Abstract: Metabolisms of macrominerals, those of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, are closely associated with the metabolism of vitamin D. Particularly magnesium, the second most abundant intracellular cation, is related to biochemical and metabolic processes in the body, such as those of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The status of each mineral was investigated in obesity to some extent. Their products and ratios may possibly give much more detailed information about the matter. The aim of this study is to investigate possible relations between each macromineral and some obesity-related parameters. This study was performed on 235 children, whose ages were between 06-18 years. Aside from anthropometric measurements, hematological analyses were performed. TANITA body composition monitor using bioelectrical impedance analysis technology was used to establish some obesity-related parameters including basal metabolic rate (BMR), total fat, mineral and muscle masses. World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) percentiles for age and sex were used to constitute the groups. The values above 99th percentile were defined as morbid obesity. Those between 95th and 99th percentiles were included into the obese group. The overweight group comprised of children whose percentiles were between 95 and 85. Children between the 85th and 15th percentiles were defined as normal. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) components (waist circumference, fasting blood glucose, triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure) were determined. High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine Vitamin D status by measuring 25-hydroxy cholecalciferol (25-hydroxy vitamin D3, 25(OH)D). Vitamin D values above 30.0 ng/ml were accepted as sufficient. SPSS statistical package program was used for the evaluation of data. The statistical significance degree was accepted as p < 0.05. The important points were the correlations found between vitamin D and magnesium as well as phosphorus (p < 0.05) that existed in the group with normal BMI values. These correlations were lost in the other groups. The ratio of phosphorus to magnesium was even much more highly correlated with vitamin D (p < 0.001). The negative correlation between magnesium and total fat mass (p < 0.01) was confined to the MetS group showing the inverse relationship between magnesium levels and obesity degree. In this group, calcium*magnesium product exhibited the highest correlation with total fat mass (p < 0.001) among all groups. Only in the MetS group was a negative correlation found between BMR and calcium*magnesium product (p < 0.05). In conclusion, magnesium is located at the center of attraction concerning its relationships with vitamin D, fat mass and MetS. The ratios and products derived from macrominerals including magnesium have pointed out stronger associations other than each element alone. Final considerations have shown that unique correlations of magnesium as well as calcium*magnesium product with total fat mass have drawn attention particularly in the MetS group, possibly due to the derangements in some basic elements of carbohydrate as well as lipid metabolism.
Abstract: Egg yolk oil is a concentrated source of egg bioactive compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, phospholipids, cholesterol, carotenoids and others. To extract lipids and other fat-soluble nutrients from liquid egg yolk, a two-step extraction process involving polar (ethanol) and non-polar (hexane) solvents were used. This extraction technique was based on egg yolk bioactive compounds polarities, where non-polar compound was extracted into non-polar hexane, but polar in to polar alcohol/water phase. But many egg yolk bioactive compounds are not strongly polar or non-polar. Egg yolk phospholipids, cholesterol and pigments are amphipatic (have both polar and non-polar regions) and their behavior in ethanol/hexane solvent system is not clear. The aim of this study was to clarify the behavior of phospholipids, cholesterol and carotenoids during extraction of egg yolk oil with ethanol and hexane and determine the loss of these compounds in egg yolk oil. Egg yolks and egg yolk oil were analyzed for phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)), cholesterol and carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and β-carotene) content using GC-FID and HPLC methods. PC and PE are polar lipids and were extracted into polar ethanol phase. Concentration of PC in ethanol was 97.89% and PE 99.81% from total egg yolk phospholipids. Due to cholesterol’s partial extraction into ethanol, cholesterol content in egg yolk oil was reduced in comparison to its total content presented in egg yolk lipids. The highest amount of lutein and zeaxanthin was concentrated in ethanol extract. The opposite situation was observed with canthaxanthin and β-carotene, which became the main pigments of egg yolk oil.
Abstract: Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphism has influence on serum lipids which relates to cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency distribution of APOE alleles among Malaysian Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients with and without coronary artery disease (CAD) and their association with serum lipid profiles. A total of 115 patients were recruited in which 78 patients had Type 2 DM without CAD and 37 patients had Type 2 DM with CAD. The APOE polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The APOE ɛ3 allele was the most common one in both groups. There was no significant association between the APOE genotypes and the CAD status in Type 2 DM using Pearson χ2 test. Further analysis indicated there were no significant differences in all lipid parameters between E2, E3 and E4 subgroups in both groups. The study showed that the E4 allele carriers of Type 2 DM with CAD patients had higher LDL-C level and lower HDL-C level compared to the other allele carriers. However, analyses showed these levels were not statistically different. The study also showed that the Type 2 DM with CAD group with E2 allele had higher triglyceride (TG). In conclusion, further study with larger sample size is needed to confirm role of E4 as a marker of CAD among Type 2 DM patients in Malaysian population.
