Abstract: Power consumption of nodes in ad hoc networks is a
critical issue as they predominantly operate on batteries. In order to
improve the lifetime of an ad hoc network, all the nodes must be
utilized evenly and the power required for connections must be
minimized. In this project a link layer algorithm known as Power
Aware medium Access Control (PAMAC) protocol is proposed
which enables the network layer to select a route with minimum total
power requirement among the possible routes between a source and a
destination provided all nodes in the routes have battery capacity
above a threshold. When the battery capacity goes below a
predefined threshold, routes going through these nodes will be
avoided and these nodes will act only as source and destination.
Further, the first few nodes whose battery power drained to the set
threshold value are pushed to the exterior part of the network and the
nodes in the exterior are brought to the interior. Since less total
power is required to forward packets for each connection. The
network layer protocol AOMDV is basically an extension to the
AODV routing protocol. AOMDV is designed to form multiple
routes to the destination and it also avoid the loop formation so that it
reduces the unnecessary congestion to the channel. In this project, the
performance of AOMDV is evaluated using PAMAC as a MAC layer
protocol and the average power consumption, throughput and
average end to end delay of the network are calculated and the results
are compared with that of the other network layer protocol AODV.
Abstract: Position based routing protocols are the kinds of
routing protocols, which they use of nodes location information,
instead of links information to routing. In position based routing
protocols, it supposed that the packet source node has position
information of itself and it's neighbors and packet destination node.
Greedy is a very important position based routing protocol. In one of
it's kinds, named MFR (Most Forward Within Radius), source node
or packet forwarder node, sends packet to one of it's neighbors with
most forward progress towards destination node (closest neighbor to
destination). Using distance deciding metric in Greedy to forward
packet to a neighbor node, is not suitable for all conditions. If closest
neighbor to destination node, has high speed, in comparison with
source node or intermediate packet forwarder node speed or has very
low remained battery power, then packet loss probability is
increased. Proposed strategy uses combination of metrics distancevelocity
similarity-power, to deciding about giving the packet to
which neighbor. Simulation results show that the proposed strategy
has lower lost packets average than Greedy, so it has more reliability.
Abstract: In this paper we study the resource allocation problem
for an OFDMA based cooperative two-way relaying (TWR) network.
We focus on amplify and forward (AF) analog network coding
(ANC) protocol. An optimization problem for two basic resources
namely, sub-carrier and power is formulated for multi-user TWR
networks. A joint optimal optimization problem is investigated and
two-step low complexity sub-optimal resource allocation algorithm is
proposed for multi-user TWR networks with ANC protocol. The
proposed algorithm has been evaluated in term of total achievable
system sum-rate and achievable individual sum-rate for each userpair.
The good tradeoff between system sum-rate and fairness is
observed in the two-step proportional resource allocation scheme.
Abstract: Deniable authentication is a new protocol which not only enables a receiver to identify the source of a received message but also prevents a third party from identifying the source of the message. The proposed protocol in this paper makes use of bilinear pairings over elliptic curves, as well as the Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol. Besides the security properties shared with previous authentication protocols, the proposed protocol provides the same level of security with smaller public key sizes.
Abstract: RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) system has
been widely used in our life, such as transport systems, passports,
automotive, animal tracking, human implants, library, and so on.
However, the RFID authentication protocols between RF (Radio
Frequency) tags and the RF readers have been bring about various
privacy problems that anonymity of the tags, tracking, eavesdropping,
and so on. Many researchers have proposed the solution of the
problems. However, they still have the problem, such as location
privacy, mutual authentication. In this paper, we show the problems of
the previous protocols, and then we propose a more secure and
efficient RFID authentication protocol.
