Achieving Net Zero Energy Building in a Hot Climate Using Integrated Photovoltaic and Parabolic trough Collectors
In most existing buildings in hot climate, cooling
loads lead to high primary energy consumption and consequently
high CO2 emissions. These can be substantially decreased with
integrated renewable energy systems. Kuwait is characterized by its
dry hot long summer and short warm winter. Kuwait receives annual
total radiation more than 5280 MJ/m2 with approximately 3347 h of
sunshine. Solar energy systems consist of PV modules and parabolic
trough collectors are considered to satisfy electricity consumption,
domestic water heating, and cooling loads of an existing building.
This paper presents the results of an extensive program of energy
conservation and energy generation using integrated photovoltaic
(PV) modules and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). The program
conducted on an existing institutional building intending to convert it
into a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) or near net Zero Energy
Building (nNZEB). The program consists of two phases; the first
phase is concerned with energy auditing and energy conservation
measures at minimum cost and the second phase considers the
installation of photovoltaic modules and parabolic trough collectors.
The 2-storey building under consideration is the Applied Sciences
Department at the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait. Single
effect lithium bromide water absorption chillers are implemented to
provide air conditioning load to the building. A numerical model is
developed to evaluate the performance of parabolic trough collectors
in Kuwait climate. Transient simulation program (TRNSYS) is
adapted to simulate the performance of different solar system
components. In addition, a numerical model is developed to assess
the environmental impacts of building integrated renewable energy
systems. Results indicate that efficient energy conservation can play
an important role in converting the existing buildings into NZEBs as
it saves a significant portion of annual energy consumption of the
building. The first phase results in an energy conservation of about
28% of the building consumption. In the second phase, the integrated
PV completely covers the lighting and equipment loads of the
building. On the other hand, parabolic trough collectors of optimum
area of 765 m2 can satisfy a significant portion of the cooling load,
i.e about73% of the total building cooling load. The annual avoided
CO2 emission is evaluated at the optimum conditions to assess the
environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. The total annual
avoided CO2 emission is about 680 metric ton/year which confirms
the environmental impacts of these systems in Kuwait.
[1] S. Baden, P. Fairey, P. Waide, J. Laustsen, “Hurdling financial barriers
to low energy buildings: experiences from the USA and Europe on
financial incentives and monetizing building energy savings in private
investment decisions,” In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACEEE Summer
Study on Energy Efficiency and Buildings, American Council for an
Energy Efficiency Economy, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
[2] H. S. Geller, “Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future”,
Island Press, Boulder, CO, USA, p. 165. ISBN 1-55963-965-2, 2002.
[3] P. Hernandez, P. Kenny “From net energy to zero energy buildings:
Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB)”, Energy and
Buildings, Vol. 42, No.6, pp. 815–821, 2010
[4] K. Voss, A. Goetzberger, G. Bopp, A. Haberle, A. Heinzel, H.
Lehmberg, “The self-sufficient solar house in Freiburg—Results of 3
years of operation”, Solar Energy, Vol. 58, pp. 17-23, 1996.
[5] T. H. Reijenga (2000) “Energy efficient and zero-energy building in the
Netherlands” In: International Workshop on Energy Efficiency in
Buildings in China for the 21st Century, CBEEA, Beijing; December,
2000.
[6] W. Gilijamse, “Zero-energy houses in the Netherlands”. In: Proceedings
of Building Simulation ‘95. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 276-283,
August 14–16, 1995.
[7] S. Kadam, “Zero net energy buildings: are they economically feasible?”
In: Sustainable Energy Proceedings. Spring (http://web.mit.edu
/energylab/www/se/ proceedings/Kadam , 2001.
[8] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, “Design of a maximum power tracking
system for wind-energy-conversion applications”, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 486–494, 2006.
[9] Y. Hamada, M. Nakamura, K. Ochifuji, S. Yokoyama, K. Nagano,
“Development of a database of low energy homes around the world and
analyses of their trends ”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 321–
328, 1995.
[10] T. Tsoutsos, E. Aloumpi, Z. Gkouskos, M. Karagiorgas,“ Design of a
solar absorption cooling system in a Greek hospital”, Energy and
Buildings, Vol. 42, No.2, pp. 265-272, 2010.
[11] J.S. Li, “A study of energy performance and efficiency improvement
procedures of Government Offices in Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region”, Energy and Building, Vol. 40, pp. 1872–1875,
2008.
[12] Iqbal, I. and Al-Homoud M. (2007) ‘Parametric analysis of alternative
energy conservation measures in an office building in hot and humid
climate’, Energy and Environment, Vol. 42, pp. 2166–2177.
