Abstract: The study of the fouling deposition of pink guava
juice (PGJ) is relatively new research compared to milk fouling
deposit. In this work, a new experimental set-up was developed to
imitate the fouling formation in heat exchanger, namely a continuous
flow experimental set-up heat exchanger. The new experimental setup
was operated under industrial pasteurization temperature of PGJ,
which was at 93°C. While the flow rate and pasteurization period
were based on the experimental capacity, which were 0.5 and 1
liter/min for the flow rate and the pasteurization period was set for 1
hour. Characterization of the fouling deposit was determined by
using various methods. Microstructure of the deposits was carried
out using ESEM. Proximate analyses were performed to determine
the composition of moisture, fat, protein, fiber, ash and carbohydrate
content. A study on the hardness and stickiness of the fouling deposit
was done using a texture analyzer. The presence of seedstone in pink
guava juice was also analyzed using a particle analyzer. The findings
shown that seedstone from pink guava juice ranging from 168 to
200μm and carbohydrate was found to be a major composition
(47.7% of fouling deposit consists of carbohydrate). Comparison
between the hardness and stickiness of the deposits at two different
flow rates showed that fouling deposits were harder and denser at
higher flow rate. Findings from this work provide basis knowledge
for further study on fouling and cleaning of PGJ.
Abstract: 98% of the energy needed in Taiwan has been
imported. The prices of petroleum and electricity have been
increasing. In addition, facility capacity, amount of electricity
generation, amount of electricity consumption and number of Taiwan
Power Company customers have continued to increase. For these
reasons energy conservation has become an important topic. In the
past linear regression was used to establish the power consumption
models for chillers. In this study, grey prediction is used to evaluate
the power consumption of a chiller so as to lower the total power
consumption at peak-load (so that the relevant power providers do not
need to keep on increasing their power generation capacity and facility
capacity).
In grey prediction, only several numerical values (at least four
numerical values) are needed to establish the power consumption
models for chillers. If PLR, the temperatures of supply chilled-water
and return chilled-water, and the temperatures of supply cooling-water
and return cooling-water are taken into consideration, quite accurate
results (with the accuracy close to 99% for short-term predictions)
may be obtained. Through such methods, we can predict whether the
power consumption at peak-load will exceed the contract power
capacity signed by the corresponding entity and Taiwan Power
Company. If the power consumption at peak-load exceeds the power
demand, the temperature of the supply chilled-water may be adjusted
so as to reduce the PLR and hence lower the power consumption.
Abstract: In this paper, naturally immobilized lipase, Carica
papaya lipase, catalyzed biodiesel production from fish oil was
studied. The refined fish oil, extracted from the discarded parts of
fish, was used as a starting material for biodiesel production. The
effects of molar ratio of oil: methanol, lipase dosage, initial water
activity of lipase, temperature and solvent were investigated. It was
found that Carica papaya lipase was suitable for methanolysis of fish
oil to produce methyl ester. The maximum yield of methyl ester
could reach up to 83% with the optimal reaction conditions: oil:
methanol molar ratio of 1: 4, 20% (based on oil) of lipase, initial
water activity of lipase at 0.23 and 20% (based on oil) of tert-butanol
at 40oC after 18 h of reaction time. There was negligible loss in
lipase activity even after repeated use for 30 cycles.
Abstract: Tasks of an application program of an embedded system are managed by the scheduler of a real-time operating system
(RTOS). Most RTOSs adopt just fixed priority scheduling, which is not optimal in all cases. Some applications require earliest deadline
first (EDF) scheduling, which is an optimal scheduling algorithm.
In order to develop an efficient real-time embedded system, the
scheduling algorithm of the RTOS should be selectable. The paper presents a method to customize the scheduler using aspectoriented
programming. We define aspects to replace the fixed priority scheduling mechanism of an OSEK OS with an EDF scheduling
mechanism. By using the aspects, we can customize the scheduler
without modifying the original source code. We have applied the
aspects to an OSEK OS and get a customized operating system with
EDF scheduling. The evaluation results show that the overhead of
aspect-oriented programming is small enough.