Abstract: In this work the effect of culturing conditions of filamentous fungi Penicillium raistrickii, Penicillium anatolicum, Fusarium sp. on biomass yield, the content of total lipids and fatty acids was studied. It has been established that in time the process of lipids accumulation correlated with biomass growth of cultures, reaching maximum values in stationary growth phase.
Biomass yield and accumulation of general lipids was increased by adding zinc to the culture medium. The more intensive accumulation of biomass and general lipids was observed at temperature 18°C. Lowering the temperature of culturing has changed the ratio of saturated: Unsaturated fatty acids in the direction of increasing the latter.
Abstract: The genus Fumaria L. (Papaveraceae) in Iran
comprises 8 species with a vast medicinal use in Asian folk
medicine. These herbs are considered to be useful in the
treatment of gastrointestinal disease and skin disorders.
Antioxidant activities of alkaloids and phenolic extracts of
these species had been studied previously. These species are:
F. officinalis, F. parviflora, F. asepala, F. densiflora, F.
schleicheri, F. vaillantii and F. indica. More than 50
populations of Fumaria species were sampled from nature. In
this study different fatty acids are extracted. Their picks were
recorded by GC technique. This species contain some kind of
fatty acids with antioxidant effects. A part of these lipids are
phospholipids. As these are unsaturated fatty acids they may
have industrial use as natural additive to cosmetics, dermal
and oral medicines. The presences of different materials are
discussed. Our studies for antioxidant effects of these
substances are continued.
Abstract: This research studied the simulation of increased
ambient ozone to estimate nutrient content and genetic changes in
two Thai soybean cultivars (Chiang Mai 60 and Srisumrong 1).
Ozone stress conditions affected proteins and lipids. It was found
that proteins decreased, but lipids increased. Srisumrong 1 cultivars
were more sensitive to ozone stress than Chiang Mai 60 cultivars.
The effect of ozone stress conditions on plant phenotype and
genotype was analyzed using the AFLP technique for the 2 Thai
soybean cultivars (Chiang Mai 60 and Srisumrong 1).
Abstract: Sophorolipids (SLs) production by the yeast Candida
bombicola was studied in batch shake flasks using synthetic dairy
wastewaters (SDWW) with or without any added external carbon and
nitrogen sources. A maximum SLs production of 38.76 g/l was
observed with the SDWW supplemented with low cost substrate of
sugarcane molasses at 50 g/l and soybean oil at 50 g/l. When the
SDWW was supplemented with more costly glucose, yeast extract,
urea and soybean oil, the production, however, got lowered to only
29.49 g/l, but with a maximum biomass production of 17.38 g/l
together with a complete utilization of the carbon sources.
Abstract: Ten lactating multiparous Holstein cows were used in
a cross-over design with two dietary treatments and 28-d periods
(with 14 d as an adaptation) to study the effect of restaurant fat on
milk production and composition. Each cow was offered 14.7 kg
DM /d of the basal concentrate diet based on barley and corn (crude
protein = 17.7%, neutral detergent fiber = 23.5%, and acid detergent
fiber = 5.8% of dry matter) with free access to alfalfa. Dietary
treatments were arranged as supplying each cow with 0 (CONTROL)
or 150 g/day (RF) of restaurant fat. Supplemental RF did not
significantly (P > 0.25) affect milk yield, composition, and
composition yields, except for milk fat contents. Milk fat contents
were depressed (P < 0.05) with supplemental RF. Our results indicate
that RF could depress milk fat without affecting milk yield and that
the depression in milk fat in response to RF precedes the depression
in milk yield.
Abstract: The quality and shelf life of foods of containing lipids (fats and oils) significantly reduces due to rancidity.Applications of natural antioxidants are one of the most effective manners to prevent the oxidation of oils and lipids. The antioxidant properties of juice extracted from barberry fruit (Berberris vulgaris.L) using maceration and SWE (10 bars and 120 - 180°C) methods were investigated and compared with conventional method. The amount of phenolic compound and reduction power of all samples were determined and the data were statistically analyzed using multifactor design. The results showed that the total amount of phenolic compound increased with increasing of pressure and temprature from 1861.9 to 2439.1 (mg Gallic acid /100gr Dry matter). The ability of reduction power of SWE obtained antioxidant extract compared with BHA (synthetic antioxidant) and ascorbic acid (natural antioxidant). There were significant differences among reduction power of extracts and there were remarkable difference with BHA and Ascorbic acid (P