Abstract: Decentralized eco-sanitation system is a promising and sustainable mode comparing to the century-old centralized conventional sanitation system. The decentralized concept relies on an environmentally and economically sound management of water, nutrient and energy fluxes. Source-separation systems for urban waste management collect different solid waste and wastewater streams separately to facilitate the recovery of valuable resources from wastewater (energy, nutrients). A resource recovery centre constituted for 20,000 people will act as the functional unit for the treatment of urban waste of a high-density population community, like Singapore. The decentralized system includes urine treatment, faeces and food waste co-digestion, and horticultural waste and organic fraction of municipal solid waste treatment in composting plants. A design model is developed to estimate the input and output in terms of materials and energy. The inputs of urine (yellow water, YW) and faeces (brown water, BW) are calculated by considering the daily mean production of urine and faeces by humans and the water consumption of no-mix vacuum toilet (0.2 and 1 L flushing water for urine and faeces, respectively). The food waste (FW) production is estimated to be 150 g wet weight/person/day. The YW is collected and discharged by gravity into tank. It was found that two days are required for urine hydrolysis and struvite precipitation. The maximum nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) recovery are 150-266 kg/day and 20-70 kg/day, respectively. In contrast, BW and FW are mixed for co-digestion in a thermophilic acidification tank and later a decentralized/centralized methanogenic reactor is used for biogas production. It is determined that 6.16-15.67 m3/h methane is produced which is equivalent to 0.07-0.19 kWh/ca/day. The digestion residues are treated with horticultural waste and organic fraction of municipal waste in co-composting plants.
Abstract: This paper provides an analysis of corporate income
tax (CIT) incentives in the Western Balkan countries: Slovenia,
Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia and Albania. Western
Balkan countries, as other transition and developing countries, use
large number of the corporate income tax incentives (CIT) to attract
foreign investments and to stimulate economic activity. The main
goal of this paper is to investigate how often these countries use CIT
incentives and provide review of existing tax incentives in Western
Balkan countries. Paper will focus on reduced CIT rates, tax
holidays, and other investment incentives which imply incentives
like accelerated depreciation, tax allowances and tax credits.
Abstract: In this study, workplace environmental monitoring
systems were established using USN(Ubiquitous Sensor Networks)
and LabVIEW. Although existing direct sampling methods enable
finding accurate values as of the time points of measurement, those
methods are disadvantageous in that continuous management and
supervision are difficult and costs for are high when those methods are
used. Therefore, the efficiency and reliability of workplace
management by supervisors are relatively low when those methods are
used. In this study, systems were established so that information on
workplace environmental factors such as temperatures, humidity and
noises is measured and transmitted to the PC in real time to enable
supervisors to monitor workplaces through LabVIEW on the PC.
When any accidents have occurred in workplaces, supervisors can
immediately respond through the monitoring system and this system
enables integrated workplace management and the prevention of
safety accidents. By introducing these monitoring systems, safety
accidents due to harmful environmental factors in workplaces can be
prevented and these monitoring systems will be also helpful in finding
out the correlation between safety accidents and occupational diseases
by comparing and linking databases established by this monitoring
system with existing statistical data.
Abstract: In order to research Internet quantificationally and
better model the performance of network, this paper proposes a novel
AS level network performance model (MNPM), it takes autonomous
system (AS) as basic modeling unit, measures E2E performance
between any two outdegrees of an AS and organizes measurement
results into matrix form which called performance matrix (PM).
Inter-AS performance calculation is defined according to performance
information stored in PM. Simulation has been implemented to verify
the correctness of MNPM and a practical application of MNPM
(network congestion detection) is given.
Abstract: This paper presents a generalized formulation for the
problem of buckling optimization of anisotropic, radially graded,
thin-walled, long cylinders subject to external hydrostatic pressure.