Abstract: Network Management Systems have played a great important role in information systems. Management is very important and essential in any fields. There are many managements such as configuration management, fault management, performance management, security management, accounting management and etc. Among them, configuration, fault and security management is more important than others. Because these are essential and useful in any fields. Configuration management is to monitor and maintain the whole system or LAN. Fault management is to detect and troubleshoot the system. Security management is to control the whole system. This paper intends to increase the network management functionalities including configuration management, fault management and security management. In configuration management system, this paper specially can support the USB ports and devices to detect and read devices configuration and solve to detect hardware port and software ports. In security management system, this paper can provide the security feature for the user account setting and user management and proxy server feature. And all of the history of the security such as user account and proxy server history are kept in the java standard serializable file. So the user can view the history of the security and proxy server anytime. If the user uses this system, the user can ping the clients from the network and the user can view the result of the message in fault management system. And this system also provides to check the network card and can show the NIC card setting. This system is used RMI (Remote Method Invocation) and JNI (Java Native Interface) technology. This paper is to implement the client/server network management system using Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE). This system can provide more than 10 clients. And then this paper intends to show data or message structure of client/server and how to work using TCP/IP protocol.
Abstract: Secure electronic payment system is presented in this
paper. This electronic payment system is to be secure for clients such
as customers and shop owners. The security architecture of the
system is designed by RC5 encryption / decryption algorithm. This
eliminates the fraud that occurs today with stolen credit card
numbers. The symmetric key cryptosystem RC5 can protect
conventional transaction data such as account numbers, amount and
other information. This process can be done electronically using RC5
encryption / decryption program written by Microsoft Visual Basic
6.0. There is no danger of any data sent within the system being
intercepted, and replaced. The alternative is to use the existing
network, and to encrypt all data transmissions. The system with
encryption is acceptably secure, but that the level of encryption has
to be stepped up, as computing power increases. Results In order to
be secure the system the communication between modules is
encrypted using symmetric key cryptosystem RC5. The system will
use simple user name, password, user ID, user type and cipher
authentication mechanism for identification, when the user first
enters the system. It is the most common method of authentication in
most computer system.
Abstract: Energy consumption is an important design issue for
Mobile Subscriber Station (MSS) in the standard IEEE 802.16e.
Because mobility of MSS implies that energy saving becomes an
issue so that lifetime of MSS can be extended before re-charging.
Also, the mechanism in efficiently managing the limited energy is
becoming very significant since a MSS is generally energized by
battery. For these, sleep mode operation is recently specified in the
MAC (Medium Access Control) protocol. In order to reduce the
energy consumption, we focus on the sleep-mode and wake-mode of
the MAC layer, which are included in the IEEE 802.16 standards [1-
2].
Abstract: The wireless sensor networks have been extensively
deployed and researched. One of the major issues in wireless sensor
networks is a developing energy-efficient clustering protocol.
Clustering algorithm provides an effective way to prolong the lifetime
of a wireless sensor networks. In the paper, we compare several
clustering protocols which significantly affect a balancing of energy
consumption. And we propose an Energy-Efficient Distributed
Unequal Clustering (EEDUC) algorithm which provides a new way of
creating distributed clusters. In EEDUC, each sensor node sets the
waiting time. This waiting time is considered as a function of residual
energy, number of neighborhood nodes. EEDUC uses waiting time to
distribute cluster heads. We also propose an unequal clustering
mechanism to solve the hot-spot problem. Simulation results show that
EEDUC distributes the cluster heads, balances the energy
consumption well among the cluster heads and increases the network
lifetime.
Abstract: Since communications between tag and reader in RFID
system are by radio, anyone can access the tag and obtain its any
information. And a tag always replies with the same ID so that it is
hard to distinguish between a real and a fake tag. Thus, there are many
security problems in today-s RFID System. Firstly, unauthorized
reader can easily read the ID information of any Tag. Secondly,
Adversary can easily cheat the legitimate reader using the collected
Tag ID information, such as the any legitimate Tag. These security
problems can be typically solved by encryption of messages
transmitted between Tag and Reader and by authentication for Tag.
