Abstract: This paper study the high-level modelling and design
of delta-sigma (ΔΣ) noise shapers for audio Digital-to-Analog
Converter (DAC) so as to eliminate the in-band Signal-to-Noise-
Ratio (SNR) degradation that accompany one channel mismatch in
audio signal. The converter combines a cascaded digital signal
interpolation, a noise-shaping single loop delta-sigma modulator with
a 5-bit quantizer resolution in the final stage. To reduce sensitivity of
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC) nonlinearities of the last stage, a
high pass second order Data Weighted Averaging (R2DWA) is
introduced. This paper presents a MATLAB description modelling
approach of the proposed DAC architecture with low distortion and
swing suppression integrator designs. The ΔΣ Modulator design can
be configured as a 3rd-order and allows 24-bit PCM at sampling rate
of 64 kHz for Digital Video Disc (DVD) audio application. The
modeling approach provides 139.38 dB of dynamic range for a 32
kHz signal band at -1.6 dBFS input signal level.
Abstract: In this article we propose to model Net-banking
system by game theory. We adopt extensive game to model our web
application. We present the model in term of players and strategy.
We present UML diagram related the protocol game.
Abstract: We report in this paper the procedure of a system of
automatic speech recognition based on techniques of the dynamic
programming. The technique of temporal retiming is a technique
used to synchronize between two forms to compare. We will see how
this technique is adapted to the field of the automatic speech
recognition. We will expose, in a first place, the theory of the
function of retiming which is used to compare and to adjust an
unknown form with a whole of forms of reference constituting the
vocabulary of the application. Then we will give, in the second place,
the various algorithms necessary to their implementation on machine.
The algorithms which we will present were tested on part of the
corpus of words in Arab language Arabdic-10 [4] and gave whole
satisfaction. These algorithms are effective insofar as we apply them
to the small ones or average vocabularies.
Abstract: In order to study the effect of phosphate solubilization
microorganisms (PSM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
(PGPR) on yield and yield components of corn Zea mays (L. cv.
SC604) an experiment was conducted at research farm of Sari
Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Iran during
2007. Experiment laid out as split plot based on randomized
complete block design with three replications. Three levels of
manures (consisted of 20 Mg.ha-1 farmyard manure, 15 Mg.ha-1 green
manure and check or without any manures) as main plots and eight
levels of biofertilizers (consisted of 1-NPK or conventional fertilizer
application; 2-NPK+PSM+PGPR; 3 NP50%K+PSM+PGPR; 4-
N50%PK+PSM +PGPR; 5-N50%P50%K+PSM+ PGPR; 6-PK+PGPR; 7-
NK+PSM and 8-PSM+PGPR) as sub plots were treatments. Results
showed that farmyard manure application increased row number, ear
weight, grain number per ear, grain yield, biological yield and
harvest index compared to check. Furthermore, using of PSM and
PGPR in addition to conventional fertilizer applications (NPK) could
improve ear weight, row number and grain number per row and
ultimately increased grain yield in green manure and check plots.
According to results in all fertilizer treatments application of PSM
and PGPR together could reduce P application by 50% without any
significant reduction of grain yield. However, this treatment could
not compensate 50% reduction of N application.
Abstract: The menace of counterfeiting pharmaceuticals/drugs has become a major threat to consumers, healthcare providers, drug manufacturers and governments. It is a source of public health concern both in the developed and developing nations. Several solutions for detecting and authenticating counterfeit drugs have been adopted by different nations of the world. In this article, a dialogue system-based drug counterfeiting detection system was developed and the results of the user satisfaction and acceptability of the system are presented. The results show that the users were satisfied with the system and the system was widely accepted as a means of fighting counterfeited drugs.
Abstract: This paper proposes different methods for estimation
of the harmonic currents of the single-phase diode bridge rectifier. Both simple and advanced methods are compared and the models are
put into a context of practical use for calculating the harmonic distortion in a typical application. Finally, the different models are
compared to measurements of a real application and convincing results are achieved.
