The Role of Motivations for Eco-driving and Social Norms on Behavioural Intentions Regarding Speed Limits and Time Headway
Eco-driving allows the driver to optimize his/her behaviour in order to achieve several types of benefits: reducing pollution emissions, increasing road safety, and fuel saving. One of the main rules for adopting eco-driving is to anticipate the traffic events by avoiding strong acceleration or braking and maintaining a steady speed when possible. Therefore, drivers have to comply with speed limits and time headway. The present study explored the role of three types of motivation and social norms in predicting French drivers- intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway as eco-driving practices as well as examine the variations according to gender and age. 1234 drivers with ages between 18 and 75 years old filled in a questionnaire which was presented as part of an online survey aiming to better understand the drivers- road habits. It included items assessing: a) behavioural intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway according to three types of motivation: reducing pollution emissions, increasing road safety, and fuel saving, b) subjective and descriptive social norms regarding the intention to comply with speed limits and time headway, and c) sociodemographical variables. Drivers expressed their intention to frequently comply with speed limits and time headway in the following 6 months; however, they showed more intention to comply with speed limits as compared to time headway regardless of the type of motivation. The subjective injunctive norms were significantly more important in predicting drivers- intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway as compared to the descriptive norms. In addition, the most frequently reported type of motivation for complying with speed limits and time headway was increasing road safety followed by fuel saving and reducing pollution emissions, hence underlining a low motivation to practice eco-driving. Practical implications of the results are discussed.
[1] J.N. Barkenbus, "Eco-driving: an overlooked climate change initiative",
Energy Policy, vol. 38, 2010, pp. 762-769.
[2] R. Mundke, S. Malewar, and K. Arya, "Use of data recorder for driver
rating", SAE Technical Paper , 2006-01-0304, 2006.
[3] E. Ericsson, H. Larsson, and K. Brundell-Freij, "Optimizing route choice
for lowest fuel consumption-potential effects of a new driver support
tool", Transportation Research Part C, vol. 14, 2006, pp. 369-383.
[4] M.H.L. Waters and I.B. Laker, "Research on fuel conservation for cars".
Transport and Road Research Laboratory-Report 921, Crowthorne:
England, 1980.
[5] M. Van der Voort, M.S. Dougherty, and M. Van Maarseveen, "A
prototype fuel efficiency support tool", Transportation Research Part C,
vol. 9, pp 279-296, 2001.
[6] CIECA, Internal project on "Eco-driving" in category B driver training
and the driving test - final report, 2007, Brussels.
[7] J. Tulusan, L.Soi, J. Paefgen, M. Brogle, and T. Staake, "Eco-efficient
feedback technologies? Which eco-feedback types prefer drivers most?"
WOWMOM, IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless,
Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2011, pp.1-8.
[8] Y. Ding and H. Rakha, H., "Trip-based explanatory variables for
estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates", Water, Air and
Soil Pollution: Focus, vol 2, Kluwer: Dordecht, 2002, pp. 61-77.
[9] H. Johansson, J. Farnlund, and C. Engstrom. "Impact of eco-driving on
emissions and fuel consumption. A pre-study", Swedish Road
Administration Publication 165E, 1999.
[10] H. Johansson, P. Gustafsson, M. Henke, and M. Rosengren, "Impact of
eco-driving on emissions", In:Proceeding from the 12th Symposium,
Transport and Air Pollution Conference, Avignon, 2003.
[11] H. Larsson and E. Ericsson, "The effects of an acceleration advisory tool
in vehicles for reduced fuel consumption and emissions", Transportation
Research Part D, vol. 14, 2009, pp. 141-146.
[12] A.E. af Wahlberg, "Short-term effects of training in economical driving:
Passenger comfort and driver acceleration behaviour", International
Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 36, 2006, pp. 151-163.
[13] E. Dogan, L. Steg, and P. Delhomme, "The influence of multiple goals
on driving behavior: the case of safety, time saving, and fuel saving",
Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 43, 2011, pp. 1635-1643.
[14] N. Fricke and C. Schießl, "Encouraging environmentally friendly
driving through driver assistance: the Ecomove project", Proceedings of
the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver
Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, pp. 394-400.
[15] M. Connor, N. Smith, and B. McMillan, "Examining Normative
Pressure in the Theory of Planned Behaviour:Impact of Gender and
Passengers on Intentions to Break the Speed Limits", Current
Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, vol 22 no 3,
2003, pp. 252-263.
