Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of
gibberellic acid and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on flower
number, fruit growth and fruit quality of wax apple. GA3 and 2,4-D
were applied at small bud and petal fall stage. Number of flower,
fruit set, fruit drop, fruit crack, fruit growth and fruit quality were
recorded. Results indicated that spraying with 10 ppm GA3 had the
best results in number of flower. GA3 spray at 30 ppm gave the
faster rate of fruit growth than the other treatments. Fruit set, fruit
size as well as fruit weight markedly improved by spraying 30 ppm
GA3, followed by 10 ppm GA3 compared to untreated control.
Moreover, spray GA3 at 30 ppm was the most effective and
increased total soluble solids, reduced titratable acidity and fruit
drop. On the other hand, it was noticed that with 10 ppm 2,4-D
application also enhanced the fruit growth rate, improved
physiological and biochemical characters of fruit compared to
untreated control. It was concluded that both GA3 and 2,4-D spray
have positive effects on fruit development, reduced fruit drop, fruit
crack and improved fruit quality of wax apple under field conditions.
Abstract: The genre of fantasy depicts a world of imagine that triggers popular interest from a created view of world, and a fantasy is defined as a story that illustrates a world of imagine where scientific or horror elements are stand in its center. This study is not focused on the narrative of the fantasy, i.e. not on the adventurous story, but is concentrated on the image of the fantasy to work on its relationship with intended themes and differences among cultures due to meanings of materials. As for films, we have selected some films in the 2000's that are internationally recognized as expressing unique images of fantasy containing the theme of love in them. The selected films are 5 pieces including two European films, Amelie from Montmartre (2001) and The Science of Sleep (2005) and three Asian films, Citizen Dog from Thailand (2004), Memories of Matsuko from Japan (2006), and I'm a Cyborg, but That's OK from Korea (2006). These films share some common characteristics to the effect that they give tiny lessons and feelings for life with expressions of fantasy images as if they were fairy tales for adults and that they lead the audience to reflect on their days and revive forgotten dreams of childhood. We analyze the images of fantasy in each of the films on the basis of the elements of Mise-en-Scène (setting and props, costume, hair and make-up, facial expressions and body language, lighting and color, positioning of characters, and objects within a frame).
Abstract: Recognition of characters greatly depends upon the features used. Several features of the handwritten Arabic characters are selected and discussed. An off-line recognition system based on the selected features was built. The system was trained and tested with realistic samples of handwritten Arabic characters. Evaluation of the importance and accuracy of the selected features is made. The recognition based on the selected features give average accuracies of 88% and 70% for the numbers and letters, respectively. Further improvements are achieved by using feature weights based on insights gained from the accuracies of individual features.
Abstract: A procedural-animation-based approach which rapidly
synthesize the adaptive locomotion for quadruped characters that they
can walk or run in any directions on an uneven terrain within a
dynamic environment was proposed. We devise practical motion
models of the quadruped animals for adapting to a varied terrain in a
real-time manner. While synthesizing locomotion, we choose the
corresponding motion models by means of the footstep prediction of
the current state in the dynamic environment, adjust the key-frames of
the motion models relying on the terrain-s attributes, calculate the
collision-free legs- trajectories, and interpolate the key-frames
according to the legs- trajectories. Finally, we apply dynamic time
warping to each part of motion for seamlessly concatenating all desired
transition motions to complete the whole locomotion. We reduce the
time cost of producing the locomotion and takes virtual characters to
fit in with dynamic environments no matter when the environments are
changed by users.
Abstract: Document image processing has become an
increasingly important technology in the automation of office
documentation tasks. During document scanning, skew is inevitably
introduced into the incoming document image. Since the algorithm
for layout analysis and character recognition are generally very
sensitive to the page skew. Hence, skew detection and correction in
document images are the critical steps before layout analysis. In this
paper, a novel skew detection method is presented for binary
document images. The method considered the some selected
characters of the text which may be subjected to thinning and Hough
transform to estimate skew angle accurately. Several experiments
have been conducted on various types of documents such as
documents containing English Documents, Journals, Text-Book,
Different Languages and Document with different fonts, Documents
with different resolutions, to reveal the robustness of the proposed
method. The experimental results revealed that the proposed method
is accurate compared to the results of well-known existing methods.
Abstract: Hysteresis phenomenon has been observed in the
operations of both horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines
(HAWTs and VAWTs). In this study, wind tunnel experiments were
applied to investigate the characters of hysteresis phenomena between
the angular speed and the external resistance of electrical loading
during the operation of a Darrieus type VAWT. Data of output voltage,
output current, angular speed of wind turbine under different wind
speeds are measured and analyzed. Results show that the range of
external resistance changes with the wind speed. The range decreases
as the wind speed increases following an exponential decay form.