Abstract: The direct sewage sludge application is a relative
cheap method for their liquidation. In the past heavy metal contents
increase in soils treated with sewage sludge was observed. In 2003
there was acceptance on act n.188/2003 about sewage sludge
application on soils. The basic philosophy of act is a safety of the
environmental proof of sludge application on soils. The samples of
soils from wastewater treatment plant (WTP) Poprad (35) and WTP
Michalovce (33 samples) were analyzed which were chosen for
sludge application on soils. According to the results only 14 areas for
Poprad and 25 areas for Michalovce are suitable for sludge
application according to act No. 188/2003. The application dose of
sludge was calculated 50 t.ha-1 or 75 t. ha-1 once in 5 years to ensure
that heavy metal contents in treated soils will be kept.
Abstract: The use of sewage sludge and effluents from
wastewater treatment plants for irrigation of agricultural lands is on
the rise particularly in peri-urban areas of developing countries.
The reuse of nutrients and organic matter in treated wastewater
and sewage sludge via land application is a desirable goal. However,
trace or heavy metals present in sludge pose the risk of human or
phytotoxicity from land application. Long-term use of sewage
sludge, heavy metals can accumulate to phytotoxic levels and results
in reduced plants growth and/or enhanced metal concentrations in
plants, which consumed by animals then enter the food chain. In this
research, the amount of heavy metals was measured in plants
irrigated with wastewater and sludge application. For this purpose,
three pilots were made in a Shush treatment plant in south of Tehran.
Three plants species, spinach, lettuce and radish were selected and
planted in the pilots.First pilot was irrigated just with wastewater of
treatment plant and second pilot was irrigated with wastewater and
sludge application .Third pilot was irrigated with simulated heavy
metals solution equal 50 years of irrigation. The results indicate that
the average of amount of heavy metals Pb, Cd in three plant species
in first pilot were lower than permissible limits .In second pilot,
Cadmium accumulations are high in three species plants and more
than the standard limits. Concentration of Cd , Pb have exceed their
permitted limits in plants in third pilot . It was concluded that the use
of wastewater and sludge application in agricultural lands enriched
soils with heavy metals to concentrations that may pose potential
environmental and health risks in the long-term.
Abstract: In Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) systems, it is
more difficult to locate and recognise aircrafts in the neighbourhood of civil airports since aerial traffic becomes greater. Here, we propose to apply a recent Blind Source Separation (BSS) algorithm based
on Time-Frequency Analysis, in order to separate messages sent by different aircrafts and falling in the same radar beam in reception. The above source separation method involves joint-diagonalization
of a set of smoothed version of spatial Wigner-Ville distributions.
The technique makes use of the difference in the t-f signatures of the nonstationary sources to be separated. Consequently, as the SSR sources emit different messages at different frequencies, the above fitted to this new application. We applied the technique in simulation to separate SSR replies. Results are provided at the end
of the paper.
Abstract: Researchers have long had trouble in measurement of
Exchangeable Sodium Ratio (ESR) at salt-affected soils. this
parameter are often determined using laborious and time consuming
laboratory tests, but it may be more appropriate and economical to
develop a method which uses a more simple soil salinity index. The
aim of this study was to determine the relationship between
exchangeable sodium ratio (ESR) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR)
in some salt-affected soils of Khuzestan plain. To this purpose, two
experimental areas (S1, S2) of Khuzestan province-IRAN were
selected and four treatments with three replications by series of
double rings were applied. The treatments were included 25cm,
50cm, 75cm and 100cm water application. The statistical results of
the study indicated that in order to predict soil ESR based on soil
SAR the linear regression model ESR=0.2048+0.0066 SAR
(R2=0.53) & ESR=0.0564+0.0171 SAR (R2=0.76) can be
recommended in Pilot S1 and S2 respectively.
Abstract: The scroll pump belongs to the category of positive
displacement pump can be used for continuous pumping of gases at
low pressure apart from general vacuum application. The shape of
volume occupied by the gas moves and deforms continuously as the
spiral orbits. To capture flow features in such domain where mesh
deformation varies with time in a complicated manner, mesh less
solver was found to be very useful. Least Squares Kinetic Upwind
Method (LSKUM) is a kinetic theory based mesh free Euler solver
working on arbitrary distribution of points. Here upwind is enforced
in molecular level based on kinetic flux vector splitting scheme
(KFVS). In the present study we extended the LSKUM to moving
node viscous flow application. This new code LSKUM-NS-MN for
moving node viscous flow is validated for standard airfoil pitching
test case. Simulation performed for flow through scroll pump using
LSKUM-NS-MN code agrees well with the experimental pumping
speed data.
