Abstract: The purpose of the present work was to develop an innovative food product with good textural and sensorial characteristics. The product, a new type of bread, was prepared with wheat (90%) and lupin (10%) flours, without the addition of any conservatives. Several experiences were also done to find the most appropriate proportion of lupin flour. The optimized product was characterized considering the rheological, physical-chemical and sensorial properties. The water absorption of wheat flour with 10% of lupin was higher than that of the normal wheat flours, and Wheat Ceres flour presented the lower value, with lower dough development time and high stability time. The breads presented low moisture but a considerable water activity. The density of bread decreased with the introduction of lupin flour. The breads were quite white, and during storage the colour parameters decreased. The lupin flour clearly increased the number of alveolus, but the total area increased significantly just for the Wheat Cerealis bread. The addition of lupin flour increased the hardness and chewiness of breads, but the elasticity did not vary significantly. Lupin bread was sensorially similar to wheat bread produced with WCerealis flour, and the main differences are the crust rugosity, colour and alveolus characteristics.
Abstract: Plate is one of the popular structural elements used in a wide range of industries and structures. They may be subjected to blast loads during explosion events, missile attacks or aircraft attacks. This study is to investigate dynamic responses of the rectangular plate subjected to explosive loads. The effects of material properties and plate thickness on responses of the plate are to be investigated. The compressive pressure is applied to the surface of the plate. Different amounts of thickness in the range from 1mm to 30mm are considered for the plate to evaluate the changes in responses of the plate with respect to plate thickness. Two different properties are considered for the steel. First, the analysis is performed by considering only the elastic-plastic properties for the steel plate. Later on damping is considered to investigate its effects on the responses of the plate. To do analysis, numerical method using a finite element based package ABAQUS is applied. Finally, dynamic responses and graphs showing the relation between maximum displacement of the plate and aim parameters are provided.
Abstract: This paper presents a grid synchronization technique based on adaptive notch filter for SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) system along with MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) techniques. An efficient grid synchronization technique offers proficient detection of various components of grid signal like phase and frequency. It also acts as a barrier for harmonics and other disturbances in grid signal. A reference phase signal synchronized with the grid voltage is provided by the grid synchronization technique to standardize the system with grid codes and power quality standards. Hence, grid synchronization unit plays important role for grid connected SPV systems. As the output of the PV array is fluctuating in nature with the meteorological parameters like irradiance, temperature, wind etc. In order to maintain a constant DC voltage at VSC (Voltage Source Converter) input, MPPT control is required to track the maximum power point from PV array. In this work, a variable step size P & O (Perturb and Observe) MPPT technique with DC/DC boost converter has been used at first stage of the system. This algorithm divides the dPpv/dVpv curve of PV panel into three separate zones i.e. zone 0, zone 1 and zone 2. A fine value of tracking step size is used in zone 0 while zone 1 and zone 2 requires a large value of step size in order to obtain a high tracking speed. Further, adaptive notch filter based control technique is proposed for VSC in PV generation system. Adaptive notch filter (ANF) approach is used to synchronize the interfaced PV system with grid to maintain the amplitude, phase and frequency parameters as well as power quality improvement. This technique offers the compensation of harmonics current and reactive power with both linear and nonlinear loads. To maintain constant DC link voltage a PI controller is also implemented and presented in this paper. The complete system has been designed, developed and simulated using SimPower System and Simulink toolbox of MATLAB. The performance analysis of three phase grid connected solar photovoltaic system has been carried out on the basis of various parameters like PV output power, PV voltage, PV current, DC link voltage, PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage, grid voltage, grid current, voltage source converter current, power supplied by the voltage source converter etc. The results obtained from the proposed system are found satisfactory.
Abstract: In this paper, we present a quantum statistical
mechanical formulation from our recently analytical expressions for
partial-wave transition matrix of a three-particle system. We report
the quantum reactive cross sections for three-body scattering
processes 1+(2,3)→1+(2,3) as well as recombination
1+(2,3)→1+(3,1) between one atom and a weakly-bound dimer. The
analytical expressions of three-particle transition matrices and their
corresponding cross-sections were obtained from the threedimensional
Faddeev equations subjected to the rank-two non-local
separable potentials of the generalized Yamaguchi form. The
equilibrium quantum statistical mechanical properties such partition
function and equation of state as well as non-equilibrium quantum
statistical properties such as transport cross-sections and their
corresponding transport collision integrals were formulated
analytically. This leads to obtain the transport properties, such as
viscosity and diffusion coefficient of a moderate dense gas.