In this paper, to solve these security problems on RFID system, we
propose the Tag Authentication Scheme based on self shrinking
generator (SSG). SSG Algorithm using in our scheme is proposed by
W.Meier and O.Staffelbach in EUROCRYPT-94. This Algorithm is
organized that only one LFSR and selection logic in order to generate
random stream. Thus it is optimized to implement the hardware logic
on devices with extremely limited resource, and the output generating
from SSG at each time do role as random stream so that it is allow our
to design the light-weight authentication scheme with security against
some network attacks. Therefore, we propose the novel tag
authentication scheme which use SSG to encrypt the Tag-ID
transmitted from tag to reader and achieve authentication of tag.
Abstract: This paper proposes a VPN Accelerator Board
(VPN-AB), a virtual private network (VPN) protocol designed for
trust channel security system (TCSS). TCSS supports safety
communication channel between security nodes in internet. It
furnishes authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and access control
to security node to transmit data packets with IPsec protocol. TCSS
consists of internet key exchange block, security association block,
and IPsec engine block. The internet key exchange block negotiates
crypto algorithm and key used in IPsec engine block. Security
Association blocks setting-up and manages security association
information. IPsec engine block treats IPsec packets and consists of
networking functions for communication. The IPsec engine block
should be embodied by H/W and in-line mode transaction for high
speed IPsec processing. Our VPN-AB is implemented with high speed
security processor that supports many cryptographic algorithms and
in-line mode. We evaluate a small TCSS communication environment,
and measure a performance of VPN-AB in the environment. The
experiment results show that VPN-AB gets a performance throughput
of maximum 15.645Gbps when we set the IPsec protocol with
3DES-HMAC-MD5 tunnel mode.
Abstract: Real-time embedded systems should benefit from
component-based software engineering to handle complexity and
deal with dependability. In these systems, applications should not
only be logically correct but also behave within time windows.
However, in the current component based software engineering
approaches, a few of component models handles time properties in
a manner that allows efficient analysis and checking at the
architectural level. In this paper, we present a meta-model for
component-based software description that integrates timing
issues. To achieve a complete functional model of software
components, our meta-model focuses on four functional aspects:
interface, static behavior, dynamic behavior, and interaction
protocol. With each aspect we have explicitly associated a time
model. Such a time model can be used to check a component-s
design against certain properties and to compute the timing
properties of component assemblies.
Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network is widely used in electronics. Wireless sensor networks are now used in many applications including military, environmental, healthcare applications, home automation and traffic control. We will study one area of wireless sensor networks, which is the routing protocol. Routing protocols are needed to send data between sensor nodes and the base station. In this paper, we will discuss two routing protocols, such as datacentric and hierarchical routing protocol. We will show the output of the protocols using the NS-2 simulator. This paper will compare the simulation output of the two routing protocol using Nam. We will simulate using Xgraph to find the throughput and delay of the protocol.
Abstract: There are many virtual payment systems available to
conduct micropayments. It is essential that the protocols satisfy the
highest standards of correctness. This paper examines the Netpay
Protocol [3], provide its formalization as automata model, and prove
two important correctness properties, namely absence of deadlock
and validity of an ecoin during the execution of the protocol. This
paper assumes a cooperative customer and will prove that the
protocol is executing according to its description.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional
antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well
known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
(OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR)
concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We
developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize
the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the
number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End
delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through
simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad-
Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in
reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall
throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based
on the OPNET network simulation tool.
Abstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent and far common debilitating form of arthritis which can be defined as a degenerative condition affecting synovial joint. Patients suffering from osteoarthritis often complain of dull ache pain on movement.