Abstract: The InAlGaN alloy has only recently began receiving
serious attention into its growth and application. High quality InGaN
films have led to the development of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and
blue laser diodes (LDs). The quaternary InAlGaN however, represents
a more versatile material since the bandgap and lattice constant can be
independently varied. We report an ultraviolet (UV) quaternary
InAlGaN multi-quantum wells (MQWs) LD study by using the
simulation program of Integrated System Engineering (ISE TCAD).
Advanced physical models of semiconductor properties were used in
order to obtain an optimized structure. The device performance which
is affected by piezoelectric and thermal effects was studied via
drift-diffusion model for carrier transport, optical gain and loss. The
optical performance of the UV LD with different numbers of quantum
wells was numerically investigated. The main peak of the emission
wavelength for double quantum wells (DQWs) was shifted from 358
to 355.8 nm when the forward current was increased. Preliminary
simulated results indicated that better output performance and lower
threshold current could be obtained when the quantum number is four,
with output power of 130 mW and threshold current of 140 mA.
Abstract: The issue of real-time and reliable report delivery is extremely important for taking effective decision in a real world mission critical Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) based application. The sensor data behaves differently in many ways from the data in traditional databases. WSNs need a mechanism to register, process queries, and disseminate data. In this paper we propose an architectural framework for data placement and management. We propose a reliable and real time approach for data placement and achieving data integrity using self organized sensor clusters. Instead of storing information in individual cluster heads as suggested in some protocols, in our architecture we suggest storing of information of all clusters within a cell in the corresponding base station. For data dissemination and action in the wireless sensor network we propose to use Action and Relay Stations (ARS). To reduce average energy dissipation of sensor nodes, the data is sent to the nearest ARS rather than base station. We have designed our architecture in such a way so as to achieve greater energy savings, enhanced availability and reliability.
Abstract: The main emphasis of metallurgists has been to process the materials to obtain the balanced mechanical properties for the given application. One of the processing routes to alter the properties is heat treatment. Nearly 90% of the structural applications are related to the medium carbon an alloyed steels and hence are regarded as structural steels. The major requirement in the conventional steel is to improve workability, toughness, hardness and grain refinement. In this view, it is proposed to study the mechanical and tribological properties of unalloyed structural (AISI 1140) steel with different thermal (heat) treatments like annealing, normalizing, tempering and hardening and compared with as brought (cold worked) specimen. All heat treatments are carried out in atmospheric condition. Hardening treatment improves hardness of the material, a marginal decrease in hardness value with improved ductility is observed in tempering. Annealing and normalizing improve ductility of the specimen. Normalized specimen shows ultimate ductility. Hardened specimen shows highest wear resistance in the initial period of slide wear where as above 25KM of sliding distance, as brought steel dominates the hardened specimen. Both mild and severe wear regions are observed. Microstructural analysis shows the existence of pearlitic structure in normalized specimen, lath martensitic structure in hardened, pearlitic, ferritic structure in annealed specimen.
Abstract: The ability to recognize humans and their activities by computer vision is a very important task, with many potential application. Study of human motion analysis is related to several research areas of computer vision such as the motion capture, detection, tracking and segmentation of people. In this paper, we describe a segmentation method for extracting human body contour in modified HLS color space. To estimate a background, the modified HLS color space is proposed, and the background features are estimated by using the HLS color components. Here, the large amount of human dataset, which was collected from DV cameras, is pre-processed. The human body and its contour is successfully extracted from the image sequences.