Abstract: The seriously damaged structures during earthquakes
show the need and importance of design of reinforced concrete
structures with high ductility. Reinforced concrete beam-column
joints have an important function in all structures. Under seismic
excitation, the beam column joint region is subjected to horizontal
and vertical shear forces whose magnitude is many times higher than
the adjacent beam and column. Strength and ductility of structures
depends mainly on proper detailing of the reinforcement in beamcolumn
joints and the old structures were found ductility deficient.
DSP materials are obtained by using high quantities of super
plasticizers and high volumes of micro silica. In the case of High
Performance Densified Small Particle Concrete (HPDSPC), since
concrete is dense even at the micro-structure level, tensile strain
would be much higher than that of the conventional SFRC, SIFCON
& SIMCON. This in turn will improve cracking behaviour, ductility
and energy absorption capacity of composites in addition to
durability. The fine fibers used in our mix are 0.3mm diameter and 10
mm which can be easily placed with high percentage. These fibers
easily transfer stresses and act as a composite concrete unit to take up
extremely high loads with high compressive strength. HPDSPC
placed in the beam column joints helps in safety of human life due to
prolonged failure.
Abstract: A novel Active Flap System (AFS) has been developed
at DTU Wind Energy, as a result of a 3-year R&D project following
almost 10 years of innovative research in this field. The full scale AFS
comprises an active deformable trailing edge has been tested at the
unique rotating test facility at the Risø Campus of DTU Wind Energy
in Denmark. The design and instrumentation of the wing section and
the AFS are described. The general description and objectives of the
rotating test rig at the Risø campus of DTU are presented, along
with an overview of sensors on the setup and the test cases. The
post-processing of data is discussed and results of steady, flap step
and azimuth control flap cases are presented.
Abstract: Multiphase Induction Machine (IM) is normally
controlled using rotor field oriented vector control. Under phase(s)
loss, the machine currents can be optimally controlled to satisfy
certain optimization criteria. In this paper we discuss the performance
of double manifold sliding mode observer (DM-SMO) in Sensorless
control of multiphase induction machine under unsymmetrical
condition (one phase loss). This observer is developed using the IM
model in the stationary reference frame. DM-SMO is constructed by
adding extra feedback term to conventional single mode sliding mode
observer (SM-SMO) which proposed in many literature. This leads to
a fully convergent observer that also yields an accurate estimate of
the speed and stator currents. It will be shown by the simulation
results that the estimated speed and currents by the method are very
well and error between real and estimated quantities is negligible.
Also parameter sensitivity analysis shows that this method is rather
robust against parameter variation.
Abstract: Milk is considered as an essential and complete food.
The present study was conducted at Milk Plant Mohali especially in
reference to the procurement section where the cash inflow was
maximum, with the objective to achieve higher productivity and
reduce wastage of milk. In milk plant it was observed that during the
month of Jan-2014 to March-2014 the average procurement of milk
was Rs. 4, 19, 361 liter per month and cost of procurement of milk is
Rs 35/- per liter. The total cost of procurement thereby equal to Rs.
1crore 46 lakh per month, but there was mismatch in procurementproduction
of milk, which leads to an average loss of Rs. 12, 94, 405
per month. To solve the procurement-production problem Quality
Control Tools like brainstorming, Flow Chart, Cause effect diagram
and Pareto analysis are applied wherever applicable. With the
successful implementation of Quality Control tools an average saving
of Rs. 4, 59, 445 per month is done.
Abstract: Ultraviolet photocatalytic oxidation (UV-PCO)
technology has been recommended as a green approach to health
indoor environment when it is integrated into mechanical ventilation
systems for inorganic and organic compounds removal as well as
energy saving due to less outdoor air intakes. Although much research
has been devoted to UV-PCO, limited information is available on the
UV-PCO behavior tested by the mixtures in literature. This project
investigated UV-PCO performance and by-product generation using a
single and a mixture of acetone and MEK at 100 ppb each in a
single-pass duct system in an effort to obtain knowledge associated
with competitive photochemical reactions involved in. The
experiments were performed at 20 % RH, 22 °C, and a gas flow rate of
128 m3/h (75 cfm). Results show that acetone and MEK mutually
reduced each other’s PCO removal efficiency, particularly negative
removal efficiency for acetone. These findings were different from
previous observation of facilitatory effects on the adsorption of
acetone and MEK on photocatalyst surfaces.
Abstract: Erosion and abrasion are wear mechanisms reducing
the lifetime of machine elements like valves, pump and pipe systems.
Both wear mechanisms are acting at the same time, causing a
“Synergy” effect, which leads to a rapid damage of the surface.
