Abstract: In this paper the behavior of the decision feedback
equalizers (DFEs) adapted by the decision-directed or the constant
modulus blind algorithms is presented. An analysis of the error
surface of the corresponding criterion cost functions is first
developed. With the intention of avoiding the ill-convergence of the
algorithm, the paper proposes to modify the shape of the cost
function error surface by using a soft decision instead of the hard
one. This was shown to reduce the influence of false decisions and to
smooth the undesirable minima. Modified algorithms using the soft
decision during a pseudo-training phase with an automatic switch to
the properly tracking phase are then derived. Computer simulations
show that these modified algorithms present better ability to avoid
local minima than conventional ones.
Abstract: The acid rain causes change in pH level of soil it is
directly influence on root and leaf growth. Yield of the crop was
reduced if acidity of soil is more. Acid rain seeps into the earth and
poisons plants and trees by dissolving toxic substances in the soil,
such as aluminum, which get absorbed by the roots. In present
investigation, effect of acid rain on crop Vigna radiata was studied.
The effect of acid rain on change in soil fertility was detected in
which pH of control sample was 6.5 and pH of 1% H2SO4 and 1%
HNO3 were 3.5. Nitrogen nitrate in soil was high in 1% HNO3 treated
soil & Control sample. Ammonium nitrogen in soil was low in 1%
HNO3 & H2SO4 treated soil. Ammonium nitrogen was medium in
control and other samples. The effect of acid rain on seed
germination on 3rd day of germination control sample growth was
6.1cm with plumule 0.001% HNO3 & 0.001% H2SO4 was 5.5cm
with plumule and 8cm with plumule. On 10th day fungal growth was
observed in 1% and 0.1% H2SO4 concentrations when all plants were
dead. The effect of acid rain on crop productivity was investigated on
3rd day roots were developed in plants. On 12th day Vigna radiata
showed more growth in 0.1% HNO3 and 0.1% H2SO4 treated plants
as compare to control plants. On 20th day development of
discoloration of plant pigments were observed on acid treated plants
leaves. On 34th day Vigna radiata showed flower in 0.1% HNO3,
0.01% HNO3 and 0.01% H2SO4treated plants and no flowers were
observed on control plants. On 42th day 0.1% HNO3, 0.01% HNO
and 0.01% H2SO4 treated Vigna radiata variety and control plants
were showed seeds on plants. In Vigna radiate variety 0.1%, 0.01%
HNO3, 0.01% H2SO4treated plants were dead on 46th day and fungal
growth was observed. The toxicological study was carried out on
Vigna radiata plants exposed to 1% HNO3 cells were damaged more
than 1% H2SO4. Leaf sections exposed to 0.001% HNO3 & H2SO4
showed less damaged of cells and pigmentation observed in entire
slide when compare with control plant.
Abstract: Metropolitan areas have suffered from traffic problems, which have steadily increased in many monocentric cities. Urban expansion, population growth, and road network development have resulted in a structural shift toward urban sprawl, increasing commuters’ dependence on private modes of transport. This paper aims to model the influence of socioeconomic and land-use factors on mode choice using a multinomial and nested logit model. Land-use patterns—such as residential, commercial, retail, educational and employment related—affect the choice of mode and destination in the short and medium term. Socioeconomic factors—such as age, gender, income, household size, and house type—also affect choice, while residential location is affected in the long term. Riyadh in Saudi Arabia and Melbourne in Australia were chosen as case studies. Riyadh is a car-dependent city with limited public transport, whereas Melbourne has good public transport but an increase in car dependence. Aggregate level land-use data and disaggregate level individual, household, and journey-to-work data are used to determine the effects of land use and socioeconomic factors on mode choice. The model results determined that urban sprawl is the main factor that affects mode choice, income, and house type.
Abstract: This paper presents an experimental investigation using Acoustic Emission (AE) technology to monitor sand transportation in multiphase flow. The investigations were undertaken on three-phase (air-water-sand) flow in a horizontal pipe where the superficial gas velocity (VSG) had a range of between 0.2msˉ¹ to 2.0msˉ¹ and superficial liquid velocity (VSL) had a range of between 0.2msˉ¹ to 1.0msˉ¹. The experimental findings clearly show a correlation exists between AE energy levels, sand concentration, superficial gas velocity (VSG), and superficial liquid velocity (VSL).
Abstract: Nanofluids are novel fluids that are going to have an
important role in future industrial thermal device designs. Studies are
being predominantly conducted on the mechanism of these heat
transfers. The key to this attraction is in the increase in thermal
conductivity brought about by the Nanofluids compared with the
base fluid. Different models have been proposed for calculation of
effective thermal conduction that has been gradually modified. In this
investigation effect of nanolayer structure and Brownian motion of
particles are studied and a new modified thermal conductivity model
is proposed. Temperature, concentration, nanolayer thickness and
particle size are taken as variables and their effect are studied
simultaneously on the thermal conductivity of the fluids, showing the
concentration of the nanoparticles to affect the nanolayer thickness
which also affects the Brownian motion.