The main structure to be analyzed is built of multi-angle fibrous
laminated composite lay-ups having different volume fractions of the
constituent materials within the individual plies. This yield to a
piecewise grading of the material in the radial direction; that is the
physical and mechanical properties of the composite material are
allowed to vary radially. The objective function is measured by
maximizing the critical buckling pressure while preserving the total
structural mass at a constant value equals to that of a baseline
reference design. In the selection of the significant optimization
variables, the fiber volume fractions adjoin the standard design
variables including fiber orientation angles and ply thicknesses. The
mathematical formulation employs the classical lamination theory,
where an analytical solution that accounts for the effective axial and
flexural stiffness separately as well as the inclusion of the coupling
stiffness terms is presented. The proposed model deals with
dimensionless quantities in order to be valid for thin shells having
arbitrary thickness-to-radius ratios. The critical buckling pressure
level curves augmented with the mass equality constraint are given
for several types of cylinders showing the functional dependence of
the constrained objective function on the selected design variables. It
was shown that material grading can have significant contribution to
the whole optimization process in achieving the required structural
designs with enhanced stability limits.
Abstract: This paper is concerned with the application of small
rating Capacitive Energy Storage units for the improvement of
Automatic Generation Control of a multiunit multiarea power
system. Generation Rate Constraints are also considered in the
investigations. Integral Squared Error technique is used to obtain the
optimal integral gain settings by minimizing a quadratic performance
index. Simulation studies reveal that with CES units, the deviations
in area frequencies and inter-area tie-power are considerably
improved in terms of peak deviations and settling time as compared
to that obtained without CES units.
Abstract: Recently, the advanced technologies that offer high
precision product, relative easy, economical process and also rapid
production are needed to realize the high demand of ultra precision
micro part. In our research, micromanufacturing based on soft
lithography and nanopowder injection molding was investigated. The
silicone metal pattern with ultra thick and high aspect ratio succeeds to
fabricate Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) micro mold. The process
followed by nanopowder injection molding (PIM) by a simple vacuum
hot press. The 17-4ph nanopowder with diameter of 100 nm, succeed
to be injected and it forms green sample microbearing with thickness,
microchannel and aspect ratio is 700μm, 60μm and 12, respectively.
Sintering process was done in 1200 C for 2 hours and heating rate
0.83oC/min. Since low powder load (45% PL) was applied to achieve
green sample fabrication, ~15% shrinkage happen in the 86% relative
density. Several improvements should be done to produce high
accuracy and full density sintered part.
Abstract: Proactive coping directed at an upcoming as opposed
to an ongoing stressor, is a new focus in positive psychology. The
present study explored the proactive coping-s effect on the workplace
adaptation after transition from college to workplace. In order to
demonstrate the influence process between them, we constructed the
model of proactive coping style effecting the actual positive coping
efforts and outcomes by mediating proactive competence during one
year after the transition. Participants (n = 100) started to work right
after graduating from college completed all the four time-s surveys
--one month before (Time 0), one month after (Time 1), three months
after (Time 2), and one year after (Time 3) the transition. Time 0
survey included the measurement of proactive coping style and
competence. Time 1, 2, 3 surveys included the measurement of the
challenge cognitive appraisal, problem solving coping strategy, and
subjective workplace adaptation. The result indicated that proactive
coping style effected newcomers- actual coping efforts and outcomes
by mediating proactive coping competence. The result also showed
that proactive coping competence directly promoted Time1-s actual
positive coping efforts and outcomes, and indirectly promoted Time
2-s and Time 3-s.
Abstract: This paper presents a new approach for image
segmentation by applying Pillar-Kmeans algorithm. This
segmentation process includes a new mechanism for clustering the
elements of high-resolution images in order to improve precision and
reduce computation time. The system applies K-means clustering to
the image segmentation after optimized by Pillar Algorithm. The
Pillar algorithm considers the pillars- placement which should be
located as far as possible from each other to withstand against the
pressure distribution of a roof, as identical to the number of centroids
amongst the data distribution. This algorithm is able to optimize the
K-means clustering for image segmentation in aspects of precision
and computation time. It designates the initial centroids- positions
by calculating the accumulated distance metric between each data
point and all previous centroids, and then selects data points which
have the maximum distance as new initial centroids. This algorithm
distributes all initial centroids according to the maximum
accumulated distance metric. This paper evaluates the proposed
approach for image segmentation by comparing with K-means and
Gaussian Mixture Model algorithm and involving RGB, HSV, HSL
and CIELAB color spaces. The experimental results clarify the
effectiveness of our approach to improve the segmentation quality in
aspects of precision and computational time.