Experiments also indicate that the maximum output power of wind
turbines is always inside the range where hysteresis happened. These
results provide an important reference to the design of output control
system of wind turbines.
Abstract: Hidden Markov Model (HMM) is a stochastic method
which has been used in various signal processing and character
recognition. This study proposes to use HMM to recognize Javanese
characters from a number of different handwritings, whereby HMM
is used to optimize the number of state and feature extraction. An
85.7 % accuracy is obtained as the best result in 16-stated vertical
model using pure HMM. This initial result is satisfactory for
prompting further research.
Abstract: Nowadays, biometrical characterizations of Artemia
cysts are used as one of the most important factors in the study of
Artemia populations and intraspecific particularity; meanwhile these
characters can be used as economical indices. For example, typically
high hatching efficiency is possible due to the small diameter of
cysts (high number per gram); therefore small diameter of cysts
show someway high quality of cysts. This study was performed
during a ten year period, including two different ecological
conditions: rainy and drought. It is important from two different
aspects because it covers alteration of A. urmiana during ten years
also its variation in the best and worst environmental situations in
which salinity increased from 173.8 ppt in 1994 to 280.8 ppt in
2003/4. In this study the biometrical raw data of Artemia urmiana
cysts at seven stations from the Urmia Lake in 1994 and their seven
identical locations at 26 studied stations in 2003/4 were reanalyzed
again and compared together. Biometrical comparison of untreated
and decapsulated cysts in each of the seven similar stations showed a
highly significant variation between 1994 and 2003/4. Based on this
study, in whole stations the untreated and decapsulated cysts from
1994 were larger than cysts of 2003/4 without any exception. But
there was no logical relationship between salinity and chorion
thickness in the Urmia Lake. With regard to PCA analyses the
stations of two different studied years certainly have been separated
with factor 1 from each other. In conclusion, the interaction between
genetic and environmental factors can determine and explain
variation in the range of cysts diameter in Artemia.
Abstract: In this paper a modified version NXM of traditional 5X5 playfair cipher is introduced which enable the user to encrypt message of any Natural language by taking appropriate size of the matrix depending upon the size of the natural language. 5X5 matrix has the capability of storing only 26 characters of English language and unable to store characters of any language having more than 26 characters. To overcome this limitation NXM matrix is introduced which solve this limitation. In this paper a special case of Urdu language is discussed. Where # is used for completing odd pair and * is used for repeating letters.
Abstract: It is hard to express emotion through only speech when
we watch a character in a movie or a play because we cannot estimate
the size, kind, and quantity of emotion. So this paper proposes an
artificial emotion model for visualizing current emotion with color and
location in emotion model. The artificial emotion model is designed
considering causality of generated emotion, difference of personality,
difference of continual emotional stimulus, and co-relation of various
emotions. This paper supposed the Emotion Field for visualizing
current emotion with location, and current emotion is expressed by
location and color in the Emotion Field. For visualizing changes
within current emotion, the artificial emotion model is adjusted to
characters in Hamlet.
Abstract: Internet is largely composed of textual contents and a
huge volume of digital contents gets floated over the Internet daily.
The ease of information sharing and re-production has made it
difficult to preserve author-s copyright. Digital watermarking came
up as a solution for copyright protection of plain text problem after
1993. In this paper, we propose a zero text watermarking algorithm
based on occurrence frequency of non-vowel ASCII characters and
words for copyright protection of plain text. The embedding
algorithm makes use of frequency non-vowel ASCII characters and
words to generate a specialized author key. The extraction algorithm
uses this key to extract watermark, hence identify the original
copyright owner. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of
the proposed algorithm on text encountering meaning preserving
attacks performed by five independent attackers.
Abstract: This paper includes two novel techniques for skew
estimation of binary document images. These algorithms are based on
connected component analysis and Hough transform. Both these
methods focus on reducing the amount of input data provided to
Hough transform. In the first method, referred as word centroid
approach, the centroids of selected words are used for skew detection.
In the second method, referred as dilate & thin approach, the selected
characters are blocked and dilated to get word blocks and later
thinning is applied. The final image fed to Hough transform has the
thinned coordinates of word blocks in the image. The methods have
been successful in reducing the computational complexity of Hough
transform based skew estimation algorithms. Promising experimental
results are also provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed
methods.
Abstract: Hybridization refers to the crossing breeding of two
plants. Coefficient of Parentage (COP) is used by the plant breeders
to determine the genetic diversity across various varieties so as to
incorporate the useful characters of the two varieties to develop a
new crop variety with particular useful characters. Genetic Diversity
is the prerequisite for any cultivar development program. Genetic
Diversity depends upon the pedigree information of the varieties
based on particular levels. Pedigree refers to the parents of a
particular variety at various levels. This paper discusses the searching
and analyses of different possible pairs of varieties selected on the
basis of morphological characters, Climatic conditions and Nutrients
so as to obtain the most optimal pair that can produce the required
crossbreed variety. An algorithm was developed to determine the
coefficient of parentage (COP) between the selected wheat varieties.
