Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks
In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional
antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well
known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
(OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR)
concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We
developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize
the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the
number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End
delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through
simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad-
Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in
reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall
throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based
on the OPNET network simulation tool.
[1] C. E. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking. Addison-Wesley Professional,
2001.
[2] P. Jacquet, A.Laouiti, P. Minet, and L. Viennot, "Performance analysis
of olsr multipoint relay flooding in two ad-hoc wireless network
models," Tech. Rep., september 2001, research Report-4260.
[3] G. He, "Destination-sequenced distance vector (dsdv) protocol," Tech.
Rep., 2002, helsinki University of Technology, Finland.
[4] Y. Tseng, C. Shen, and W. Chen, "Mobile ip and ad-hoc networks: An
integration and implementation experience," Tech. Rep., 2003,
department of Computer Science,and Information Engineering., National
Chiao Tung Univ., Taiwan.
[5] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das, "Ad-hoc on-demand distance
vector (aodv) routing," http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt, July 2003.
[6] R. V. Boppana and A. Mathur, "Analysis of the dynamic source routing
protocol for ad hoc networks," in IEEE Workshop on Next Generation
Wireless Networks (WoNGeN), India, December 2005.
[7] R. Izhak and Z. Runhe, "Placement of uavs as communication relays
aiding mobile ad hoc wireless networks," in Military Communications
Conference IEEE,MILCOM, 2007, pp. 1 - 7.
[8] S. Srinivasan and H. Latchman, "Airborne traffic surveillance systemsvideo
surveillance of highway traffic," in Proceedings of the ACM 2nd
international workshop on Video surveillance, 2004.
[9] D. Hague, T. Kung, and B. Suter, "Field experimentation of cotsbased
uav networking," in Military Communications Conference
IEEE,MILCOM, October 2006, pp. 1-7.
[10] M. Takai, J. Martin, A. Ren, and R. Bagrodia, "Directional virtual
carrier sensing for directional antennas in mobile ad-hoc networks," in
Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc, 2002.
[11] Y.-B. Ko, V. Shankarkumar, and N. H. Vaidya, "Medium access control
protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks," in INFOCOM
2000. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and
Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, 2000.
[12] Z. Huang and C.-C. Shen, "A comparison study of omni-directional
and directional mac protocols for ad-hoc networks," in Proc. of IEEE
Globecom-02, VOL 1, pages 57-61), 2002.
[13] R. Ramanathan, "On the performance of ad-hoc networks with beamforming
antennas," in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium
on Mobile Ad-hoc networking and computing, Long Beach,
California, pages 95-105, 2001.
[14] S. Horisawa, S. Bandyopadhyay, K. Hausike, and S. Tawara, "An adaptive
mac and directional routing protocol for ad-hoc wireless networks
using espar antenna," in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international
symposium on Mobile Ad-hoc networking and computing, Pages: 243
- 246, 2001.
[15] X. Hong, K. Xu, and M. Gerla, "Scalable routing protocols for mobile
ad-hoc networks," IEEE NETWORK, vol. 16, 2002.
[16] S. R. Das, R. Castaneda, and J. Yan, "Simulation based performance
evaluation of mobile, ad-hoc network routing protocols," ACM/Baltzer
MONET J., vol. 5, pp. 179-189, 2000.
[17] X. Hong, M. Gerla, Y. Yi, K. Xu, and T. J. Kwon, "Scalable ad
hoc routing in large, dense wireless networks using clustering and
landmarks," in Proc. IEEE ICC New York, 2002.
[18] C. Santivanez, R. Ramanathan, and I. Stavrakakis, "Making link-state
routing scale for ad-hoc networks," in International Symposium on Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networking and Computing, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
international symposium on Mobile Ad-Hoc networking and computing,
Long Beach, CA, USA, 2001.
[19] Z. J. Haas and M. R. Pearlman, "The performance of query control
schemes for the zone routing protocol," IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking (TON), vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 427-438, 2001.
[20] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and X. Hong, "Lanmar: Landmark routing for large
scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility," in Proc.
IEEE/ACM
MobiHOC , Boston, MA, pp. 11-18, 2000.
[21] A. Nasipuri and J. Mandava, "On-demand routing using directional
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks
(ICCCN2000), 2000.
[22] A. K. Saha and D. B. Johnson, "Routing improvement using directional
antennas in mobile ad-hoc networks," in Proceeding of IEEE GLOBALCOM-
04, 2004.
[23] A. K. Saha, "Energy saving and parition bridging using directional
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks," Master-s thesis, Rice University,
May 2003.
