their objectives and then solve
multi-objective problem through single objective approaches. Of
course, except some scarce researches that uses Pareto-based
algorithms. Therefore, in this paper, a new Pareto-based algorithm
called controlled elitism non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm
(CENSGA) is proposed for the multi-objective FJSP (MOFJSP). Our
considered objectives are makespan, critical machine work load, and
total work load of machines. The proposed algorithm is also
compared with one the best Pareto-based algorithms of the literature
on some multi-objective criteria, statistically.