Abstract: This paper analyzes innovation trends in Latin America countries by means of the number of patent applications filed by residents and non residents during the period 1965 to 2012. Making use of patent data released by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), we search for the presence of multiple structural changes in patent application series in Argentina, Brazil Chile, and Mexico. These changes may suggest that firms’ innovative activity has been modified as a result of implementing a particular science, technology and innovation (STI) policy. Accordingly, the new regulations implemented in these countries during 1980s and 1990s have influenced their intellectual property regimes. The question conducting this research is thus how STI policies in these countries have affected their innovation activity? The results achieved in this research confirm the existence of multiple structural changes in the series of patent applications resulting from STI policies implemented in these countries.
Abstract: One of the most basic functions of control engineers is
tuning of controllers. There are always several process loops in the
plant necessitate of tuning. The auto tuned Proportional Integral
Derivative (PID) Controllers are designed for applications where
large load changes are expected or the need for extreme accuracy and
fast response time exists. The algorithm presented in this paper is
used for the tuning PID controller to obtain its parameters with a
minimum computing complexity. It requires continuous analysis of
variation in few parameters, and let the program to do the plant test
and calculate the controller parameters to adjust and optimize the
variables for the best performance. The algorithm developed needs
less time as compared to a normal step response test for continuous
tuning of the PID through gain scheduling.
Abstract: Results of Chilean wine classification based on the
information provided by an electronic nose are reported in this paper.
The classification scheme consists of two parts; in the first stage,
Principal Component Analysis is used as feature extraction method to
reduce the dimensionality of the original information. Then, Radial
Basis Functions Neural Networks is used as pattern recognition
technique to perform the classification. The objective of this study is
to classify different Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Carménère wine
samples from different years, valleys and vineyards of Chile.
Abstract: Present communication deals with general
distribution and diversification of Monogenean families parasitizing
different freshwater fish families of India. Levels of monogenean
parasitism and their diversity are significantly greater in Indian fishes.
The most monogeneans parasitized family of fish is Cyprinidae and
most dactylogyrids parasitise cyprinids. The family dactylogyridae
has more species than any other monogenean family and frequently
associated with cyprinid, silurids and bagrids families. Of the various
52 families of freshwater fishes from India, only the Anguillidae,
Balitoridae, Chacidae, Chanidae, Channidae, Cobitidae, Coiidae,
Erethistidae, Megalopidae, Pristidae, Psilorhynchidae, Salmonidae,
Schileidae, Sparidae, Synodontidae and Terapontidae were found to
be free of infection with monogeneans. The present study takes a
broad look at monogenean diversity in the freshwater fishes of India.
Abstract: This study defines a methodology to compute unitary costs for freight transportation modes. The main objective was to gather relevant costs data to support the formulation and evaluation of railway, road, pipelines and port projects. This article will concentrate on the following steps: Compilation and analysis of relevant modal cost studies, Methodological adjustments to make cost figures comparable between studies, Definition of typology and scope of transportation modes, Analysis and validation of cost values for relevant freight transportation modes in Chile. In order to define the comparison methodology for the costs between the different transportation modes, it was necessary to consider that the relevant cost depends on who performs the comparison. Thus, for the transportation user (e.g. exporter) the pertinent costs are the mode tariffs, whereas from the operators perspective (e.g. rail manager), the pertinent costs are the operating costs of each mode.