[16] M. L. Lin, and K.T. Fearn, "The provisional license: night-time and
passenger restrictions", Journal of Safety Research, vol. 34, no.1, 2003,
pp. 49-51.
[17] B.G. Simons-Morton, N. Lerne, and J. Singer, "The observed effects of
teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers",
Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol 37, 2005, pp. 973-982.
[18] P. Delhomme and S. Delgery, "Quelques facteurs explicatifs du
comportement de transgression de la limitsation de vitesse des jeunes
automobilistes", In: M. A. Dekkers (Ed.) Séminaire vitesse. Apports
récents de la recherche en matière de vitesse. Les collections de l-Inrets,
2006, pp. 89-112.
[19] H. Ohta, H., "Individual Differences in Driving Distance Headway",
Vision in vehicles: IV, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 91-101.
[20] Y. T. Zhang and D. B. Kaber, "An Empirical Assessment of Driver
Motivation, Emotional Response and Driving Conditions on Driver Risk
Decisions", In: G. Salvendy (ed.), Advances in Human Factors,
Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries, CRC
Press, 2010, pp. 646-655.
[21] D. Davidson and W. Freudenburg, "Gender and environmental risk
concerns: a review of available research", Environment and Behaviour,
vol. 28, 1996, pp. 302-339.
[22] T. Dietz, L. Kalof, and P.C. Stern, "Gender, values and
environmentalism", Social Science Quarterly, vol. 83, 2002, pp. 353-
364.
[23] A.D. Eisler, H. Eisler, and M. Yoshida, "Perception of human ecology:
cross-cultural and gender comparisons", Journal of Environmental
Psychology, vol. 23, 2003, 89-101.
[24] L. Whitmarsh and S. O-Neil, "Green identity, green living? The role of
pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across
diverse pro-environmental behaviours", Journal of Environmental
Psychology, vol. 30, 2010, pp. 305-314.
[25] C. Schießl, N. Fricke, and M. Staubach, "Identification and analysis of
motivators for eco-friendly driving within the Ecomove project", 8th
European ITS Congress Intelligent Mobility. Lyon: Frankreich, 2011,
pp. 1-10.
[26] M. L. Feloneau, "Pro-environmental attitudes and behavior: revealing,
perceived social desirability", Revue Internationale de Psychologie
Sociale, vol. 21, 2008, pp. 25-53.
[27] M. Polk, "Are women potentially more accommodating to a sustainable
transportation system in Sweden?" Transportation Research Part D, vol.
8, 2003, pp. 75-95.
[28] L. Hunter, A. Hatch, and A. Johnson, "Cross-national gender variation
in environmental behaviours", Social Science Quarterly, vol. 85, 2004,
pp. 147-170.
[29] P. Delhomme, K. Chappe, M. Pinto, and C. Martha, "Reducing airpollution:
A new argument for getting drivers to abide by the speed
limits?" Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 42, 2010, pp. 327-338.
[30] J. Neter, W. Wasserman and M.H. Kutner, Applied Linear Statistical
Models, 2nd edition, Homewood: R. D. Irwin, Inc., 1985.
[31] I. Ajzen, ÔÇ×From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior", in
Action control, J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann, Eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1985, pp.11-39.
[32] I. Ajzen, "The theory of planned behaviour", Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, 1991, pp.179-211.
[1] J.N. Barkenbus, "Eco-driving: an overlooked climate change initiative",
Energy Policy, vol. 38, 2010, pp. 762-769.
[2] R. Mundke, S. Malewar, and K. Arya, "Use of data recorder for driver
rating", SAE Technical Paper , 2006-01-0304, 2006.
[3] E. Ericsson, H. Larsson, and K. Brundell-Freij, "Optimizing route choice
for lowest fuel consumption-potential effects of a new driver support
tool", Transportation Research Part C, vol. 14, 2006, pp. 369-383.
[4] M.H.L. Waters and I.B. Laker, "Research on fuel conservation for cars".
Transport and Road Research Laboratory-Report 921, Crowthorne:
England, 1980.
[5] M. Van der Voort, M.S. Dougherty, and M. Van Maarseveen, "A
prototype fuel efficiency support tool", Transportation Research Part C,
vol. 9, pp 279-296, 2001.
[6] CIECA, Internal project on "Eco-driving" in category B driver training
and the driving test - final report, 2007, Brussels.