Abstract: A concrete structure is designed and constructed for its
purpose of use, and is expected to maintain its function for the target
durable years from when it was planned. Nevertheless, as time elapses
the structure gradually deteriorates and then eventually degrades to the
point where the structure cannot exert the function for which it was
planned. The performance of concrete that is able to maintain the level
of the performance required over the designed period of use as it has
less deterioration caused by the elapse of time under the designed
condition is referred to as Durability. There are a number of causes of
durability degradation, but especially chloride damage, carbonation,
freeze-thaw, etc are the main causes. In this study, carbonation, one of
the main causes of deterioration of the durability of a concrete
structure, was investigated via a microstructure analysis technique.
The method for the measurement of carbonation was studied using the
existing indicator method, and the method of measuring the progress
of carbonation in a quantitative manner was simultaneously studied
using a FT-IR (Fourier-Transform Infrared) Spectrometer along with
the microstructure analysis technique.
Abstract: The article emphasizes the ideological commitment of
the philosopher Emil Cioran. It presents firstly Cioran's works on the
theme announced by the title, then the European context that
determined the political option of Cioran and a brief analysis of his
relationship with History during his French period. The anti-
Semitism of Cioran was favored by his attachment to a few
philosophers, but also by the European extremist and anti-Semitic
context. The article seeks to demonstrate that the philosopher Cioran,
known more for his pessimism and nihilism, maintained in time an
obsessive relationship with History. His political philosophy is as
important as his subjective philosophy, better known than the former.
Abstract: The Taiwan government has started to promote the “Plain Landscape Afforestation and Greening Program" since 2002. A key task of the program was the payment for environmental services (PES), entitled the “Plain Landscape Afforestation Policy" (PLAP), which was certificated by the Executive Yuan on August 31, 2001 and enacted on January 1, 2002. According to the policy, it is estimated that the total area of afforestation will be 25,100 hectares by December 31, 2007. Until the end of 2007, the policy had been enacted for six years in total and the actual area of afforestation was 8,919.18 hectares. Among them, Taiwan Sugar Corporation (TSC) was accounted for 7,960 hectares (with 2,450.83 hectares as public service area) which occupied 86.22% of the total afforestation area; the private farmland promoted by local governments was accounted for 869.18 hectares which occupied 9.75% of the total afforestation area. Based on the above, we observe that most of the afforestation area in this policy is executed by TSC, and the achievement ratio by TSC is better than by others. It implies that the success of the PLAP is seriously related to the execution of TSC. The objective of this study is to analyze the relevant policy planning of TSC-s participation in the PLAP, suggest complementary measures, and draw up effective adjustment mechanisms, so as to improve the effectiveness of executing the policy. Our main conclusions and suggestions are summarized as follows: 1. The main reason for TSC-s participation in the PLAP is based on their passive cooperation with the central government or company policy. Prior to TSC-s participation in the PLAP, their lands were mainly used for growing sugarcane. 2. The main factors of TSC-s consideration on the selection of tree species are based on the suitability of land and species. The largest proportion of tree species is allocated to economic forests, and the lack of technical instruction was the main problem during afforestation. Moreover, the method of improving TSC-s future development in leisure agriculture and landscape business becomes a key topic. 3. TSC has developed short and long-term plans on participating in the PLAP for the future. However, there is no great willingness or incentive on budgeting for such detailed planning. 4. Most people from TSC interviewed consider the requirements on PLAP unreasonable. Among them, an unreasonable requirement on the number of trees accounted for the greatest proportion; furthermore, most interviewees suggested that the government should continue to provide incentives even after 20 years. 5. Since the government shares the same goals as TSC, there should be sufficient cooperation and communication that support the technical instruction and reduction of afforestation cost, which will also help to improve effectiveness of the policy.
Abstract: The microbiological and physicochemical
characteristics of wetland soils in Eket Local Government Area were
studied between May 2001 and June 2003. Total heterotrophic
bacterial counts (THBC), total fungal counts (TFC), and total
actinomycetes counts (TAC) were determined from soil samples
taken from four locations at two depths in the wet and dry seasons.
Microbial isolates were characterized and identified. Particle size and
chemical parameters were also determined using standard methods.