Dummy values were used wherever actual data was not available.
Abstract: Fuzzy random variables have been introduced as an imprecise concept of numeric values for characterizing the imprecise knowledge. The descriptive parameters can be used to describe the primary features of a set of fuzzy random observations. In fuzzy environments, the expected values are usually represented as fuzzy-valued, interval-valued or numeric-valued descriptive parameters using various metrics. Instead of the concept of area metric that is usually adopted in the relevant studies, the numeric expected value is proposed by the concept of distance metric in this study based on two characters (fuzziness and randomness) of FRVs. Comparing with the existing measures, although the results show that the proposed numeric expected value is same with those using the different metric, if only triangular membership functions are used. However, the proposed approach has the advantages of intuitiveness and computational efficiency, when the membership functions are not triangular types. An example with three datasets is provided for verifying the proposed approach.
Abstract: In a handwriting recognition problem, characters can
be represented using chain codes. The main problem in representing
characters using chain code is optimizing the length of the chain
code. This paper proposes to use randomized algorithm to minimize
the length of Freeman Chain Codes (FCC) generated from isolated
handwritten characters. Feedforward neural network is used in the
classification stage to recognize the image characters. Our test results
show that by applying the proposed model, we reached a relatively
high accuracy for the problem of isolated handwritten when tested on
NIST database.
Abstract: Current OCR technology does not allow to
accurately recognizing small text images, such as those found
in web images. Our goal is to investigate new approaches to
recognize very low resolution text images containing antialiased
character shapes.
This paper presents a preliminary study on the variability of
such characters and the feasibility to discriminate them by
using geometrical features. In a first stage we analyze the
distribution of these features. In a second stage we present a
study on the discriminative power for recognizing isolated
characters, using various rendering methods and font
properties. Finally we present interesting results of our
evaluation tests leading to our conclusion and future focus.
Abstract: The feature extraction method(s) used to recognize
hand-printed characters play an important role in ICR applications.
In order to achieve high recognition rate for a recognition system, the
choice of a feature that suits for the given script is certainly an
important task. Even if a new feature required to be designed for a
given script, it is essential to know the recognition ability of the
existing features for that script. Devanagari script is being used in
various Indian languages besides Hindi the mother tongue of majority
of Indians. This research examines a variety of feature extraction
approaches, which have been used in various ICR/OCR applications,
in context to Devanagari hand-printed script. The study is conducted
theoretically and experimentally on more that 10 feature extraction
methods. The various feature extraction methods have been evaluated
on Devanagari hand-printed database comprising more than 25000
characters belonging to 43 alphabets. The recognition ability of the
features have been evaluated using three classifiers i.e. k-NN, MLP
and SVM.
Abstract: This paper fist examines three set of bivariate cointegrations between any two of current accounts, stock markets, and currency exchange markets in ten Asian countries. Furthermore, we examined the effect of country characters on this bivariate cointegration. Our findings suggest that for three sets of cointegration test, each sample country at least exists one cointegration. India consistently exhibited a bi-directional causal relationship between any two of three indicators. Unlike Pan et al. (2007) and Phylaktis and Ravazzolo (2005), we found that such cointegration is influenced by three characteristics: capital control; flexibility in foreign exchange rates; and the ratio of trade to GDP. These characteristics are the result of liberalization in each Asian country. This implies that liberalization policies are effective on improving the cointegration between any two of financial markets and current account for ten Asian countries.
Abstract: In this paper, a new proposed system for Persian
printed numeral characters recognition with emphasis on
representation and recognition stages is introduced. For the first time,
in Persian optical character recognition, geometrical central moments
as character image descriptor and fuzzy min-max neural network for
Persian numeral character recognition has been used. Set of different
experiments on binary images of regular, translated, rotated and
scaled Persian numeral characters has been done and variety of
results has been presented. The best result was 99.16% correct
recognition demonstrating geometrical central moments and fuzzy
min-max neural network are adequate for Persian printed numeral
character recognition.
Abstract: Creating3D environments, including characters and
cities, is a significantly time consuming process due to a large amount
of workinvolved in designing and modelling.There have been a
number of attempts to automatically generate 3D objects employing
shape grammars. However it is still too early to apply the mechanism
to real problems such as real-time computer games.The purpose of this
research is to introduce a time efficient and cost effective method to
automatically generatevarious 3D objects for real-time 3D games.
This Shape grammar-based real-time City Generation (RCG) model is
a conceptual model for generating 3Denvironments in real-time and
can be applied to 3D gamesoranimations. The RCG system can
generate even a large cityby applying fundamental principles of shape
grammars to building elementsin various levels of detailin real-time.