Towards the Use of Software Product Metrics as an Indicator for Measuring Mobile Applications Power Consumption
Maintaining factory default battery endurance rate
over time in supporting huge amount of running applications on
energy-restricted mobile devices has created a new challenge for
mobile applications developer. While delivering customers’
unlimited expectations, developers are barely aware of efficient use
of energy from the application itself. Thus, developers need a set of
valid energy consumption indicators in assisting them to develop
energy saving applications. In this paper, we present a few software
product metrics that can be used as an indicator to measure energy
consumption of Android-based mobile applications in the early of
design stage. In particular, Trepn Profiler (Power profiling tool for
Qualcomm processor) has used to collect the data of mobile
application power consumption, and then analyzed for the 23
software metrics in this preliminary study. The results show that
McCabe cyclomatic complexity, number of parameters, nested block
depth, number of methods, weighted methods per class, number of
classes, total lines of code and method lines have direct relationship
with power consumption of mobile application.
[1] C. Sahin, F. Cayci, J. Clause, F. Kiamilev, L. Pollock, K. Winbladh.
"Towards Power Reduction through Improved Software Design". In
IEEE Energytech, pages 1 - 6, MAY 2012.
[2] S. Jha., Poorly written apps can sap 30 to 40% of a phone’s juice, June
2011. CEO, Motorola Mobility, Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2011
Technology Conference.
[3] Mark D. Syer et al., Revisiting Prior Empirical Findings For Mobile
Apps: An Empirical Case Study on the 15 Most Popular Open-Source
Android Apps, In proceeding of: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of
the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research, 2013
[4] F.F Chen, J.G Schneider, Y. Yang, J. Grundy, Q. He. "An Energy
Consumption Model and Analysis Tool for Cloud Computing
Environments", in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on
Green and Sustainable Software (GREENS'12), 2012, pp.45-50.
[5] H. Chen, B. Luo, W. Shi. "Anole: A Case for Energy-Aware Mobile
Application Design", in Proceedings of the 41st International
Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW'12), 2012,
pp.232-238.
[6] Mark D. Syer, Meiyappan Nagappan, Ahmed E. Hassan, Bram Adams,
Revisiting prior empirical findings for mobile apps: an empirical case
study on the 15 most popular open-source Android apps, Proceedings of
the 2013 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on
Collaborative Research, November 18-20, 2013, Ontario, Canada
[7] J. Bornholt, T. Mytkowicz, K. S. McKinley. The Model Is Not Enough:
Understanding Energy Consumption in Mobile Devices", in Posters
Session of Hot Chips: A Symposium on High Performance Chips
(HC24), 2012.
[8] J. Flinn, M. Satyanarayanan. "Energy-aware Adaptation for Mobile
Applications", in Proceedings of 17th ACM Symposium on Operating
Systems Principles (SOSP'99), pp.48-63.
[9] L. Luo, W. Wu, D. Di, F. Zhang, Y. Z. Yan, Y. K. Mao. "A Resource
Scheduling Algorithm of Cloud Computing based on Energy Efficient
Optimization Methods", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Green
Computing Conference (IGCC'12), 2012, pp.1-6.
[10] L. Zhang, B. Tiwana, Z. Qian, Z. Wang, R. P. Dick, Z. M. Mao, L.
Yang. "Accurate Online Power Estimation and Automatic Battery
Behavior Based Power Model Generation for Smartphones", in
Proceedings of the 8th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on
Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS'10),
2010, pp.105-114.
[11] Young-Seol Lee; Sung-Bae Cho, "An Efficient Energy Management
System for Android Phone Using Bayesian Networks," Distributed
Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2012 32nd International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.102, 107, 18-21 June 2012.
[12] Donohoo, B. K.; Ohlsen, C.; Pasricha, S., "AURA: An application and
user interaction aware middleware framework for energy optimization in
mobile devices," Computer Design (ICCD), 2011 IEEE 29th
International Conference on, vol., no., pp.168,174, 9-12 Oct. 2011
[13] N. Balasubramanian, A. Balasubramanian, A. Venkatramani. "Energy
Consumption in Mobile Phones: A Measurement Study and Implications
for Network Applications, in Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM
conference on Internet measurement conference (IMC'09), 2009,
pp.280-293.
[14] O. Arnold, F. Ritchter, G. Fettweis, O. Blume. "Power Consumption
Modelling of Different Base Station Types in Heterogeneous Cellular
Networks", in the Proceedings of the Future Network and Mobile
Summit (FNMS'10), 2010, pp.1-8.