THBC ranged from 5.2 (+0.17) x106 to 1.7 (+0.18) x107 cfu/g and
from 2.4 (+0.02) x106 to 1.4 (+0.04) x107cfu/g in the wet and dry
seasons, respectively. TFC ranged from 1.8 (+0.03) x106 to 6.6 (+
0.18) x106 cfu/g and from 1.0 (+0.04) x106 to 4.2 (+ 0.01) x106 cfu/g
in the wet and dry seasons, respectively .TAC ranged from 1.2
(+0.53) x106 to 6.0 (+0.05) x106 cfu/g and from 0.6 (+0.01) x106 to
3.2 (+ 0.12) x106 cfu/g in the wet and dry season, respectively.
Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Beijerinckja,
Enterobacter, Micrococcus, Flavobacterium, Serratia, Enterococcus,
and Pseudomonas species were predominant bacteria while
Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, and Rhizopus were the
dominant fungal genera isolated. Streptomyces and Norcadia were
the actinomycetes genera isolated. The particle size analysis showed
high sand fraction but low silt and clay. The pH and % organic
matter were generally acidic and low, respectively at all locations.
Calcium dominated the exchangeable bases with low electrical
conductivity and micronutrients. These results provide the baseline
data of Eket wetland soils for its management for sustainable
agriculture.
Abstract: Thermoelastic temperature, displacement, and
stress in heat transfer during laser surface hardening are solved
in Eulerian formulation. In Eulerian formulations the heat flux
is fixed in space and the workpiece is moved through a control
volume. In the case of uniform velocity and uniform heat flux
distribution, the Eulerian formulations leads to a steady-state
problem, while the Lagrangian formulations remains transient.
In Eulerian formulations the reduction to a steady-state
problem increases the computational efficiency. In this study
also an analytical solution is developed for an uncoupled
transient heat conduction equation in which a plane slab is
heated by a laser beam. The thermal result of the numerical
model is compared with the result of this analytical model.
Comparing the results shows numerical solution for uncoupled
equations are in good agreement with the analytical solution.
Abstract: Whilst there is growing evidence that activity
across the lifespan is beneficial for improved health, there are
also many changes involved with the aging process and
subsequently the potential for reduced indices of health. The
nexus between health, physical activity and aging is complex
and has raised much interest in recent times due to the
realization that a multifaceted approached is necessary in
order to counteract a growing obesity epidemic. By
investigating age based trends within a population adhering to
competitive sport at older ages, further insight might be
gleaned to assist in understanding one of many factors
influencing this relationship.
BMI was derived using data gathered on a total of 6,071
masters athletes (51.9% male, 48.1% female) aged 25 to 91
years ( =51.5, s =±9.7), competing at the Sydney World
Masters Games (2009). Using linear and loess regression it
was demonstrated that the usual tendency for prevalence of
higher BMI increasing with age was reversed in the sample.
This trend in reversal was repeated for both male and female
only sub-sets of the sample participants, indicating the
possibility of improved prevalence of BMI with increasing
age for both the sample as a whole and these individual subgroups.
This evidence of improved classification in one index of
health (reduced BMI) for masters athletes (when compared to
the general population) implies there are either improved
levels of this index of health with aging due to adherence to
sport or possibly the reduced BMI is advantageous and
contributes to this cohort adhering (or being attracted) to
masters sport at older ages. Demonstration of this
proportionately under-investigated World Masters Games
population having an improved relationship between BMI and
increasing age over the general population is of particular
interest in the context of the measures being taken globally to
curb an obesity epidemic.
Abstract: The stochastic nature of tool life using conventional discrete-wear data from experimental tests usually exists due to many individual and interacting parameters. It is a common practice in batch production to continually use the same tool to machine different parts, using disparate machining parameters. In such an environment, the optimal points at which tools have to be changed, while achieving minimum production cost and maximum production rate within the surface roughness specifications, have not been adequately studied. In the current study, two relevant aspects are investigated using coated and uncoated inserts in turning operations: (i) the accuracy of using machinability information, from fixed parameters testing procedures, when variable parameters situations are emerged, and (ii) the credibility of tool life machinability data from prior discrete testing procedures in a non-stop machining. A novel technique is proposed and verified to normalize the conventional fixed parameters machinability data to suit the cases when parameters have to be changed for the same tool. Also, an experimental investigation has been established to evaluate the error in the tool life assessment when machinability from discrete testing procedures is employed in uninterrupted practical machining.