Different parameters are effective on erosive abrasive wear rate. In
this study effect of particle impact angle on wear rate and wear
mechanism of ductile and brittle materials was investigated. A new
slurry pot was designed for experimental investigation. As abrasive
particle, silica sand was used. Particle size was ranking between 200-
500 μm. All tests were carried out in a sand-water mixture of 20%
concentration for four hours. Impact velocities of the particles were
4.76 m/s. As ductile material steel St 37 with Vickers Hardness
Number (VHN) of 245 and quenched St 37 with 510 VHN was used
as brittle material. After wear tests, morphology of the eroded
surfaces were investigated for better understanding of the wear
mechanisms acting at different impact angles by using Scanning
Electron Microscope. The results indicated that wear rate of ductile
material was higher than brittle material. Maximum wear rate was
observed by ductile material at a particle impact angle of 300 and
decreased further by an increase in attack angle. Maximum wear rate
by brittle materials was by impact angle of 450 and decreased further
up to 900. Ploughing was the dominant wear mechanism by ductile
material. Microcracks on the surface were detected by ductile
materials, which are nucleation centers for crater formation. Number
of craters decreased and depth of craters increased by ductile
materials by attack angle higher than 300. Deformation wear
mechanism was observed by brittle materials. Number and depth of
pits decreased by brittle materials by impact angles higher than 450.
At the end it is concluded that wear rate could not be directly related
to impact angle of particles due to the different reaction of ductile and
brittle materials.
Abstract: In most existing buildings in hot climate, cooling
loads lead to high primary energy consumption and consequently
high CO2 emissions. These can be substantially decreased with
integrated renewable energy systems. Kuwait is characterized by its
dry hot long summer and short warm winter. Kuwait receives annual
total radiation more than 5280 MJ/m2 with approximately 3347 h of
sunshine. Solar energy systems consist of PV modules and parabolic
trough collectors are considered to satisfy electricity consumption,
domestic water heating, and cooling loads of an existing building.
This paper presents the results of an extensive program of energy
conservation and energy generation using integrated photovoltaic
(PV) modules and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). The program
conducted on an existing institutional building intending to convert it
into a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) or near net Zero Energy
Building (nNZEB). The program consists of two phases; the first
phase is concerned with energy auditing and energy conservation
measures at minimum cost and the second phase considers the
installation of photovoltaic modules and parabolic trough collectors.
The 2-storey building under consideration is the Applied Sciences
Department at the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait. Single
effect lithium bromide water absorption chillers are implemented to
provide air conditioning load to the building. A numerical model is
developed to evaluate the performance of parabolic trough collectors
in Kuwait climate. Transient simulation program (TRNSYS) is
adapted to simulate the performance of different solar system
components. In addition, a numerical model is developed to assess
the environmental impacts of building integrated renewable energy
systems. Results indicate that efficient energy conservation can play
an important role in converting the existing buildings into NZEBs as
it saves a significant portion of annual energy consumption of the
building. The first phase results in an energy conservation of about
28% of the building consumption. In the second phase, the integrated
PV completely covers the lighting and equipment loads of the
building. On the other hand, parabolic trough collectors of optimum
area of 765 m2 can satisfy a significant portion of the cooling load,
i.e about73% of the total building cooling load. The annual avoided
CO2 emission is evaluated at the optimum conditions to assess the
environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. The total annual
avoided CO2 emission is about 680 metric ton/year which confirms
the environmental impacts of these systems in Kuwait.
Abstract: When high strength reinforced concrete is exposed to
high temperature due to a fire, deteriorations occur such as loss in
strength and elastic modulus, cracking and spalling of the concrete.
Therefore, it is important to understand risk of structural safety in
building structures by studying structural behaviors and rehabilitation
of fire damaged high strength concrete structures. This paper aims at
investigating rehabilitation effect on fire damaged high strength
concrete beams using experimental and analytical methods. In the
experiments, flexural specimens with high strength concrete are
exposed to high temperatures according to ISO 834 standard time
temperature curve. From four-point loading test, results show that
maximum loads of the rehabilitated beams are similar to or higher than
those of the non-fire damaged RC beam. In addition, structural
analyses are performed using ABAQUS 6.10-3 with same conditions
as experiments to provide accurate predictions on structural and
mechanical behaviors of rehabilitated RC beams. The parameters are
the fire cover thickness and strengths of repairing mortar. Analytical
results show good rehabilitation effects, when the results predicted
from the rehabilitated models are compared to structural behaviors of
the non-damaged RC beams. In this study, fire damaged high strength concrete beams are
rehabilitated using polymeric cement mortar. The predictions from the
finite element (FE) models show good agreements with the
experimental results and the modeling approaches can be used to
investigate applicability of various rehabilitation methods for further
study.