[15] O. Silvén, K. Jyrkkä. "Observation on Power-Efficiency Trends in
Mobile Communication Devices", LNCS 3553, 2005, pp.142-151.
[16] P. Bartalos, M. B. Blake. "Green Web Services: Modelling and
Estimating Power Consumption of Web Services", in Proceedings of the
IEEE 19th International Conference on Web Services (ICWS'12), 2012,
pp.178-185.
[17] Jain, R.; Bose, J.; Arif, T., "Contextual adaptive user interface for
Android devices," India Conference (INDICON), 2013 Annual IEEE,
vol., no., pp.1,5, 13-15 Dec. 2013
[18] R. Yamini. "Power Management in Cloud Computing Using Green
Algorithm", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM'12),
2012, pp.128-133.
[19] Tan Kiat Wee, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Adaptive display power
management for OLED displays, Proceedings of the first ACM
international workshop on Mobile gaming, August 13-13, 2012,
Helsinki, Finland
[20] R. Kraves, P. Krishnan. "Application-driven Power Management for
Mobile Communication", Journal of Wireless Network, Vol.6 Issue 4,
July 2000, pp.263-277.
[21] S. A. Ahson, M. llyas, "Cloud Computing and Software Services:
Theory and Techniques", CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2011.
[22] S. Gűrűn, R. Wolski, T. Sherwood, C. Krints. "Modelling, Predicting
and Reducing Energy Consumption in Resource Restricted Computers",
PhD Dissertation in Computer Science, University of California, Santa
Barbara, 2007.
[23] T. Do, S. Rawshdeh, W, Shi. "pTop: A Process-level power Profiling
Tool", in Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Power Aware Computing
and Systems(HotPower'09), 2009.
[24] T. Pering, Y. Agarwal, R. Want. "CoolSpots: Reducing the power
Consumption of wireless Mobile Devices with multiple Radio
Interfaces", in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys'06), 2006 pp.220-
232.
[25] Y. Cui, X. Ma, H. Y. Wang, I. Stojmenonic, J. C.Liu. "A Survey of
Energy Efficient Wireless Transmission and Modelling in Mobile Cloud
Computing", Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications, Vol.18,
Issue 1, Feb 2013, pp.148-155.
[26] Dongwon Kim; Nohyun Jung; Hojung Cha, "Content-centric display
energy management for mobile devices," Design Automation
Conference (DAC), 2014 51st ACM/EDAC/IEEE, pp.1,6, 1-5 June
2014
[27] Pathania, A.; Qing Jiao; Prakash, A.; Mitra, T., "Integrated CPU-GPU
power management for 3D mobile games," Design Automation
Conference (DAC), 2014 51st ACM/EDAC/IEEE, pp.1,6, 1-5 June
2014, doi: 10.1145/2593069.2593151
[28] Z.X. Liao, W.C. Peng, Y.C. Pan, P.R.Lei. “On Mining Mobile Apps
Usage Behavior for Predicting Apps Usage in Smartphones”,
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference
on information & knowledge management, October 2013.
[29] Kadjo, D.; Ogras, U.; Ayoub, R.; Kishinevsky, M.; Gratz, P., "Towards platform level power management in mobile systems," System-on-Chip
Conference (SOCC), 2014 27th IEEE International, vol., no.,
pp.146,151, 2-5 Sept. 2014
[30] C. Brandolese, M.Politec. “Source-Level Estimation of Energy
Consumption and Execution Time of Embedded Software”, Proceedings
of the 11th EUROMICRO Conf. Digital System Design Architectures,
Methods and Tools (DSD), pp. 115-123, 2008.
[31] Khairy, A.; Ammar, H.H.; Bahgat, R., "Smartphone Energizer:
Extending Smartphone's battery life with smart offloading," Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2013
9th International, vol., no., pp.329,336, 1-5 July 2013
[32] E. Harjula, O. Kassinen, M. Ylianttila. "Consumption Model for Mobile
Devices in 3G and WLAN Networks", in Proceedings of the 9th IEEE
Consumer Communication and Networking Conference (CCNC'12),
2012, pp.532-537.
[33] A. Papageorgiou, U. Lampe, D. Schuller, R. Steinmetz, A. Bamis.