[24] R. Choudhury and N. Vaidya, "Impact of directional antennas on ad hoc
routing," in 8th Conference on Personal and Wireless Communication
(PWC), 2003.
[25] R. R. Choudhury and N. H. Vaidya, "Performance of ad-hoc routing
using directional antennas," Journal of Ad-Hoc Networks, November
2004.
[26] Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamont, "Quality of service routing in ad-hoc
networks using olsr," in Proceeding of the 36th Hawii International
Conference on System Science, 2003.
[27] P. Jacquet, A. Laouiti, P. Minet, and L. Viennot, "Performance of multipoint
relaying in ad-hoc mobile routing protocols," in Proceedings of
the 2nd International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference on Networking
Technologies, Services, and Protocols, 2002, pp. 387-398.
[28] A. Busson, N. Mitton, and E. Fleury, "Analysis of the multi-point relay
selection in olsr and implications," in the 4th Mediterranean Ad-Hoc
Networking Workshop, MED-HOC-NET 05, France, 2005.
[29] A. Huhtonen, "Comparing aodv and olsr routing protocols," April 2004,
seminar on Internetworking, Sjkulla.
[30] E. Nordstrom, P. Gunningberg, C. Rohner, and O. Wibling, "A comprehensive
comparison of manet routing protocols in simulation, emulation
and the real world," Uppsala University, pp. 1-12, 2006.
[31] H. Pucha, S. M. Das, and Y. C. Hu, "The performance impact of
traffic patterns on routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks," Journal
Computer networks, vol. 51, pp. 3595-3616, August 2007.
[1] C. E. Perkins, Ad Hoc Networking. Addison-Wesley Professional,
2001.
[2] P. Jacquet, A.Laouiti, P. Minet, and L. Viennot, "Performance analysis
of olsr multipoint relay flooding in two ad-hoc wireless network
models," Tech. Rep., september 2001, research Report-4260.
[3] G. He, "Destination-sequenced distance vector (dsdv) protocol," Tech.
Rep., 2002, helsinki University of Technology, Finland.
[4] Y. Tseng, C. Shen, and W. Chen, "Mobile ip and ad-hoc networks: An
integration and implementation experience," Tech. Rep., 2003,
department of Computer Science,and Information Engineering., National
Chiao Tung Univ., Taiwan.
[5] C. Perkins, E. Belding-Royer, and S. Das, "Ad-hoc on-demand distance
vector (aodv) routing," http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3561.txt, July 2003.
[6] R. V. Boppana and A. Mathur, "Analysis of the dynamic source routing
protocol for ad hoc networks," in IEEE Workshop on Next Generation
Wireless Networks (WoNGeN), India, December 2005.
[7] R. Izhak and Z. Runhe, "Placement of uavs as communication relays
aiding mobile ad hoc wireless networks," in Military Communications
Conference IEEE,MILCOM, 2007, pp. 1 - 7.
[8] S. Srinivasan and H. Latchman, "Airborne traffic surveillance systemsvideo
surveillance of highway traffic," in Proceedings of the ACM 2nd
international workshop on Video surveillance, 2004.
[9] D. Hague, T. Kung, and B. Suter, "Field experimentation of cotsbased
uav networking," in Military Communications Conference
IEEE,MILCOM, October 2006, pp. 1-7.
[10] M. Takai, J. Martin, A. Ren, and R. Bagrodia, "Directional virtual
carrier sensing for directional antennas in mobile ad-hoc networks," in
Proc. of the ACM MobiHoc, 2002.
[11] Y.-B. Ko, V. Shankarkumar, and N. H. Vaidya, "Medium access control
protocols using directional antennas in ad hoc networks," in INFOCOM
2000. Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and
Communications Societies. Proceedings. IEEE, 2000.
[12] Z. Huang and C.-C. Shen, "A comparison study of omni-directional
and directional mac protocols for ad-hoc networks," in Proc. of IEEE
Globecom-02, VOL 1, pages 57-61), 2002.
[13] R. Ramanathan, "On the performance of ad-hoc networks with beamforming
antennas," in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international symposium
on Mobile Ad-hoc networking and computing, Long Beach,
California, pages 95-105, 2001.
[14] S. Horisawa, S. Bandyopadhyay, K. Hausike, and S. Tawara, "An adaptive
mac and directional routing protocol for ad-hoc wireless networks
using espar antenna," in Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international
symposium on Mobile Ad-hoc networking and computing, Pages: 243
- 246, 2001.
