Denoising by Spatial Domain Averaging for Wireless Local Area Network Terminal Localization
Terminal localization for indoor Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs) is critical for the deployment of location-aware
computing inside of buildings. A major challenge is obtaining high
localization accuracy in presence of fluctuations of the received signal
strength (RSS) measurements caused by multipath fading. This paper
focuses on reducing the effect of the distance-varying noise by spatial
filtering of the measured RSS. Two different survey point geometries
are tested with the noise reduction technique: survey points arranged
in sets of clusters and survey points uniformly distributed over the
network area. The results show that the location accuracy improves
by 16% when the filter is used and by 18% when the filter is applied
to a clustered survey set as opposed to a straight-line survey set.
The estimated locations are within 2 m of the true location, which
indicates that clustering the survey points provides better localization
accuracy due to superior noise removal.
[1] H. Harroud, M. Ahmed, and A. Karmouch, "Policy-driven personalized
multimedia services for mobile users," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16-24, January-March 2003.
[2] C. Patterson, R. Muntz, and C. Pancake, "Challenges in location-aware
computing," IEEE Pervasive Comput., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 80-89, April-
June 2003.
[3] M. Rodriguez, J. Favela, E. Martinez, and M. Munoz, "Location-aware
access to hospital information and services," IEEE Transactions on
Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 448-455,
December 2004.
[4] T. Kerr, "A critical perspective on some aspects of gps development and
use," Proc. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference, vol. 2, pp.
9.4-9-9.4-20, October 1997.
[5] G. Dedes and A. Dempster, "Indoor GPS positioning - challenges and
opportunities," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., September
2005, pp. 412-415.
[6] Cisco Systems, Inc., "Cisco location solution overview,"
May 2007, accessed: September 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns340/ns394/
ns348/ns753/net brochure0900aecd8064fe9d.pdf
[7] P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An in-building RF-based user
location and tracking system," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Comm.
(INFOCOM), vol. 2, March 2000, pp. 775-784.
[8] C.-D. Wang, M. Gao, and X.-F. Wang, "An 802.11 based location-aware
computing: Intelligent Guide System," in International Conference on
Communications and Networking in China, 2006. ChinaCom -06, October
2006, pp. 1-5.
[9] M. Youssef and A. Agrawala, "The Horus WLAN location determination
system," in International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications,
and Services (MobiSys), June 2005, pp. 205-218.
[10] A. Kushki, K. Plataniotis, and A. Venetsanopoulos, "Kernel-based positioning
in wireless local area networks," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 689-705, June 2007.
[11] J. Yin, Q. Yang, and L. Ni, "Learning adaptive temporal radio maps for
signal-strength-based location estimation," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 7, pp. 869-883, July 2008.
[12] A. Nafarieh and J. How, "A testbed for localizing Wireless LAN devices
using received signal strength," in 6th Annual Communication Networks
and Services Research Conference, May 2008, pp. 481-487.
[13] M. McGuire and K. Plataniotis, "Estimating position of mobile terminals
from path loss measurements with survey data," Wireless Communications
and Mobile Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51-62, February 2003.
[14] X. Chai and Q. Yang, "Reducing the callibration effort for probabilistic
indoor location estimation," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 649-662, June 2007.
[15] M. Youssef, M. Abdallah, and A. Agrawala, "Multivariate analysis for
probabilistic WLAN location determination systems," in Proc. International
Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and
Services: MobiQuitous-05, July 2005, pp. 353-362.
[16] A. Sayed, A. Tarighat, and N. Khajehnouri, "Network-based wireless
location: challenges faced in developing techniques for accurate wireless
location information," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
24-40, July 2005.
[17] P. Bergamo and G. Mazzini, "Localization in sensor networks with
fading and mobility," Pervasive Computing and Commun., vol. 2, pp.
750-754, September 2002.
[18] N. Yousef, A. Sayed, and L. Jalloul, "Robust wireless location over
fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 117-
126, January 2003.
[19] G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. Liu, "Signal processing techniques
in network-aided positioning: a survey of state-of-the-art positioning
designs," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 12-23, July
2005.
[20] J. Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel (2nd ed.). West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
[21] R. Steele, Mobile Radio Communications. IEEE Press, 1992.
[22] N. Priyantha, "The Cricket indoor location system," Ph.D. dissertation,
Masachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2005.
[23] E. Hyun, M. McGuire, and M. Sima, "Radloco: A rapid and low cost
indoor location-sensing system," in Proc. International Conference on
Communications and Networking in China (Chinacom), August 2008,
pp. 630-634.
[24] A. Krishnakumar and P. Krishnan, "On the accuracy of signal strengthbased
estimation techniques," in INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint
Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
Proceedings IEEE, vol. 1, March 2005, pp. 642-650 vol. 1.
[25] H. Lim, L.-C. Kung, J. C. Hou, and H. Luo, "Zero-configuration, robust
indoor localization: Theory and experimentation," in INFOCOM 2006.
25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.
Proceedings, April 2006, pp. 1-12.