Abstract: This paper will first describe predictor controllers
when the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers are
inactive for procedures that have large delay time (LDT) in transfer
stage. Therefore in those states, the predictor controllers are better
than the PID controllers, then compares three types of predictor
controllers. The value of these controller-s parameters are obtained
by trial and error method, so here an effort has been made to obtain
these parameters by Ziegler-Nichols method. Eventually in this paper
Ziegler-Nichols method has been described and finally, a PIP
controller has been designed for a thermal system, which circulates
hot air to keep the temperature of a chamber constant.
Abstract: The two-dimensional gel electrophoresis method
(2-DE) is widely used in Proteomics to separate thousands of proteins
in a sample. By comparing the protein expression levels of proteins in
a normal sample with those in a diseased one, it is possible to identify
a meaningful set of marker proteins for the targeted disease. The major
shortcomings of this approach involve inherent noises and irregular
geometric distortions of spots observed in 2-DE images. Various
experimental conditions can be the major causes of these problems. In
the protein analysis of samples, these problems eventually lead to
incorrect conclusions. In order to minimize the influence of these
problems, this paper proposes a partition based pair extension method
that performs spot-matching on a set of gel images multiple times and
segregates more reliable mapping results which can improve the
accuracy of gel image analysis. The improved accuracy of the
proposed method is analyzed through various experiments on real
2-DE images of human liver tissues.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to examine the reading
comprehension scores of Turkish 5th grade students according to the
variables given in the student questionnaire. In this descriptive
survey study research participated 279 5th grade students, who
studied at 10 different primary schools in four provinces of Ankara in
2008-2009 academic year. Two different data collection tools were
made use of in the study: “Reading Comprehension Test" and
“Student Information Questionnaire". Independent sample t-test, oneway
Anova and two-way Anova tests were used in the analyses of
the gathered data. The results of the study indicate that the reading
comprehension scores of the students differ significantly according to
sex of the students, the number of books in their houses, the
frequency of summarizing activities on the reading text of free and
the frequency reading hours provided by their teachers; but, differ
not significantly according to educational level of their mothers and
fathers.
Abstract: Droplet size distributions in the cold spray of a fuel
are important in observed combustion behavior. Specification of
droplet size and velocity distributions in the immediate downstream
of injectors is also essential as boundary conditions for advanced
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and two-phase spray transport
calculations. This paper describes the development of a new model to
be incorporated into maximum entropy principle (MEP) formalism
for prediction of droplet size distribution in droplet formation region.
The MEP approach can predict the most likely droplet size and
velocity distributions under a set of constraints expressing the
available information related to the distribution.
In this article, by considering the mechanisms of turbulence
generation inside the nozzle and wave growth on jet surface, it is
attempted to provide a logical framework coupling the flow inside the
nozzle to the resulting atomization process. The purpose of this paper
is to describe the formulation of this new model and to incorporate it
into the maximum entropy principle (MEP) by coupling sub-models
together using source terms of momentum and energy. Comparison
between the model prediction and experimental data for a gas turbine
swirling nozzle and an annular spray indicate good agreement
between model and experiment.
Abstract: A passive system "Qanat" is collection of some
underground wells. A mother-well was dug in a place far from the
city where they could reach to the water table maybe 100 meters
underground, they dug other wells to direct water toward the city,
with minimum possible gradient. Using the slope of the earth they
could bring water close to the surface in the city. The source of water
or the appearance of Qanat, land slope and the ownership lines are
the important and effective factors in the formation of routes and the
segment division of lands to the extent that making use of Qanat as
the techniques of extracting underground waters creates a channel of
routes with an organic order and hierarchy coinciding the slope of
land and it also guides the Qanat waters in the tradition texture of salt
desert and border provinces of it. Qanats are excavated in a specified
distinction from each other. The quantity of water provided by
Qanats depends on the kind of land, distance from mountain,
geographical situation of them and the rate of water supply from the
underground land. The rate of underground waters, possibility of
Qanat excavation, number of Qanats and rate of their water supply
from one hand and the quantity of cultivable fertile lands from the
other hand are the important natural factors making the size of cities.