"Invoking Web Services based on Energy Consumption Models:, in
Proceedings of the IEEE 1st International Conference on Mobile
Services(ICMS'12), 2102, pp.40-47
[34] C. Thompson, D. Schmidt, H. Tumer, J. White. "Analyzing Mobile
Application Software Power Consumption Via Model-driven
Engineering", in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
Pervasive and Embedded Computing and Communication
Systems(PECCS'11), 2011, pp.101-113
[35] Yi-Wei Ma; Jiann-Liang Chen; Ching-Hesign Chou; Shyue-Kung Lu,
"A Power Saving Mechanism for Multimedia Streaming Services in
Cloud Computing," Systems Journal, IEEE, vol.8, no.1, pp.219,224,
March 2014
[36] Nagata, K.; Yamaguchi, S.; Ogawa, H., "A Power Saving Method with
Consideration of Performance in Android Terminals," Ubiquitous
Intelligence & Computing and 9th International Conference on
Autonomic & Trusted Computing (UIC/ATC), 2012 9th International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.578,585, 4-7 Sept. 2012
[37] Wen-Yew Liang; Ming-Feng Chang; Yen-Lin Chen; Chin-Feng Lai,
"Energy efficient video decoding for the Android operating system,"
Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on,
vol., no., pp.344,345, 11-14 Jan. 2013
[38] Gung-Yu Pan; Lai, B.-C.C.; Sheng-Yen Chen; Jing-Yang Jou, "A
learning-on-cloud power management policy for smart devices,"
Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 2014 IEEE/ACM International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.376,381, 2-6 Nov. 2014
[39] Deqian Kong; Tao Qi; Tan Yang; Yidong Cui, "A dynamic computation
offloading framework for Android," Broadband Network & Multimedia
Technology (IC-BNMT), 2013 5th IEEE International Conference on,
vol., no., pp.134,138, 17-19 Nov. 2013
[1] C. Sahin, F. Cayci, J. Clause, F. Kiamilev, L. Pollock, K. Winbladh.
"Towards Power Reduction through Improved Software Design". In
IEEE Energytech, pages 1 - 6, MAY 2012.
[2] S. Jha., Poorly written apps can sap 30 to 40% of a phone’s juice, June
2011. CEO, Motorola Mobility, Bank of America Merrill Lynch 2011
Technology Conference.
[3] Mark D. Syer et al., Revisiting Prior Empirical Findings For Mobile
Apps: An Empirical Case Study on the 15 Most Popular Open-Source
Android Apps, In proceeding of: Proceedings of the 2013 Conference of
the Center for Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research, 2013
[4] F.F Chen, J.G Schneider, Y. Yang, J. Grundy, Q. He. "An Energy
Consumption Model and Analysis Tool for Cloud Computing
Environments", in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on
Green and Sustainable Software (GREENS'12), 2012, pp.45-50.
[5] H. Chen, B. Luo, W. Shi. "Anole: A Case for Energy-Aware Mobile
Application Design", in Proceedings of the 41st International
Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW'12), 2012,
pp.232-238.
[6] Mark D. Syer, Meiyappan Nagappan, Ahmed E. Hassan, Bram Adams,
Revisiting prior empirical findings for mobile apps: an empirical case
study on the 15 most popular open-source Android apps, Proceedings of
the 2013 Conference of the Center for Advanced Studies on
Collaborative Research, November 18-20, 2013, Ontario, Canada
[7] J. Bornholt, T. Mytkowicz, K. S. McKinley. The Model Is Not Enough:
Understanding Energy Consumption in Mobile Devices", in Posters
Session of Hot Chips: A Symposium on High Performance Chips
(HC24), 2012.
[8] J. Flinn, M. Satyanarayanan. "Energy-aware Adaptation for Mobile
Applications", in Proceedings of 17th ACM Symposium on Operating
Systems Principles (SOSP'99), pp.48-63.
[9] L. Luo, W. Wu, D. Di, F. Zhang, Y. Z. Yan, Y. K. Mao. "A Resource
Scheduling Algorithm of Cloud Computing based on Energy Efficient
Optimization Methods", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Green
Computing Conference (IGCC'12), 2012, pp.1-6.
[10] L. Zhang, B. Tiwana, Z. Qian, Z. Wang, R. P. Dick, Z. M. Mao, L.
Yang. "Accurate Online Power Estimation and Automatic Battery
Behavior Based Power Model Generation for Smartphones", in
Proceedings of the 8th IEEE/ACM/IFIP International Conference on
Hardware/Software Codesign and System Synthesis (CODES+ISSS'10),
2010, pp.105-114.