[26] M. Youssef and A. Agrawala, "Handling samples correlation in the Horus
system," in INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third AnnualJoint Conference
of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 2, March
2004, pp. 1023-1031 vol.2.
[27] R. Battiti, T. Nhat, and A. Villani, "Location-aware computing: a neural
network model for determining location in wireless LANs," Department
of Information and Communication Technology, University of Trento,
Italy, Tech. Rep. DIT-02-0083, 2002.
[28] S.-H. Fang and T.-N. Lin, "Robust wireless lan location fingerprinting
by svd-based noise reduction," in Communications, Control and Signal
Processing, 2008. ISCCSP 2008. 3rd International Symposium on,
March 2008, pp. 295-298.
[29] M. McGuire, K. Plataniotis, and A. Venetsanopoulos, "Location of
mobile terminals using time measurements and survey points," IEEE
Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 999-1011, July 2003.
[30] S. Ahonen and H. Laitinen, "Database correlation method for UMTS
location," in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 4, April 2003,
pp. 2696-2700.
[31] S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2002.
[32] S. Vaseghi, Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
[33] M. Gudmundson, "Correlation model for shadow fading in mobile radio
systems," Electon. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 2145-2146, November 1991.
[34] R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2nd ed.
New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
[35] J. M. Mendel, Lessons in Estimation Theory for Signal Processing,
Communications, and Control, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1995.
[36] D. Scott, Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization,
ser. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley-
Interscience, September 1992.
[37] B. W. Silverman, Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, ser.
Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. London: Chapman
and Hall, 1986.
[38] F. Ramos, B. Upcroft, S. Kumar, and H. Durrant-Whyte, "A Bayesian
approach for place recognition," in ICJAI Workshop Reasoning with
Uncertainty in Robotics, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 2005.
[39] Milner M., available online at: http://www.netstumbler.com/. Accessed
September 2009.
[1] H. Harroud, M. Ahmed, and A. Karmouch, "Policy-driven personalized
multimedia services for mobile users," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 16-24, January-March 2003.
[2] C. Patterson, R. Muntz, and C. Pancake, "Challenges in location-aware
computing," IEEE Pervasive Comput., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 80-89, April-
June 2003.
[3] M. Rodriguez, J. Favela, E. Martinez, and M. Munoz, "Location-aware
access to hospital information and services," IEEE Transactions on
Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 448-455,
December 2004.
[4] T. Kerr, "A critical perspective on some aspects of gps development and
use," Proc. AIAA/IEEE Digital Avionics Systems Conference, vol. 2, pp.
9.4-9-9.4-20, October 1997.
[5] G. Dedes and A. Dempster, "Indoor GPS positioning - challenges and
opportunities," in Proc. IEEE Vehicular Technology Conf., September
2005, pp. 412-415.
[6] Cisco Systems, Inc., "Cisco location solution overview,"
May 2007, accessed: September 2009. [Online]. Available:
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/collateral/ns340/ns394/
ns348/ns753/net brochure0900aecd8064fe9d.pdf
[7] P. Bahl and V. Padmanabhan, "RADAR: An in-building RF-based user
location and tracking system," in Proc. IEEE Conf. Computer Comm.
(INFOCOM), vol. 2, March 2000, pp. 775-784.
[8] C.-D. Wang, M. Gao, and X.-F. Wang, "An 802.11 based location-aware
computing: Intelligent Guide System," in International Conference on
Communications and Networking in China, 2006. ChinaCom -06, October
2006, pp. 1-5.
[9] M. Youssef and A. Agrawala, "The Horus WLAN location determination
system," in International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications,
and Services (MobiSys), June 2005, pp. 205-218.
[10] A. Kushki, K. Plataniotis, and A. Venetsanopoulos, "Kernel-based positioning
in wireless local area networks," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 689-705, June 2007.
[11] J. Yin, Q. Yang, and L. Ni, "Learning adaptive temporal radio maps for
signal-strength-based location estimation," IEEE Trans. Mobile Comput.,
vol. 7, pp. 869-883, July 2008.
[12] A. Nafarieh and J. How, "A testbed for localizing Wireless LAN devices
using received signal strength," in 6th Annual Communication Networks
and Services Research Conference, May 2008, pp. 481-487.
[13] M. McGuire and K. Plataniotis, "Estimating position of mobile terminals
from path loss measurements with survey data," Wireless Communications
and Mobile Computing, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 51-62, February 2003.
[14] X. Chai and Q. Yang, "Reducing the callibration effort for probabilistic
indoor location estimation," IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,
vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 649-662, June 2007.
[15] M. Youssef, M. Abdallah, and A. Agrawala, "Multivariate analysis for
probabilistic WLAN location determination systems," in Proc. International
Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Networking and
Services: MobiQuitous-05, July 2005, pp. 353-362.
[16] A. Sayed, A. Tarighat, and N. Khajehnouri, "Network-based wireless
location: challenges faced in developing techniques for accurate wireless
location information," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 22, no. 4, pp.