Physical agents can fight the painful process when correctly indicated and used such as heat or cold therapy Aim. This study was carried out to: Compare the effect of cold, warm and contrast therapy on controlling knee osteoarthritis associated problems. Setting: The study was carried out in orthopedic outpatient clinics of Menoufia University and teaching Hospitals, Egypt. Sample: A convenient sample of 60 adult patients with unilateral knee osteoarthritis. Tools: three tools were utilized to collect the data. Tool I : An interviewing questionnaire. It comprised of three parts covering sociodemographic data, medical data and adverse effects of the treatment protocol. Tool II : Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) It consists of five main parts. Tool II1 : 0-10 Numeric pain rating scale. Results: reveled that the total knee symptoms score was decreased from moderate symptoms pre intervention to mild symptoms after warm and contrast method of therapy, but the contrast therapy had significant effect in reducing the knee symptoms and pain than the other symptoms. Conclusions: all of the three
methods of therapy resulted in improvement in all knee symptoms and pain but the most appropriate protocol of treatment to relive symptoms and pain was contrast therapy.
Abstract: This paper is introduced a modification to Diffie-
Hellman protocol to be applicable on the decimal numbers, which
they are the numbers between zero and one. For this purpose we
extend the theory of the congruence. The new congruence is over
the set of the real numbers and it is called the “real congruence"
or the “real modulus". We will refer to the existing congruence by
the “integer congruence" or the “integer modulus". This extension
will define new terms and redefine the existing terms. As the
properties and the theorems of the integer modulus are extended as
well. Modified Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol is produced a
sharing, secure and decimal secret key for the the cryptosystems that
depend on decimal numbers.
Abstract: We consider a two-way relay network where two sources exchange information. A relay helps the two sources exchange information using the decode-and-XOR-forward protocol. We investigate the power minimization problem with minimum rate constraints. The system needs two time slots and in each time slot the required rate pair should be achievable. The power consumption is minimized in each time slot and we obtained the closed form solution. The simulation results confirm that the proposed power allocation scheme consumes lower total power than the conventional schemes.
Abstract: In this paper, a mathematical model of human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV) is utilized and an optimization problem is
proposed, with the final goal of implementing an optimal 900-day
structured treatment interruption (STI) protocol. Two type of commonly
used drugs in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART),
reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTI) and protease inhibitors (PI), are
considered. In order to solving the proposed optimization problem an
adaptive memetic algorithm with population management (AMAPM)
is proposed. The AMAPM uses a distance measure to control the
diversity of population in genotype space and thus preventing the
stagnation and premature convergence. Moreover, the AMAPM uses
diversity parameter in phenotype space to dynamically set the population
size and the number of crossovers during the search process.
Three crossover operators diversify the population, simultaneously.
The progresses of crossover operators are utilized to set the number
of each crossover per generation. In order to escaping the local optima
and introducing the new search directions toward the global optima,
two local searchers assist the evolutionary process. In contrast to
traditional memetic algorithms, the activation of these local searchers
is not random and depends on both the diversity parameters in
genotype space and phenotype space. The capability of AMAPM in
finding optimal solutions compared with three popular metaheurestics
is introduced.
Abstract: Many accidents were happened because of fast driving, habitual working overtime or tired spirit. This paper presents a solution of remote warning for vehicles collision avoidance using vehicular communication. The development system integrates dedicated short range communication (DSRC) and global position system (GPS) with embedded system into a powerful remote warning system. To transmit the vehicular information and broadcast vehicle position; DSRC communication technology is adopt as the bridge. The proposed system is divided into two parts of the positioning andvehicular units in a vehicle. The positioning unit is used to provide the position and heading information from GPS module, and furthermore the vehicular unit is used to receive the break, throttle, and othersignals via controller area network (CAN) interface connected to each mechanism. The mobile hardware are built with an embedded system using X86 processor in Linux system. A vehicle is communicated with other vehicles via DSRC in non-addressed protocol with wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) short message protocol. From the position data and vehicular information, this paper provided a conflict detection algorithm to do time separation and remote warning with error bubble consideration. And the warning information is on-line displayed in the screen. This system is able to enhance driver assistance service and realize critical safety by using vehicular information from the neighbor vehicles.KeywordsDedicated short range communication, GPS, Control area network, Collision avoidance warning system.