[11] Young-Seol Lee; Sung-Bae Cho, "An Efficient Energy Management
System for Android Phone Using Bayesian Networks," Distributed
Computing Systems Workshops (ICDCSW), 2012 32nd International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.102, 107, 18-21 June 2012.
[12] Donohoo, B. K.; Ohlsen, C.; Pasricha, S., "AURA: An application and
user interaction aware middleware framework for energy optimization in
mobile devices," Computer Design (ICCD), 2011 IEEE 29th
International Conference on, vol., no., pp.168,174, 9-12 Oct. 2011
[13] N. Balasubramanian, A. Balasubramanian, A. Venkatramani. "Energy
Consumption in Mobile Phones: A Measurement Study and Implications
for Network Applications, in Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGCOMM
conference on Internet measurement conference (IMC'09), 2009,
pp.280-293.
[14] O. Arnold, F. Ritchter, G. Fettweis, O. Blume. "Power Consumption
Modelling of Different Base Station Types in Heterogeneous Cellular
Networks", in the Proceedings of the Future Network and Mobile
Summit (FNMS'10), 2010, pp.1-8.
[15] O. Silvén, K. Jyrkkä. "Observation on Power-Efficiency Trends in
Mobile Communication Devices", LNCS 3553, 2005, pp.142-151.
[16] P. Bartalos, M. B. Blake. "Green Web Services: Modelling and
Estimating Power Consumption of Web Services", in Proceedings of the
IEEE 19th International Conference on Web Services (ICWS'12), 2012,
pp.178-185.
[17] Jain, R.; Bose, J.; Arif, T., "Contextual adaptive user interface for
Android devices," India Conference (INDICON), 2013 Annual IEEE,
vol., no., pp.1,5, 13-15 Dec. 2013
[18] R. Yamini. "Power Management in Cloud Computing Using Green
Algorithm", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on
Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (ICAESM'12),
2012, pp.128-133.
[19] Tan Kiat Wee, Rajesh Krishna Balan, Adaptive display power
management for OLED displays, Proceedings of the first ACM
international workshop on Mobile gaming, August 13-13, 2012,
Helsinki, Finland
[20] R. Kraves, P. Krishnan. "Application-driven Power Management for
Mobile Communication", Journal of Wireless Network, Vol.6 Issue 4,
July 2000, pp.263-277.
[21] S. A. Ahson, M. llyas, "Cloud Computing and Software Services:
Theory and Techniques", CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2011.
[22] S. Gűrűn, R. Wolski, T. Sherwood, C. Krints. "Modelling, Predicting
and Reducing Energy Consumption in Resource Restricted Computers",
PhD Dissertation in Computer Science, University of California, Santa
Barbara, 2007.
[23] T. Do, S. Rawshdeh, W, Shi. "pTop: A Process-level power Profiling
Tool", in Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Power Aware Computing
and Systems(HotPower'09), 2009.
[24] T. Pering, Y. Agarwal, R. Want. "CoolSpots: Reducing the power
Consumption of wireless Mobile Devices with multiple Radio
Interfaces", in Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on
Mobile Systems, Applications and Services (MobiSys'06), 2006 pp.220-
232.
[25] Y. Cui, X. Ma, H. Y. Wang, I. Stojmenonic, J. C.Liu. "A Survey of
Energy Efficient Wireless Transmission and Modelling in Mobile Cloud
Computing", Journal of Mobile Networks and Applications, Vol.18,
Issue 1, Feb 2013, pp.148-155.
[26] Dongwon Kim; Nohyun Jung; Hojung Cha, "Content-centric display
energy management for mobile devices," Design Automation
Conference (DAC), 2014 51st ACM/EDAC/IEEE, pp.1,6, 1-5 June
2014
[27] Pathania, A.; Qing Jiao; Prakash, A.; Mitra, T., "Integrated CPU-GPU
power management for 3D mobile games," Design Automation
Conference (DAC), 2014 51st ACM/EDAC/IEEE, pp.1,6, 1-5 June
2014, doi: 10.1145/2593069.2593151
[28] Z.X. Liao, W.C. Peng, Y.C. Pan, P.R.Lei. “On Mining Mobile Apps
Usage Behavior for Predicting Apps Usage in Smartphones”,
Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Conference
on information & knowledge management, October 2013.