Abstract: Medical image modalities such as computed
tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound
(US), X-ray are adapted to diagnose disease. These modalities
provide flexible means of reviewing anatomical cross-sections and
physiological state in different parts of the human body. The raw
medical images have a huge file size and need large storage
requirements. So it should be such a way to reduce the size of those
image files to be valid for telemedicine applications. Thus the image
compression is a key factor to reduce the bit rate for transmission or
storage while maintaining an acceptable reproduction quality, but it is
natural to rise the question of how much an image can be compressed
and still preserve sufficient information for a given clinical
application. Many techniques for achieving data compression have
been introduced. In this study, three different MRI modalities which
are Brain, Spine and Knee have been compressed and reconstructed
using wavelet transform. Subjective and objective evaluation has
been done to investigate the clinical information quality of the
compressed images. For the objective evaluation, the results show
that the PSNR which indicates the quality of the reconstructed image
is ranging from (21.95 dB to 30.80 dB, 27.25 dB to 35.75 dB, and
26.93 dB to 34.93 dB) for Brain, Spine, and Knee respectively. For
the subjective evaluation test, the results show that the compression
ratio of 40:1 was acceptable for brain image, whereas for spine and
knee images 50:1 was acceptable.
Abstract: Social cognitive theory explains the power to inaugurate change is determined by the mutual influence of personal proclivity and social factors which will shape ones- motivations and expectations. In construction industry, green concept offers an opportunity to leave a lighter footprint on the environment. This opportunity, however, has not been fully grasped by many countries. As such, venturing into green construction for many practitioners would be their maiden experience. Decision to venture into new practice such as green construction will be influenced by certain drivers. This paper explores these drivers which is further expanded into motivational factors and later becomes the platform upon which expectation for green construction stands. This theoretical concept of motivation and expectations, which is adapted from social cognitive theory, focus on developers- view because of their crucial role in green application. This conceptual framework, which serves as the basis for further research, will benefit the industry as it elucidate cognitive angles to attract more new entrants to green business.
Abstract: The classification of the protein structure is commonly
not performed for the whole protein but for structural domains, i.e.,
compact functional units preserved during evolution. Hence, a first
step to a protein structure classification is the separation of the
protein into its domains. We approach the problem of protein domain
identification by proposing a novel graph theoretical algorithm. We
represent the protein structure as an undirected, unweighted and
unlabeled graph which nodes correspond the secondary structure
elements of the protein. This graph is call the protein graph. The
domains are then identified as partitions of the graph corresponding
to vertices sets obtained by the maximization of an objective function,
which mutually maximizes the cycle distributions found in the
partitions of the graph. Our algorithm does not utilize any other kind
of information besides the cycle-distribution to find the partitions. If
a partition is found, the algorithm is iteratively applied to each of
the resulting subgraphs. As stop criterion, we calculate numerically
a significance level which indicates the stability of the predicted
partition against a random rewiring of the protein graph. Hence,
our algorithm terminates automatically its iterative application. We
present results for one and two domain proteins and compare our
results with the manually assigned domains by the SCOP database
and differences are discussed.
Abstract: To define or predict incipient motion in an alluvial
channel, most of the investigators use a standard or modified form of
Shields- diagram. Shields- diagram does give a process to determine
the incipient motion parameters but an iterative one. To design
properly (without iteration), one should have another equation for
resistance. Absence of a universal resistance equation also magnifies
the difficulties in defining the model. Neural network technique,
which is particularly useful in modeling a complex processes, is
presented as a tool complimentary to modeling incipient motion.
Present work develops a neural network model employing the RBF
network to predict the average velocity u and water depth y based on
the experimental data on incipient condition. Based on the model,
design curves have been presented for the field application.
Abstract: The only relevant basis for the design of an educational application are objectives of learning for the content area. This study analyses the process in which the real – not only the formal – objectives could work as the starting point for the construction of an educational game. The application context is the education of perioperative nursing. The process is based on the panel discussions of nursing teachers. In the panels, the teachers elaborated the objectives. The transcribed discussions were analysed in terms of the conceptions of learning and teaching of perioperative nursing. The outcome of the study is first the elaborated objectives, which will be used in the implementation of an educational game for the needs of pre-, intra and post-operative nursing skills learning. Second, the study shows that different views of learning are necessary to be understood in order to design an appropriate educational application.