[13] G. Escrivá, C. Álvarez-Bel, I. Valencia-Salazar, “Method for modelling
space conditioning aggregated daily load curves: Application to a
university building”, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 42, pp. 1275–1282,
2010.
[14] M. M. Rahman, M. G Rasul, M. M. K. Khan, “Energy conservation
measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in
Australia”, Applied Energy, Vol. 87, pp. 2994–3004, 2010.
[15] M. Oliver, T. Jackson, “Energy and Economic Evaluation of Building
Integrated Photovoltaics”, Energy, Vol. 26, pp. 431-439, 2001.
[16] R. Rüther., P. Braun, “Energetic contribution potential of buildingintegrated
photovoltaics on airports in warm climates”, Solar Energy,
Vol. 83, pp. 1923-1931, 2009.
[17] A. Keoleian, G. Lewis, “Modeling the life cycle energy and
environmental performance of amorphous silicon BIPV roofing in the
US”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, pp. 271-293, 2003.
[18] G. Da Grac, A. Augusto, M. Lerer, “Solar powered net zero energy
houses for southern Europe: Feasibility study”, Solar Energy, Vol. 86,
pp. 634-646, 2012.
[19] X. Q. Zhai, R. Z. Wang, Y. J. Dai, J. Y. Wu, “Experience on integration
of solar thermal technologies with green buildings”, Renewable Energy,
Vol. 33, pp 1904–1910, 2008.
[20] H. M. Yin, D. J. Yang, G. Kelly, J. Garant, “Design and performance of
a novel building integrated PV / thermal system for energy efficiency of
buildings”, Solar Energy, Vol. 87, pp 184-195, 2013.
[21] S. A. Klein, et al., “TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program”,
Version 16, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006.
[22] A. A. Ghoneim, A. Y. Al-Hasan, A. H. Abdullah, “Economic analysis of
photovoltaic powered solar domestic hot water systems at Kuwait”,
Renewable Energy, Vol. 25, pp. 81-100, 2002.
[23] J. A. Duffie., W. A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2004.
[1] S. Baden, P. Fairey, P. Waide, J. Laustsen, “Hurdling financial barriers
to low energy buildings: experiences from the USA and Europe on
financial incentives and monetizing building energy savings in private
investment decisions,” In: Proceedings of the 2006 ACEEE Summer
Study on Energy Efficiency and Buildings, American Council for an
Energy Efficiency Economy, Washington DC, USA, 2006.
[2] H. S. Geller, “Energy Revolution: Policies for a Sustainable Future”,
Island Press, Boulder, CO, USA, p. 165. ISBN 1-55963-965-2, 2002.
[3] P. Hernandez, P. Kenny “From net energy to zero energy buildings:
Defining life cycle zero energy buildings (LC-ZEB)”, Energy and
Buildings, Vol. 42, No.6, pp. 815–821, 2010
[4] K. Voss, A. Goetzberger, G. Bopp, A. Haberle, A. Heinzel, H.
Lehmberg, “The self-sufficient solar house in Freiburg—Results of 3
years of operation”, Solar Energy, Vol. 58, pp. 17-23, 1996.
[5] T. H. Reijenga (2000) “Energy efficient and zero-energy building in the
Netherlands” In: International Workshop on Energy Efficiency in
Buildings in China for the 21st Century, CBEEA, Beijing; December,
2000.
[6] W. Gilijamse, “Zero-energy houses in the Netherlands”. In: Proceedings
of Building Simulation ‘95. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 276-283,
August 14–16, 1995.
[7] S. Kadam, “Zero net energy buildings: are they economically feasible?”
In: Sustainable Energy Proceedings. Spring (http://web.mit.edu
/energylab/www/se/ proceedings/Kadam , 2001.
[8] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, “Design of a maximum power tracking
system for wind-energy-conversion applications”, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 53, No. 2, pp. 486–494, 2006.
[9] Y. Hamada, M. Nakamura, K. Ochifuji, S. Yokoyama, K. Nagano,
“Development of a database of low energy homes around the world and
analyses of their trends ”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 321–
328, 1995.
[10] T. Tsoutsos, E. Aloumpi, Z. Gkouskos, M. Karagiorgas,“ Design of a
solar absorption cooling system in a Greek hospital”, Energy and
Buildings, Vol. 42, No.2, pp. 265-272, 2010.
[11] J.S. Li, “A study of energy performance and efficiency improvement
procedures of Government Offices in Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region”, Energy and Building, Vol. 40, pp. 1872–1875,
2008.