Abstract: Variable Structure Control (VSC) is one of the most useful tools handling the practical system with uncertainties and disturbances. Up to now, unfortunately, not enough studies on the input-saturated system with linear-growth-bound disturbances via VSC have been presented. Therefore, this paper proposes an asymp¬totic stability condition for the system via VSC. The designed VSC controller consists of two control parts. The linear control part plays a role in stabilizing the system, and simultaneously, the nonlinear control part in rejecting the linear-growth-bound disturbances perfectly. All conditions derived in this paper are expressed with Linear Matrices Inequalities (LMIs), which can be easily solved with an LMI toolbox in MATLAB.
Abstract: A measurement apparatus is designed and fabricated to
measure the effective thermal conductivity (keff) of a VIP (vacuum
insulation panel) core specimen under various vacuum states and
external loads. The apparatus consists of part for measuring keff, and
parts for controlling external load and vacuum condition. Uncertainty
of the apparatus is validated by measuring the standard reference
material and comparing with commercial devices with VIP samples.
Assessed uncertainty is maximum 2.5 % in case of the standard
reference material, 10 % in case of VIP samples. Using the apparatus,
keff of glass paper under various vacuum levels is examined.
Abstract: This paper deals with an Optical Character Recognition
system for printed Urdu, a popular Pakistani/Indian script and is the
third largest understandable language in the world, especially in the
subcontinent but fewer efforts are made to make it understandable to
computers. Lot of work has been done in the field of literature and
Islamic studies in Urdu, which has to be computerized. In the
proposed system individual characters are recognized using our own
proposed method/ algorithms. The feature detection methods are
simple and robust. Supervised learning is used to train the feed
forward neural network. A prototype of the system has been tested on
printed Urdu characters and currently achieves 98.3% character level
accuracy on average .Although the system is script/ language
independent but we have designed it for Urdu characters only.
Abstract: The paper examines the Most public relations spots
and advertisements dealing with drugs. For this reason, public service
advertisements show Americans in activities with drugs and alcohol.
The way that the advertisements are produced, viewers from the
Middle East say these ads are not for them. They recognize the ads as
strictly for Americans trying to overcome their problems with drugs
and alcohol. Also, this paper explores the development of the
advertisements which are ineffective in other cultures like the Islamic
because the limited scope of the message does not have a major
effect on the Islamic beliefs and practices.
Abstract: Presence of phytosterol compound in Durian seed
(Durio zibethinus) or known as King of fruits has been discovered
from screening work using reagent test. Further analysis work has
been carried out using mass spectrometer in order to support the
priliminary finding. Isolation and purification of the major
phytosterol has been carried out using an open column
chromatography. The separation was monitored using thin layer
chromatography (TLC). Major isolated compounds and purified
phytosterol were identified using mass spectrometer and nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR). This novel finding could promote
utilization of durian seeds as a functional ingredient in food products
through production of standardized extract based on phytosterol
content.
Abstract: Intelligent systems are required in order to quickly and accurately analyze enormous quantities of data in the Internet environment. In intelligent systems, information extracting processes can be divided into supervised learning and unsupervised learning. This paper investigates intelligent clustering by unsupervised learning. Intelligent clustering is the clustering system which determines the clustering model for data analysis and evaluates results by itself. This system can make a clustering model more rapidly, objectively and accurately than an analyzer. The methodology for the automatic clustering intelligent system is a multi-agent system that comprises a clustering agent and a cluster performance evaluation agent. An agent exchanges information about clusters with another agent and the system determines the optimal cluster number through this information. Experiments using data sets in the UCI Machine Repository are performed in order to prove the validity of the system.
Abstract: In Data mining, Fuzzy clustering algorithms have
demonstrated advantage over crisp clustering algorithms in dealing
with the challenges posed by large collections of vague and uncertain
natural data. This paper reviews concept of fuzzy logic and fuzzy
clustering. The classical fuzzy c-means algorithm is presented and its
limitations are highlighted. Based on the study of the fuzzy c-means
algorithm and its extensions, we propose a modification to the cmeans
algorithm to overcome the limitations of it in calculating the
new cluster centers and in finding the membership values with
natural data. The efficiency of the new modified method is
demonstrated on real data collected for Bhutan-s Gross National
Happiness (GNH) program.
Abstract: Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) Machines require effective cooling due to their high power density. The detrimental effects of overheating such as degradation of the insulation materials, magnets demagnetization, and increase of Joule losses are well known. This paper describes the CFD simulations performed on a test rig model of an air cooled Axial Flux Permanent Magnet (AFPM) generator built at Durham University to identify the temperatures and heat transfer coefficient on the stator. The Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes and the Energy equations are solved and the flow pattern and heat transfer developing inside the machine are described. The Nusselt number on the stator surfaces has been found. The dependency of the heat transfer on the flow field is described temperature field obtained. Tests on an experimental are undergoing in order to validate the CFD results.