[29] Kadjo, D.; Ogras, U.; Ayoub, R.; Kishinevsky, M.; Gratz, P., "Towards platform level power management in mobile systems," System-on-Chip
Conference (SOCC), 2014 27th IEEE International, vol., no.,
pp.146,151, 2-5 Sept. 2014
[30] C. Brandolese, M.Politec. “Source-Level Estimation of Energy
Consumption and Execution Time of Embedded Software”, Proceedings
of the 11th EUROMICRO Conf. Digital System Design Architectures,
Methods and Tools (DSD), pp. 115-123, 2008.
[31] Khairy, A.; Ammar, H.H.; Bahgat, R., "Smartphone Energizer:
Extending Smartphone's battery life with smart offloading," Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing Conference (IWCMC), 2013
9th International, vol., no., pp.329,336, 1-5 July 2013
[32] E. Harjula, O. Kassinen, M. Ylianttila. "Consumption Model for Mobile
Devices in 3G and WLAN Networks", in Proceedings of the 9th IEEE
Consumer Communication and Networking Conference (CCNC'12),
2012, pp.532-537.
[33] A. Papageorgiou, U. Lampe, D. Schuller, R. Steinmetz, A. Bamis.
"Invoking Web Services based on Energy Consumption Models:, in
Proceedings of the IEEE 1st International Conference on Mobile
Services(ICMS'12), 2102, pp.40-47
[34] C. Thompson, D. Schmidt, H. Tumer, J. White. "Analyzing Mobile
Application Software Power Consumption Via Model-driven
Engineering", in Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on
Pervasive and Embedded Computing and Communication
Systems(PECCS'11), 2011, pp.101-113
[35] Yi-Wei Ma; Jiann-Liang Chen; Ching-Hesign Chou; Shyue-Kung Lu,
"A Power Saving Mechanism for Multimedia Streaming Services in
Cloud Computing," Systems Journal, IEEE, vol.8, no.1, pp.219,224,
March 2014
[36] Nagata, K.; Yamaguchi, S.; Ogawa, H., "A Power Saving Method with
Consideration of Performance in Android Terminals," Ubiquitous
Intelligence & Computing and 9th International Conference on
Autonomic & Trusted Computing (UIC/ATC), 2012 9th International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.578,585, 4-7 Sept. 2012
[37] Wen-Yew Liang; Ming-Feng Chang; Yen-Lin Chen; Chin-Feng Lai,
"Energy efficient video decoding for the Android operating system,"
Consumer Electronics (ICCE), 2013 IEEE International Conference on,
vol., no., pp.344,345, 11-14 Jan. 2013
[38] Gung-Yu Pan; Lai, B.-C.C.; Sheng-Yen Chen; Jing-Yang Jou, "A
learning-on-cloud power management policy for smart devices,"
Computer-Aided Design (ICCAD), 2014 IEEE/ACM International
Conference on, vol., no., pp.376,381, 2-6 Nov. 2014
[39] Deqian Kong; Tao Qi; Tan Yang; Yidong Cui, "A dynamic computation
offloading framework for Android," Broadband Network & Multimedia
Technology (IC-BNMT), 2013 5th IEEE International Conference on,
vol., no., pp.134,138, 17-19 Nov. 2013
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:71283", author = "Ching Kin Keong and Koh Tieng Wei and Abdul Azim Abd. Ghani and Khaironi Yatim Sharif", title = "Towards the Use of Software Product Metrics as an Indicator for Measuring Mobile Applications Power Consumption", abstract = "Maintaining factory default battery endurance rate
over time in supporting huge amount of running applications on
energy-restricted mobile devices has created a new challenge for
mobile applications developer. While delivering customers’
unlimited expectations, developers are barely aware of efficient use
of energy from the application itself. Thus, developers need a set of
valid energy consumption indicators in assisting them to develop
energy saving applications. In this paper, we present a few software
product metrics that can be used as an indicator to measure energy
consumption of Android-based mobile applications in the early of
design stage. In particular, Trepn Profiler (Power profiling tool for
Qualcomm processor) has used to collect the data of mobile
application power consumption, and then analyzed for the 23
software metrics in this preliminary study. The results show that
McCabe cyclomatic complexity, number of parameters, nested block
depth, number of methods, weighted methods per class, number of
classes, total lines of code and method lines have direct relationship
with power consumption of mobile application.", keywords = "Battery endurance, software metrics, mobile
application, power consumption.", volume = "9", number = "11", pages = "2332-10", }