Abstract: Phase-Contrast MR imaging methods are widely used
for measurement of blood flow velocity components. Also there are
some other tools such as CT and Ultrasound for velocity map
detection in intravascular studies. These data are used in deriving
flow characteristics. Some clinical applications are investigated
which use pressure distribution in diagnosis of intravascular disorders
such as vascular stenosis. In this paper an approach to the problem of
measurement of intravascular pressure field by using velocity field
obtained from flow images is proposed. The method presented in this
paper uses an algorithm to calculate nonlinear equations of Navier-
Stokes, assuming blood as an incompressible and Newtonian fluid.
Flow images usually suffer the lack of spatial resolution. Our
attempt is to consider the effect of spatial resolution on the pressure
distribution estimated from this method. In order to achieve this aim,
velocity map of a numerical phantom is derived at six different
spatial resolutions. To determine the effects of vascular stenoses on
pressure distribution, a stenotic phantom geometry is considered. A
comparison between the pressure distribution obtained from the
phantom and the pressure resulted from the algorithm is presented. In
this regard we also compared the effects of collocated and staggered
computational grids on the pressure distribution resulted from this
algorithm.
Abstract: The production of a plant can be measured in terms of
seeds. The generation of seeds plays a critical role in our social and
daily life. The fruit production which generates seeds, depends on the
various parameters of the plant, such as shoot length, leaf number,
root length, root number, etc When the plant is growing, some leaves
may be lost and some new leaves may appear. It is very difficult to
use the number of leaves of the tree to calculate the growth of the
plant.. It is also cumbersome to measure the number of roots and
length of growth of root in several time instances continuously after
certain initial period of time, because roots grow deeper and deeper
under ground in course of time. On the contrary, the shoot length of
the tree grows in course of time which can be measured in different
time instances. So the growth of the plant can be measured using the
data of shoot length which are measured at different time instances
after plantation. The environmental parameters like temperature, rain
fall, humidity and pollution are also play some role in production of
yield. The soil, crop and distance management are taken care to
produce maximum amount of yields of plant. The data of the growth
of shoot length of some mustard plant at the initial stage (7,14,21 &
28 days after plantation) is available from the statistical survey by a
group of scientists under the supervision of Prof. Dilip De. In this
paper, initial shoot length of Ken( one type of mustard plant) has
been used as an initial data. The statistical models, the methods of
fuzzy logic and neural network have been tested on this mustard
plant and based on error analysis (calculation of average error) that
model with minimum error has been selected and can be used for the
assessment of shoot length at maturity. Finally, all these methods
have been tested with other type of mustard plants and the particular
soft computing model with the minimum error of all types has been
selected for calculating the predicted data of growth of shoot length.
The shoot length at the stage of maturity of all types of mustard
plants has been calculated using the statistical method on the
predicted data of shoot length.
Abstract: Speech corpus is one of the major components in a
Speech Processing System where one of the primary requirements
is to recognize an input sample. The quality and details captured
in speech corpus directly affects the precision of recognition. The
current work proposes a platform for speech corpus generation using
an adaptive LMS filter and LPC cepstrum, as a part of an ANN
based Speech Recognition System which is exclusively designed to
recognize isolated numerals of Assamese language- a major language
in the North Eastern part of India. The work focuses on designing an
optimal feature extraction block and a few ANN based cooperative
architectures so that the performance of the Speech Recognition
System can be improved.
Abstract: Market competition and a desire to gain advantages on globalized market, drives companies towards innovation efforts. Project overload is an unpleasant phenomenon, which is happening for employees inside those organizations trying to make the most efficient use of their resources to be innovative. But what are the impacts of project overload on organization-s innovation capabilities? Advanced engineering teams (AE) inside a major heavy equipment manufacturer are suffering from project overload in their quest for innovation. In this paper, Agent-based modeling (ABM) is used to examine the current reality of the company context, and of the AE team, where the opportunities and challenges for reducing the risk of project overload and moving towards innovation were identified. Project overload is more likely to stifle innovation and creativity inside teams. On the other hand, motivations on proper challenging goals are more likely to help individual to alleviate the negative aspects of low level of project overload.