Abstract: This study investigated the removal efficiency of electrokinetic remediation of copper-contaminated soil at different combinations of enhancement reagents used as anolyte and catholyte. Sodium hydroxide (at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 M concentrations) and distilled water were used as anolyte, while lactic acid (at 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 M concentrations), ammonium citrate (also at 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 M concentrations) and distilled water were used as catholyte. A continuous voltage application (1.0 VDC/cm) was employed for 240 hours for each experiment. The copper content of the catholyte was determined at the end of the 240-hour period. Optimization was carried out with a Response Surface Methodology - Optimal Design, including F test, and multiple comparison method, to determine which pair of anolyte-catholyte was the most significant for the removal efficiency. "1.0 M NaOH" was found to be the most significant anolyte while it was established that lactic acid was the most significant type of catholyte to be used for the most successful electrokinetic experiments. Concentrations of lactic acid should be at the range of 0.1 M to 0.5 M to achieve maximum percent removal values.
Abstract: Design of an observer based controller for a class of
fractional order systems has been done. Fractional order mathematics
is used to express the system and the proposed observer. Fractional
order Lyapunov theorem is used to derive the closed-loop asymptotic
stability. The gains of the observer and observer based controller are
derived systematically using the linear matrix inequality approach.
Finally, the simulation results demonstrate validity and effectiveness
of the proposed observer based controller.
Abstract: In the process of polyethylene extrusion polymer
material similar to powder or granule is under compression, melting
and transmission operation and on base of special form, extrudate has
been produced. Twin-screw extruders are applicable in industries
because of their high capacity. The powder mixing with chemical
additives and melting with thermal and mechanical energy in three
zones (feed, compression and metering zone) and because of gear
pump and screw's pressure, converting to final product in latest plate.
Extruders with twin-screw and short distance between screws are
better than other types because of their high capacity and good
thermal and mechanical stress.
In this paper, process of polyethylene extrusion and various tapes
of extruders are studied. It is necessary to have an exact control on
process to producing high quality products with safe operation and
optimum energy consumption.
The granule size is depending on granulator motor speed. Results
show at constant feed rate a decrease in granule size was found whit
Increase in motor speed. Relationships between HDPE feed rate and
speed of granulator motor, main motor and gear pump are calculated
following as:
x = HDPE feed flow rate, yM = Main motor speed
yM = (-3.6076e-3) x^4+ (0.24597) x^3+ (-5.49003) x^2+ (64.22092)
x+61.66786 (1)
x = HDPE feed flow rate, yG = Gear pump speed
yG = (-2.4996e-3) x^4+ (0.18018) x^3+ (-4.22794) x^2+ (48.45536)
x+18.78880 (2)
x = HDPE feed flow rate, y = Granulator motor speed
10th Degree Polynomial Fit: y = a+bx+cx^2+dx^3... (3)
a = 1.2751, b = 282.4655, c = -165.2098,
d = 48.3106, e = -8.18715, f = 0.84997
g = -0.056094, h = 0.002358, i = -6.11816e-5
j = 8.919726e-7, k = -5.59050e-9
Abstract: In the present work, we propose a new method for
solving the matrix equation AXB=F . The new method can
be considered as a generalized form of the well-known global full
orthogonalization method (Gl-FOM) for solving multiple linear
systems. Hence, the method will be called extended Gl-FOM (EGl-
FOM). For implementing EGl-FOM, generalized forms of block
Krylov subspace and global Arnoldi process are presented. Finally,
some numerical experiments are given to illustrate the efficiency of
our new method.
Abstract: The Minimum Weighted Vertex Cover (MWVC) problem is a classic graph optimization NP - complete problem. Given an undirected graph G = (V, E) and weighting function defined on the vertex set, the minimum weighted vertex cover problem is to find a vertex set S V whose total weight is minimum subject to every edge of G has at least one end point in S. In this paper an effective algorithm, called Support Ratio Algorithm (SRA), is designed to find the minimum weighted vertex cover of a graph. Computational experiments are designed and conducted to study the performance of our proposed algorithm. Extensive simulation results show that the SRA can yield better solutions than other existing algorithms found in the literature for solving the minimum vertex cover problem.
Abstract: This paper presents and discusses the numerical simulations of transient laminar natural convection cooling of high Prandtl number fluids in cubical cavities, in which the six walls of the cavity are subjected to a step change in temperature. The effect of the fluid Prandtl number on the heat transfer coefficient is studied for three different fluids (Golden Syrup, Glycerin and Glycerin-water solution 50%). The simulations are performed at two different Rayleigh numbers (5·106 and 5·107) and six different Prandtl numbers (3 · 105 ≥Pr≥ 50). Heat conduction through the cavity glass walls is also considered. The propsed correlations of the averaged heat transfer coefficient (N u) showed that it is dependant on the initial Ra and almost independent on P r. The instantaneous flow patterns, temperature contours and time evolution of volume averaged temperature and heat transfer coefficient are presented and analyzed.
Abstract: The Stokes equation connected with the fluid flow
over the axisymmetric bodies in a cylindrical area is considered. The
equation is studied in a moving coordinate system with the
appropriate boundary conditions. Effective formulas for the velocity
components are obtained. The graphs of the velocity components and
velocity profile are plotted.