[15] X. Hong, K. Xu, and M. Gerla, "Scalable routing protocols for mobile
ad-hoc networks," IEEE NETWORK, vol. 16, 2002.
[16] S. R. Das, R. Castaneda, and J. Yan, "Simulation based performance
evaluation of mobile, ad-hoc network routing protocols," ACM/Baltzer
MONET J., vol. 5, pp. 179-189, 2000.
[17] X. Hong, M. Gerla, Y. Yi, K. Xu, and T. J. Kwon, "Scalable ad
hoc routing in large, dense wireless networks using clustering and
landmarks," in Proc. IEEE ICC New York, 2002.
[18] C. Santivanez, R. Ramanathan, and I. Stavrakakis, "Making link-state
routing scale for ad-hoc networks," in International Symposium on Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networking and Computing, Proceedings of the 2nd ACM
international symposium on Mobile Ad-Hoc networking and computing,
Long Beach, CA, USA, 2001.
[19] Z. J. Haas and M. R. Pearlman, "The performance of query control
schemes for the zone routing protocol," IEEE/ACM Transactions on
Networking (TON), vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 427-438, 2001.
[20] G. Pei, M. Gerla, and X. Hong, "Lanmar: Landmark routing for large
scale wireless ad hoc networks with group mobility," in Proc.
IEEE/ACM
MobiHOC , Boston, MA, pp. 11-18, 2000.
[21] A. Nasipuri and J. Mandava, "On-demand routing using directional
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks," in Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks
(ICCCN2000), 2000.
[22] A. K. Saha and D. B. Johnson, "Routing improvement using directional
antennas in mobile ad-hoc networks," in Proceeding of IEEE GLOBALCOM-
04, 2004.
[23] A. K. Saha, "Energy saving and parition bridging using directional
antennas in mobile ad hoc networks," Master-s thesis, Rice University,
May 2003.
[24] R. Choudhury and N. Vaidya, "Impact of directional antennas on ad hoc
routing," in 8th Conference on Personal and Wireless Communication
(PWC), 2003.
[25] R. R. Choudhury and N. H. Vaidya, "Performance of ad-hoc routing
using directional antennas," Journal of Ad-Hoc Networks, November
2004.
[26] Y. Ge, T. Kunz, and L. Lamont, "Quality of service routing in ad-hoc
networks using olsr," in Proceeding of the 36th Hawii International
Conference on System Science, 2003.
[27] P. Jacquet, A. Laouiti, P. Minet, and L. Viennot, "Performance of multipoint
relaying in ad-hoc mobile routing protocols," in Proceedings of
the 2nd International IFIP-TC6 Networking Conference on Networking
Technologies, Services, and Protocols, 2002, pp. 387-398.
[28] A. Busson, N. Mitton, and E. Fleury, "Analysis of the multi-point relay
selection in olsr and implications," in the 4th Mediterranean Ad-Hoc
Networking Workshop, MED-HOC-NET 05, France, 2005.
[29] A. Huhtonen, "Comparing aodv and olsr routing protocols," April 2004,
seminar on Internetworking, Sjkulla.
[30] E. Nordstrom, P. Gunningberg, C. Rohner, and O. Wibling, "A comprehensive
comparison of manet routing protocols in simulation, emulation
and the real world," Uppsala University, pp. 1-12, 2006.
[31] H. Pucha, S. M. Das, and Y. C. Hu, "The performance impact of
traffic patterns on routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc networks," Journal
Computer networks, vol. 51, pp. 3595-3616, August 2007.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:54810", author = "Abdel Ilah Alshabtat and Liang Dong", title = "Low Latency Routing Algorithm for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Ad-Hoc Networks", abstract = "In this paper, we proposed a new routing protocol for
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) that equipped with directional
antenna. We named this protocol Directional Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol (DOLSR). This protocol is based on the well
known protocol that is called Optimized Link State Routing Protocol
(OLSR). We focused in our protocol on the multipoint relay (MPR)
concept which is the most important feature of this protocol. We
developed a heuristic that allows DOLSR protocol to minimize
the number of the multipoint relays. With this new protocol the
number of overhead packets will be reduced and the End-to-End
delay of the network will also be minimized. We showed through
simulation that our protocol outperformed Optimized Link State
Routing Protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocol and Ad-
Hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in
reducing the End-to-End delay and enhancing the overall
throughput. Our evaluation of the previous protocols was based
on the OPNET network simulation tool.", keywords = "Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks, Ad-Hoc RoutingProtocols, Optimized link State Routing Protocol, Unmanned AerialVehicles, Directional Antenna.", volume = "5", number = "8", pages = "1014-7", }