Abstract: Groundwater is vital to the livelihoods and health of the majority of the people, since it provides almost the entire water resource for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Groundwater quality comprises the physical, chemical and bacteriological qualities. The present investigation was carried out to determine the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of the ground water sources in the residential areas of Karakulam Grama Panchayath in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala state in India. Karakulam is located in the eastern suburbs of Thiruvananthapuram city. The major drinking water source of the residents in the study area is wells. The present study aims to assess the portability and irrigational suitability of groundwater in the study area. The water samples were collected from randomly selected dug wells and bore wells in the study area during post monsoon and pre monsoon seasons of the year 2014 after a preliminary field survey. The physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of the water samples were analyzed following standard procedures. The concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Mn) in the acid digested water samples were determined by using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that the pH of well water samples ranged from acidic to alkaline level. In majority of well water samples (>54 %) the iron and magnesium content were found high in both the seasons studied, and the values were above the permissible limits of WHO drinking water quality standards. Bacteriological analyses showed that 63% of the wells were contaminated with total coliforms in both the seasons studied. Irrigational suitability of groundwater was assessed by determining the chemical indices like Sodium Percentage (%Na), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), and the results indicate that the well water in the study area are good for irrigation purposes. Therefore, the study reveals the degradation of drinking water quality groundwater sources in Karakulam Grama Panchayath in Thiruvananthapuram District, Keralain terms of its chemical and bacteriological characteristics, and is not potable without proper treatment. In the study, more than 1/3rdof the well water samples tested were positive for total coliforms, and the bacterial contamination may pose threat to public health. The study recommends the need for periodic well water quality monitoring in the study area and to conduct awareness programs among the residents.
Abstract: Investigating the dynamic responses of high rise
structures under the effect of siesmic ground motion is extremely
important for the proper analysis and design of multitoried structures.
Since the presence of infilled walls strongly influences the behaviour
of frame systems in multistoried buildings, there is an increased need
for developing guidelines for the analysis and design of infilled
frames under the effect of dynamic loads for safe and proper design
of buildings. In this manuscript, we evaluate the natural frequencies
and natural periods of single bay single storey frames considering the
effect of infill walls by using the Eigen value analysis and validating
with SAP 2000 (free vibration analysis). Various parameters obtained
from the diagonal strut model followed for the free vibration analysis
is then compared with the Finite Element model, where infill is
modeled as shell elements (four noded). We also evaluated the effect
of various parameters on the natural periods of vibration obtained by
free vibration analysis in SAP 2000 comparing them with those
obtained by the empirical expressions presented in I.S. 1893(Part I)-
2002.
Abstract: The aim of the current work was to employ the finite
element method to model a slab, with a small hole across its width,
undergoing plastic plane strain deformation. The computational
model had, however, to be validated by comparing its results with
those obtained experimentally. Since they were in good agreement,
the finite element method can therefore be considered a reliable tool
that can help gain better understanding of the mechanism of ductile
failure in structural members having stress raisers. The finite element
software used was ANSYS, and the PLANE183 element was utilized.
It is a higher order 2-D, 8-node or 6-node element with quadratic
displacement behavior. A bilinear stress-strain relationship was used
to define the material properties, with constants similar to those of the
material used in the experimental study. The model was run for
several tensile loads in order to observe the progression of the plastic
deformation region, and the stress concentration factor was
determined in each case. The experimental study involved employing the visioplasticity
technique, where a circular mesh (each circle was 0.5 mm in
diameter, with 0.05 mm line thickness) was initially printed on the
side of an aluminum slab having a small hole across its width.
Tensile loading was then applied to produce a small increment of
plastic deformation. Circles in the plastic region became ellipses,
where the directions of the principal strains and stresses coincided
with the major and minor axes of the ellipses. Next, we were able to
determine the directions of the maximum and minimum shear
stresses at the center of each ellipse, and the slip-line field was then
constructed. We were then able to determine the stress at any point in
the plastic deformation zone, and hence the stress concentration
factor. The experimental results were found to be in good agreement
with the analytical ones.