In the same manner the cities with several Qanats have multi central
textures. The location of cities is in direct relation with land quality,
soil fertility and possibility of using underground water by excavating
Qanats. Observing the allowable distance for Qanat watering is a
determining factor for distance between villages and cities.
Topography, land slope, soil quality, watering system, ownership,
kind of cultivation, etc. are the effective factors in directing Qanats
for excavation and guiding water toward the cultivable lands and it
also causes the formation of different textures in land division of
farming provinces. Several divisions such as orderly and wide, inorderly,
thin and long, comb like, etc. are the introduction to organic
order. And at the same time they are complete coincidence with
environmental conditions in the typical development of ecological
architecture and planning in the traditional cities and settlements
order.
Abstract: The present paper represent the efforts undertaken for
the development of an semi-automatic robot that may be used for
various post-disaster rescue operation planning and their subsequent
execution using one-way communication of video and data from the
robot to the controller and controller to the robot respectively.
Wireless communication has been used for the purpose so that the
robot may access the unapproachable places easily without any
difficulties. It is expected that the information obtained from the
robot would be of definite help to the rescue team for better planning
and execution of their operations.
Abstract: The photochemical and photo-Fenton oxidation of 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol was performed in a batch reactor, at room temperature, using UV radiation, H2O2 as oxidant, and Fenton-s reagent. The effect of the oxidative agent-s initial concentration was investigated as well as the effect of the initial concentration of Fe(II) by following the target compound degradation, the total organic carbon removal and the chloride ion production. Also, from the kinetic analysis conducted and proposed reaction scheme it was deduced that the addition of Fe(II) significantly increases the production and the further oxidation of the chlorinated intermediates.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of International
Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) adoption on the frequency of
earnings managements towards small positive profits. We focus on
two emerging markets IFRS adopters: South Africa and Turkey.
We tested our logistic regression using appropriate panelestimation
techniques over a sample of 330 South African and 210
Turkish firm-year observations over the period 2002-2008. Our
results document that mandatory adoption of IFRS is not associated
with a reduction in earnings management towards small positive
profits in emerging markets. These results contradict most of the
previous findings of the studies conducted in developed countries.
Based on the legal system factor, we compare the intensity of
earnings management between a code law country (Turkey) and a
common law country (South Africa) over the pre and post-adoption
periods. Our findings show that the frequency of such earnings
management practice increases significantly for the code law
country.
Abstract: To determine the length of engagement threads of a bolt installed in a tapped part in order to avoid the threads stripping remains a very current problem in the design of the thread assemblies. It does not exist a calculation method formalized for the cases where the bolt is screwed directly in a ductile material. In this article, we study the behavior of the threads stripping of a loaded assembly by using a modelling by finite elements and a rupture criterion by damage. This modelling enables us to study the different parameters likely to influence the behavior of this bolted connection. We study in particular, the influence of couple of materials constituting the connection, of the bolt-s diameter and the geometrical characteristics of the tapped part, like the external diameter and the length of engagement threads. We established an experiments design to know the most significant parameters. That enables us to propose a simple expression making possible to calculate the resistance of the threads whatever the metallic materials of the bolt and the tapped part. We carried out stripping tests in order to validate our model. The estimated results are very close to those obtained by the tests.
Abstract: The reliable results of an insulated oval duct
considering heat radiation are obtained basing on accurate oval
perimeter obtained by integral method as well as one-dimensional
Plane Wedge Thermal Resistance (PWTR) model. This is an extension
study of former paper of insulated oval duct neglecting heat radiation.
It is found that in the practical situations with long-short-axes ratio a/b
4.5% while t/R2
Abstract: The ARMrayan Multimedia Mobile CMS (Content
Management System) is the first mobile CMS that gives the
opportunity to users for creating multimedia J2ME mobile
applications with their desired content, design and logo; simply,
without any need for writing even a line of code. The low-level
programming and compatibility problems of the J2ME, along with
UI designing difficulties, makes it hard for most people –even
programmers- to broadcast their content to the widespread mobile
phones used by nearly all people. This system provides user-friendly,
PC-based tools for creating a tree index of pages and inserting
multiple multimedia contents (e.g. sound, video and picture) in each
page for creating a J2ME mobile application. The output is a standalone
Java mobile application that has a user interface, shows texts
and pictures and plays music and videos regardless of the type of
devices used as long as the devices support the J2ME platform.