[12] Iqbal, I. and Al-Homoud M. (2007) ‘Parametric analysis of alternative
energy conservation measures in an office building in hot and humid
climate’, Energy and Environment, Vol. 42, pp. 2166–2177.
[13] G. Escrivá, C. Álvarez-Bel, I. Valencia-Salazar, “Method for modelling
space conditioning aggregated daily load curves: Application to a
university building”, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 42, pp. 1275–1282,
2010.
[14] M. M. Rahman, M. G Rasul, M. M. K. Khan, “Energy conservation
measures in an institutional building in sub-tropical climate in
Australia”, Applied Energy, Vol. 87, pp. 2994–3004, 2010.
[15] M. Oliver, T. Jackson, “Energy and Economic Evaluation of Building
Integrated Photovoltaics”, Energy, Vol. 26, pp. 431-439, 2001.
[16] R. Rüther., P. Braun, “Energetic contribution potential of buildingintegrated
photovoltaics on airports in warm climates”, Solar Energy,
Vol. 83, pp. 1923-1931, 2009.
[17] A. Keoleian, G. Lewis, “Modeling the life cycle energy and
environmental performance of amorphous silicon BIPV roofing in the
US”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 28, pp. 271-293, 2003.
[18] G. Da Grac, A. Augusto, M. Lerer, “Solar powered net zero energy
houses for southern Europe: Feasibility study”, Solar Energy, Vol. 86,
pp. 634-646, 2012.
[19] X. Q. Zhai, R. Z. Wang, Y. J. Dai, J. Y. Wu, “Experience on integration
of solar thermal technologies with green buildings”, Renewable Energy,
Vol. 33, pp 1904–1910, 2008.
[20] H. M. Yin, D. J. Yang, G. Kelly, J. Garant, “Design and performance of
a novel building integrated PV / thermal system for energy efficiency of
buildings”, Solar Energy, Vol. 87, pp 184-195, 2013.
[21] S. A. Klein, et al., “TRNSYS, A Transient Simulation Program”,
Version 16, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2006.
[22] A. A. Ghoneim, A. Y. Al-Hasan, A. H. Abdullah, “Economic analysis of
photovoltaic powered solar domestic hot water systems at Kuwait”,
Renewable Energy, Vol. 25, pp. 81-100, 2002.
[23] J. A. Duffie., W. A. Beckman, “Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2004.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:70910", author = "Adel A. Ghoneim", title = "Achieving Net Zero Energy Building in a Hot Climate Using Integrated Photovoltaic and Parabolic trough Collectors", abstract = "In most existing buildings in hot climate, cooling
loads lead to high primary energy consumption and consequently
high CO2 emissions. These can be substantially decreased with
integrated renewable energy systems. Kuwait is characterized by its
dry hot long summer and short warm winter. Kuwait receives annual
total radiation more than 5280 MJ/m2 with approximately 3347 h of
sunshine. Solar energy systems consist of PV modules and parabolic
trough collectors are considered to satisfy electricity consumption,
domestic water heating, and cooling loads of an existing building.
This paper presents the results of an extensive program of energy
conservation and energy generation using integrated photovoltaic
(PV) modules and Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC). The program
conducted on an existing institutional building intending to convert it
into a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB) or near net Zero Energy
Building (nNZEB). The program consists of two phases; the first
phase is concerned with energy auditing and energy conservation
measures at minimum cost and the second phase considers the
installation of photovoltaic modules and parabolic trough collectors.
The 2-storey building under consideration is the Applied Sciences
Department at the College of Technological Studies, Kuwait. Single
effect lithium bromide water absorption chillers are implemented to
provide air conditioning load to the building. A numerical model is
developed to evaluate the performance of parabolic trough collectors
in Kuwait climate. Transient simulation program (TRNSYS) is
adapted to simulate the performance of different solar system
components. In addition, a numerical model is developed to assess
the environmental impacts of building integrated renewable energy
systems. Results indicate that efficient energy conservation can play
an important role in converting the existing buildings into NZEBs as
it saves a significant portion of annual energy consumption of the
building. The first phase results in an energy conservation of about
28% of the building consumption. In the second phase, the integrated
PV completely covers the lighting and equipment loads of the
building. On the other hand, parabolic trough collectors of optimum
area of 765 m2 can satisfy a significant portion of the cooling load,
i.e about73% of the total building cooling load. The annual avoided
CO2 emission is evaluated at the optimum conditions to assess the
environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. The total annual
avoided CO2 emission is about 680 metric ton/year which confirms
the environmental impacts of these systems in Kuwait.", keywords = "Building integrated renewable systems, Net-Zero
Energy Building, solar fraction, avoided CO2 emission.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "703-7", }