Abstract: The goal of the modern education system is to prepare
students to be able to adapt to ever-changing life situations. They
must be able to acquire required knowledge independently; apply
such knowledge in practice to solve various problems by using
modern technologies; think critically and creatively; competently use
information; be communicative, work in a team; and develop their
own moral values, intellect and cultural awareness. As a result, the
status of education significantly increases; new requirements to its
quality have been formed. In recent years the competency-based
approach in education has become of significant interest. This
approach is a strengthening of applied and practical characteristics of
a school education and leads to the forming of the key students’
competencies which define their success in future life. In this article,
the authors’ attention focuses on a range of key competencies,
educational, informational and communicative and on the possibility
to develop such competencies via STEM education. This research
shows the change in students’ attitude towards scientific disciplines
such as mathematics, general science, technology and engineering as
a result of STEM education. Two staged analyzed questionnaires
completed by students of forms II to IV in the republic of Trinidad
and Tobago allowed the authors to categorize students between two
levels that represent students’ attitude to various disciplines. The
significance of differences between selected levels was confirmed
with the use of Pearson’s chi-squared test. In summary, the analysis
of obtained data makes it possible to conclude that STEM education
has a great potential for development of core students’ competencies
and encourage the development of positive student attitude towards
the above mentioned above scientific disciplines.
Abstract: Expansive soils are often encountered in many parts
of the world, especially in arid and semi-arid fields. Such kind of
soils, generally including active clay minerals in low water content,
enlarge in volume by absorbing the water through the surface and
cause a great harm to the light structures such as channel coating,
roads and airports. The expansive soils were encountered on the path
of Apa-Hotamış conveyance channel belonging to the State
Hydraulic Works in the region of Konya. In the research done in this
area, it is predicted that the soil has a swollen nature and the soil
should be filled with proper granular equipments by digging the
ground to 50-60 cm. In this study, for purpose of helping the other
research to be done in the same area, it is thought that instead of
replacing swollen soil with the granular soil, by stabilizing it with
polypropylene fiber and using it its original place decreases effect of
swelling percent, in this way the cost will be decreased. Therefore,
laboratory tests were conducted to study the effects of polypropylene
fiber on swelling characteristics of expansive soil. Test results
indicated that inclusion of fiber reduced swell percent of expansive
soil. As the fiber content increased, the unconfined compressive
strength was increased. Finally, it can be said that stabilization of
expansive soils with polypropylene fiber is an effective method.
Abstract: Below-knee amputees commonly experience
asymmetrical gait patterns. It is generally believed that ischemia is
related to the formation of pressure sores due to uneven distribution
of forces. Micro-vascular responses can reveal local malnutrition.
Changes in local skin blood supply under various external loading
conditions have been studied for a number of years. Radionuclide
clearance, photo-plethysmography, trans-cutaneous oxygen tension
along with other studies showed that the blood supply would be
influenced by the epidermal forces, and the rate and the amount of
blood supply would decrease with increased epidermal loads being
shear forces or normal forces. Several cases of socket designs were
investigated using Finite Element Model (FEM) and Design of
Experiment (DOE) to increase flexibility and minimize the pressure
at the limb/socket interface using ultra high molecular weight
polyethylene (UHMWPE) and polyamide 6 (PA6) or Duraform. The
pressure reliefs at designated areas where reducing thickness is
involved are seen to be critical in determination of amputees’ comfort
and are very important to clinical applications. Implementing a hole
between the Patellar Tendon (PT) and Distal Tibia (DT) would
decrease stiffness and increase prosthesis range of motion where
flexibility is needed. In addition, displacement and prosthetic energy
storage increased without compromising mechanical efficiency and
prosthetic design integrity.
Abstract: The present work is aimed at examining carbon steel
oil pipelines corrosion using three natural extracts (Eruca Sativa,
Rosell and Mango peels) that are used as inhibitors of different
concentrations ranging from 0.05-0.1wt. %. Two sulphur compounds
are used as corrosion mediums. Weight loss method was used for
measuring the corrosion rate of the carbon steel specimens immersed
in technical white oil at 100ºC at various time intervals in absence
and presence of the two sulphur compounds. The corroded specimens
are examined using the chemical wear test, scratch test and hardness
test. The scratch test is carried out using scratch loads from 0.5 Kg to
2.0 Kg. The scratch width is obtained at various scratch load and test
conditions. The Brinell hardness test is carried out and investigated
for both corroded and inhibited specimens. The results showed that
three natural extracts can be used as environmentally friendly
corrosion inhibitors.
Abstract: This paper presents a fully Lagrangian coupled
Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) solver for simulations of
fluid-structure interactions, which is based on the Moving Particle
Semi-implicit (MPS) method to solve the governing equations
corresponding to incompressible flows as well as elastic structures.
The developed solver is verified by reproducing the high velocity
impact loads of deformable thin wedges with three different materials
such as mild steel, aluminium and tin during water entry. The present
simulation results for aluminium are compared with analytical solution
derived from the hydrodynamic Wagner model and linear Wan’s
theory. And also, the impact pressure and strain on the water entry
wedge with three different materials, such as mild steel, aluminium
and tin, are simulated and the effects of hydro-elasticity are discussed.