Biaxial Testing of Fabrics - A Comparison of Various Testing Methodologies
In textile industry, besides the conventional textile
products, technical textile goods, that have been brought external
functional properties into, are being developed for technical textile
industry. Especially these products produced with weaving
technology are widely preferred in areas such as sports, geology,
medical, automotive, construction and marine sectors. These textile
products are exposed to various stresses and large deformations under
typical conditions of use. At this point, sufficient and reliable data
could not be obtained with uniaxial tensile tests for determination of
the mechanical properties of such products due to mainly biaxial
stress state. Therefore, the most preferred method is a biaxial tensile
test method and analysis. These tests and analysis is applied to fabrics
with different functional features in order to establish the textile
material with several characteristics and mechanical properties of the
product. Planar biaxial tensile test, cylindrical inflation and bulge
tests are generally required to apply for textile products that are used
in automotive, sailing and sports areas and construction industry to
minimize accidents as long as their service life. Airbags, seat belts
and car tires in the automotive sector are also subject to the same
biaxial stress states, and can be characterized by same types of
experiments. In this study, in accordance with the research literature
related to the various biaxial test methods are compared. Results with
discussions are elaborated mainly focusing on the design of a biaxial
test apparatus to obtain applicable experimental data for developing a
finite element model. Sample experimental results on a prototype
system are expressed.
[1] Technical Textiles(Section 2), Lecture Notes, B. Ozipek
[2] R.R. Tanov, Brueggert M., "Finite element modeling of non-orthogonal
loosely woven fabrics in advanced occupant restraint systems", January,
2002
[3] B. Smith, "An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work
style)," unpublished.
[4] David Rigby Associates (DRA, www.davidrigbyassociates.uk.co,
released 03.04.2012
[5] S. Mukhopadhyay, 2008: "Technical developments and market trends of
automotive airbags, Textile advances in the automotive industry" CRC
Press
[6] http://www.itkib.org.tr/ihracat/disticaretbilgileri/raporlar/dosyalar/ttekni
k_tekstil_rapor_2008.pdf, released 22.03.2012
[7] N. Deveci, "Effects of fiber, yarn and fabric properties on the
manufacturing performance of airbag", M.Sc. Thesis, Marmara
University, Istanbul 2008
[8] IKA, A test procedure for airbags, Report 8328
[9] E. T. Crouch, "Evolution of coated fabrics for automotive airbags".
Journal of Industrial Textiles, 23(3), 202-220, 1994
[10] Gon D., 2010: Air bags for automobiles - A textile challenge. Textile
Asia, (April), 25-29, 2001
[11] C. Cromvik, "Numerical Folding of Airbags Based on Optimization and
Origami", 2007
[12] E.T. Crouch, "Evolution of airbag components and materials",
Worldwide Passenger Car Conference and Exposition, Dearborn,
Michigan, 1993
[13] J. Schwark, and J. Muller, "High performance silicone-coated textiles:
Developments and applications". Journal of Industrial Textiles, 26(1),
65-77, 1996
[14] R.Keshavaraj, R:W. Tock, Haycook D., "Airbag fabric material
modeling of nylon and polyester fabrics using a very simple neural
network architecture", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 60,
2329-2338,1996
[15] B. K. Behera, Y. Goyal, "Artificial Neural Network System for the
Design of Airbag Fabrics", Journal of Industrial Textiles, Department of
Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India,
2009
[16] P.O. Marklund, L. Nilsson, Simulation of airbag inflation processes
using a coupled fluid structure approach,2002
[17] C. Galliot, R.H. Luchsinger, Biaxial testing of architectural membranes
and foils, SOFIA TensiNet Symposium, September, 2010
[18] H. W. Reinhardt, "On the biaxial testing and strength of coated fabrics",
Experimental Mechanics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 71-74, 1976
[19] R.J. Bassetr, R. Postle, N. Pan, "Experimental Methods for Measuring
Fabric Mechanical Properties: A Review and Analysis", Textile
Research Journal, November, 1999
[20] R.J. Bassett, R. Postle, N. Pan, "Experimental methods for measuring
fabric mechanical properties": a review and analysis, Textile Research
Journal, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 866-875, 1999
[21] Galliot, C., Luchsinger, R.H., A simple model describing the non-linear
biaxial tensile behavior of PVC-coated polyester fabrics for use in finite
element analysis
[22] C.W. Koh, "Design of hydraulic bulge test apparatus", April, 2008
[23] Z.├û. ┼×im┼ƒek, "Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experimental Set-Up",
M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 2011
[24] T. Tso-Liang, C. Fwu-An, L. Yung-Sheng, P. Cheng-Ping, "Analysis of
dynamic response of vehicle occupant in frontal crash using multi-body
dynamics method" 2007
[25] TS 250 EN 1049-2 "Determination of number of threads per unit length"
Turkish Standards Institution, 1996
[26] TS 255 "Determination of number of yarn count" Turkish Standards
Institution, 1989
[27] TS 251 "Determination of weight of fabric" Turkish Standards
Institution, 1991
[28] G. Baysal, "Investigation of residual strains on arterial wall by optical
methods", M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 2011
[1] Technical Textiles(Section 2), Lecture Notes, B. Ozipek
[2] R.R. Tanov, Brueggert M., "Finite element modeling of non-orthogonal
loosely woven fabrics in advanced occupant restraint systems", January,
2002
[3] B. Smith, "An approach to graphs of linear forms (Unpublished work
style)," unpublished.