Bitmap fonts have also been used thus Middle Eastern languages can
be easily supported on all mobile phone devices. We omitted
programming concepts for users in order to simplify multimedia
content-oriented mobile applictaion designing for use in educational,
cultural or marketing centers. Ordinary operators can now create a
variety of multimedia mobile applications such as tutorials,
catalogues, books, and guides in minutes rather than months.
Simplicity and power has been the goal of this CMS. In this paper,
we present the software engineered-designed concepts of the
ARMrayan MCMS along with the implementation challenges faces
and solutions adapted.
Abstract: In order to increase in chickpea quality and
agroecosystem sustainability, field experiments were carried out in
2007 and 2008 growing seasons. In this research the effects of
different organic, chemical and biological fertilizers were
investigated on grain yield and quality of chickpea. Experimental
units were arranged in split-split plots based on randomized complete
blocks with three replications. The highest amounts of yield and yield
components were obtained in G1×N5 interaction. Significant
increasing of N, P, K, Fe and Mg content in leaves and grains
emphasized on superiority of mentioned treatment because each one
of these nutrients has an approved role in chlorophyll synthesis and
photosynthesis ability of the crop. The combined application of
compost, farmyard manure and chemical phosphorus (N5) had the
best grain quality due to high protein, starch and total sugar contents,
low crude fiber and reduced cooking time.
Abstract: The main goal of the article is to present new model of
application architecture of banking IT solution providing the Internet
Banking services that is particularly outsourced. At first, we propose
business rationale and a SWOT analysis to explain the reasons for the
model in the article. The most important factor for our model is
nowadays- big boom around smart phones and tablet devices. As
next, we focus on IT architecture viewpoint where we design
application, integration and security model. Finally, we propose a
generic governance model that serves as a basis for the specialized
governance model. The specialized instance of governance model is
designed to ensure that the development and the maintenance of
different parts of the IT solution are well governed in time.
Abstract: A separation-kernel-based operating system (OS) has been designed for use in secure embedded systems by applying formal methods to the design of the separation-kernel part. The separation kernel is a small OS kernel that provides an abstract distributed environment on a single CPU. The design of the separation kernel was verified using two formal methods, the B method and the Spin model checker. A newly designed semi-formal method, the extended state transition method, was also applied. An OS comprising the separation-kernel part and additional OS services on top of the separation kernel was prototyped on the Intel IA-32 architecture. Developing and testing of a prototype embedded application, a point-of-sale application, on the prototype OS demonstrated that the proposed architecture and the use of formal methods to design its kernel part are effective for achieving a secure embedded system having a high-assurance separation kernel.
Abstract: We introduce an algorithm based on the
morphological shared-weight neural network. Being nonlinear and
translation-invariant, the MSNN can be used to create better
generalization during face recognition. Feature extraction is
performed on grayscale images using hit-miss transforms that are
independent of gray-level shifts. The output is then learned by
interacting with the classification process. The feature extraction and
classification networks are trained together, allowing the MSNN to
simultaneously learn feature extraction and classification for a face.
For evaluation, we test for robustness under variations in gray levels
and noise while varying the network-s configuration to optimize
recognition efficiency and processing time. Results show that the
MSNN performs better for grayscale image pattern classification
than ordinary neural networks.
Abstract: Professions are concerned about the public image they
have, and this public image is represented by stereotypes. Research is
needed to understand how accountants are perceived by different
actors in the society in different contexts, which would allow
universities, professional bodies and employers to adjust their
strategies to attract the right people to the profession and their
organizations. We aim to develop in this paper a framework to be
used in empirical testing in different environments to determine and
analyze the accountant-s stereotype. This framework will be useful in
analyzing the nuances associated to the accountant-s image and in
understanding the factors that may lead to uniformity in the
profession and of those leading to diversity from one context
(country, type of countries, region) to another.