24-40, July 2005.
[17] P. Bergamo and G. Mazzini, "Localization in sensor networks with
fading and mobility," Pervasive Computing and Commun., vol. 2, pp.
750-754, September 2002.
[18] N. Yousef, A. Sayed, and L. Jalloul, "Robust wireless location over
fading channels," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 117-
126, January 2003.
[19] G. Sun, J. Chen, W. Guo, and K. Liu, "Signal processing techniques
in network-aided positioning: a survey of state-of-the-art positioning
designs," IEEE Signal Processing Mag., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 12-23, July
2005.
[20] J. Parsons, The Mobile Radio Propagation Channel (2nd ed.). West
Sussex, England: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
[21] R. Steele, Mobile Radio Communications. IEEE Press, 1992.
[22] N. Priyantha, "The Cricket indoor location system," Ph.D. dissertation,
Masachusetts Institute of Technology, June 2005.
[23] E. Hyun, M. McGuire, and M. Sima, "Radloco: A rapid and low cost
indoor location-sensing system," in Proc. International Conference on
Communications and Networking in China (Chinacom), August 2008,
pp. 630-634.
[24] A. Krishnakumar and P. Krishnan, "On the accuracy of signal strengthbased
estimation techniques," in INFOCOM 2005. 24th Annual Joint
Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies.
Proceedings IEEE, vol. 1, March 2005, pp. 642-650 vol. 1.
[25] H. Lim, L.-C. Kung, J. C. Hou, and H. Luo, "Zero-configuration, robust
indoor localization: Theory and experimentation," in INFOCOM 2006.
25th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications.
Proceedings, April 2006, pp. 1-12.
[26] M. Youssef and A. Agrawala, "Handling samples correlation in the Horus
system," in INFOCOM 2004. Twenty-third AnnualJoint Conference
of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 2, March
2004, pp. 1023-1031 vol.2.
[27] R. Battiti, T. Nhat, and A. Villani, "Location-aware computing: a neural
network model for determining location in wireless LANs," Department
of Information and Communication Technology, University of Trento,
Italy, Tech. Rep. DIT-02-0083, 2002.
[28] S.-H. Fang and T.-N. Lin, "Robust wireless lan location fingerprinting
by svd-based noise reduction," in Communications, Control and Signal
Processing, 2008. ISCCSP 2008. 3rd International Symposium on,
March 2008, pp. 295-298.
[29] M. McGuire, K. Plataniotis, and A. Venetsanopoulos, "Location of
mobile terminals using time measurements and survey points," IEEE
Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 999-1011, July 2003.
[30] S. Ahonen and H. Laitinen, "Database correlation method for UMTS
location," in Proc. Vehicular Technology Conference, vol. 4, April 2003,
pp. 2696-2700.
[31] S. Haykin, Adaptive Filter Theory, 4th ed. Upper Saddle River, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc., 2002.
[32] S. Vaseghi, Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Noise Reduction,
2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2000.
[33] M. Gudmundson, "Correlation model for shadow fading in mobile radio
systems," Electon. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 2145-2146, November 1991.
[34] R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, 2nd ed.
New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.
[35] J. M. Mendel, Lessons in Estimation Theory for Signal Processing,
Communications, and Control, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall, 1995.
[36] D. Scott, Multivariate Density Estimation: Theory, Practice, and Visualization,
ser. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Wiley-
Interscience, September 1992.
[37] B. W. Silverman, Density estimation for statistics and data analysis, ser.
Monographs on Statistics and Applied Probability. London: Chapman
and Hall, 1986.
[38] F. Ramos, B. Upcroft, S. Kumar, and H. Durrant-Whyte, "A Bayesian
approach for place recognition," in ICJAI Workshop Reasoning with
Uncertainty in Robotics, Edinburgh, Scotland, July 2005.
[39] Milner M., available online at: http://www.netstumbler.com/. Accessed
September 2009.
@article{"International Journal of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Sciences:50093", author = "Diego Felix and Eugene Hyun and Michael McGuire and Mihai Sima", title = "Denoising by Spatial Domain Averaging for Wireless Local Area Network Terminal Localization", abstract = "Terminal localization for indoor Wireless Local Area
Networks (WLANs) is critical for the deployment of location-aware
computing inside of buildings. A major challenge is obtaining high
localization accuracy in presence of fluctuations of the received signal
strength (RSS) measurements caused by multipath fading. This paper
focuses on reducing the effect of the distance-varying noise by spatial
filtering of the measured RSS. Two different survey point geometries
are tested with the noise reduction technique: survey points arranged
in sets of clusters and survey points uniformly distributed over the
network area. The results show that the location accuracy improves
by 16% when the filter is used and by 18% when the filter is applied
to a clustered survey set as opposed to a straight-line survey set.
The estimated locations are within 2 m of the true location, which
indicates that clustering the survey points provides better localization
accuracy due to superior noise removal.", keywords = "Position measurement, Wireless LAN, Radio navigation,Filtering", volume = "4", number = "10", pages = "1440-8", }