[4] David Rigby Associates (DRA, www.davidrigbyassociates.uk.co,
released 03.04.2012
[5] S. Mukhopadhyay, 2008: "Technical developments and market trends of
automotive airbags, Textile advances in the automotive industry" CRC
Press
[6] http://www.itkib.org.tr/ihracat/disticaretbilgileri/raporlar/dosyalar/ttekni
k_tekstil_rapor_2008.pdf, released 22.03.2012
[7] N. Deveci, "Effects of fiber, yarn and fabric properties on the
manufacturing performance of airbag", M.Sc. Thesis, Marmara
University, Istanbul 2008
[8] IKA, A test procedure for airbags, Report 8328
[9] E. T. Crouch, "Evolution of coated fabrics for automotive airbags".
Journal of Industrial Textiles, 23(3), 202-220, 1994
[10] Gon D., 2010: Air bags for automobiles - A textile challenge. Textile
Asia, (April), 25-29, 2001
[11] C. Cromvik, "Numerical Folding of Airbags Based on Optimization and
Origami", 2007
[12] E.T. Crouch, "Evolution of airbag components and materials",
Worldwide Passenger Car Conference and Exposition, Dearborn,
Michigan, 1993
[13] J. Schwark, and J. Muller, "High performance silicone-coated textiles:
Developments and applications". Journal of Industrial Textiles, 26(1),
65-77, 1996
[14] R.Keshavaraj, R:W. Tock, Haycook D., "Airbag fabric material
modeling of nylon and polyester fabrics using a very simple neural
network architecture", Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 60,
2329-2338,1996
[15] B. K. Behera, Y. Goyal, "Artificial Neural Network System for the
Design of Airbag Fabrics", Journal of Industrial Textiles, Department of
Textile Technology, Indian Institute of Technology New Delhi, India,
2009
[16] P.O. Marklund, L. Nilsson, Simulation of airbag inflation processes
using a coupled fluid structure approach,2002
[17] C. Galliot, R.H. Luchsinger, Biaxial testing of architectural membranes
and foils, SOFIA TensiNet Symposium, September, 2010
[18] H. W. Reinhardt, "On the biaxial testing and strength of coated fabrics",
Experimental Mechanics, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 71-74, 1976
[19] R.J. Bassetr, R. Postle, N. Pan, "Experimental Methods for Measuring
Fabric Mechanical Properties: A Review and Analysis", Textile
Research Journal, November, 1999
[20] R.J. Bassett, R. Postle, N. Pan, "Experimental methods for measuring
fabric mechanical properties": a review and analysis, Textile Research
Journal, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 866-875, 1999
[21] Galliot, C., Luchsinger, R.H., A simple model describing the non-linear
biaxial tensile behavior of PVC-coated polyester fabrics for use in finite
element analysis
[22] C.W. Koh, "Design of hydraulic bulge test apparatus", April, 2008
[23] Z.├û. ┼×im┼ƒek, "Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Experimental Set-Up",
M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 2011
[24] T. Tso-Liang, C. Fwu-An, L. Yung-Sheng, P. Cheng-Ping, "Analysis of
dynamic response of vehicle occupant in frontal crash using multi-body
dynamics method" 2007
[25] TS 250 EN 1049-2 "Determination of number of threads per unit length"
Turkish Standards Institution, 1996
[26] TS 255 "Determination of number of yarn count" Turkish Standards
Institution, 1989
[27] TS 251 "Determination of weight of fabric" Turkish Standards
Institution, 1991
[28] G. Baysal, "Investigation of residual strains on arterial wall by optical
methods", M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, 2011
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:50366", author = "O.B. Ozipek and E. Bozdag and E. Sunbuloglu and A. Abdullahoglu and E. Belen and E. Celikkanat", title = "Biaxial Testing of Fabrics - A Comparison of Various Testing Methodologies", abstract = "In textile industry, besides the conventional textile
products, technical textile goods, that have been brought external
functional properties into, are being developed for technical textile
industry. Especially these products produced with weaving
technology are widely preferred in areas such as sports, geology,
medical, automotive, construction and marine sectors. These textile
products are exposed to various stresses and large deformations under
typical conditions of use. At this point, sufficient and reliable data
could not be obtained with uniaxial tensile tests for determination of
the mechanical properties of such products due to mainly biaxial
stress state. Therefore, the most preferred method is a biaxial tensile
test method and analysis. These tests and analysis is applied to fabrics
with different functional features in order to establish the textile
material with several characteristics and mechanical properties of the
product. Planar biaxial tensile test, cylindrical inflation and bulge
tests are generally required to apply for textile products that are used
in automotive, sailing and sports areas and construction industry to
minimize accidents as long as their service life. Airbags, seat belts
and car tires in the automotive sector are also subject to the same
biaxial stress states, and can be characterized by same types of
experiments. In this study, in accordance with the research literature
related to the various biaxial test methods are compared. Results with
discussions are elaborated mainly focusing on the design of a biaxial
test apparatus to obtain applicable experimental data for developing a
finite element model. Sample experimental results on a prototype
system are expressed.", keywords = "Biaxial Stress, Bulge Test, Cylindrical Inflation,
Fabric Testing, Planar Tension.", volume = "7", number = "3", pages = "371-6", }