[7] J. Tulusan, L.Soi, J. Paefgen, M. Brogle, and T. Staake, "Eco-efficient
feedback technologies? Which eco-feedback types prefer drivers most?"
WOWMOM, IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless,
Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2011, pp.1-8.
[8] Y. Ding and H. Rakha, H., "Trip-based explanatory variables for
estimating vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates", Water, Air and
Soil Pollution: Focus, vol 2, Kluwer: Dordecht, 2002, pp. 61-77.
[9] H. Johansson, J. Farnlund, and C. Engstrom. "Impact of eco-driving on
emissions and fuel consumption. A pre-study", Swedish Road
Administration Publication 165E, 1999.
[10] H. Johansson, P. Gustafsson, M. Henke, and M. Rosengren, "Impact of
eco-driving on emissions", In:Proceeding from the 12th Symposium,
Transport and Air Pollution Conference, Avignon, 2003.
[11] H. Larsson and E. Ericsson, "The effects of an acceleration advisory tool
in vehicles for reduced fuel consumption and emissions", Transportation
Research Part D, vol. 14, 2009, pp. 141-146.
[12] A.E. af Wahlberg, "Short-term effects of training in economical driving:
Passenger comfort and driver acceleration behaviour", International
Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 36, 2006, pp. 151-163.
[13] E. Dogan, L. Steg, and P. Delhomme, "The influence of multiple goals
on driving behavior: the case of safety, time saving, and fuel saving",
Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 43, 2011, pp. 1635-1643.
[14] N. Fricke and C. Schießl, "Encouraging environmentally friendly
driving through driver assistance: the Ecomove project", Proceedings of
the 6th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver
Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design, pp. 394-400.
[15] M. Connor, N. Smith, and B. McMillan, "Examining Normative
Pressure in the Theory of Planned Behaviour:Impact of Gender and
Passengers on Intentions to Break the Speed Limits", Current
Psychology: Developmental, Learning, Personality, Social, vol 22 no 3,
2003, pp. 252-263.
[16] M. L. Lin, and K.T. Fearn, "The provisional license: night-time and
passenger restrictions", Journal of Safety Research, vol. 34, no.1, 2003,
pp. 49-51.
[17] B.G. Simons-Morton, N. Lerne, and J. Singer, "The observed effects of
teenage passengers on the risky driving behavior of teenage drivers",
Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol 37, 2005, pp. 973-982.
[18] P. Delhomme and S. Delgery, "Quelques facteurs explicatifs du
comportement de transgression de la limitsation de vitesse des jeunes
automobilistes", In: M. A. Dekkers (Ed.) Séminaire vitesse. Apports
récents de la recherche en matière de vitesse. Les collections de l-Inrets,
2006, pp. 89-112.
[19] H. Ohta, H., "Individual Differences in Driving Distance Headway",
Vision in vehicles: IV, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1993, pp. 91-101.
[20] Y. T. Zhang and D. B. Kaber, "An Empirical Assessment of Driver
Motivation, Emotional Response and Driving Conditions on Driver Risk
Decisions", In: G. Salvendy (ed.), Advances in Human Factors,
Ergonomics, and Safety in Manufacturing and Service Industries, CRC
Press, 2010, pp. 646-655.
[21] D. Davidson and W. Freudenburg, "Gender and environmental risk
concerns: a review of available research", Environment and Behaviour,
vol. 28, 1996, pp. 302-339.
[22] T. Dietz, L. Kalof, and P.C. Stern, "Gender, values and
environmentalism", Social Science Quarterly, vol. 83, 2002, pp. 353-
364.
[23] A.D. Eisler, H. Eisler, and M. Yoshida, "Perception of human ecology:
cross-cultural and gender comparisons", Journal of Environmental
Psychology, vol. 23, 2003, 89-101.
[24] L. Whitmarsh and S. O-Neil, "Green identity, green living? The role of
pro-environmental self-identity in determining consistency across
diverse pro-environmental behaviours", Journal of Environmental
Psychology, vol. 30, 2010, pp. 305-314.
[25] C. Schießl, N. Fricke, and M. Staubach, "Identification and analysis of
motivators for eco-friendly driving within the Ecomove project", 8th
European ITS Congress Intelligent Mobility. Lyon: Frankreich, 2011,
pp. 1-10.
[26] M. L. Feloneau, "Pro-environmental attitudes and behavior: revealing,
perceived social desirability", Revue Internationale de Psychologie
Sociale, vol. 21, 2008, pp. 25-53.
[27] M. Polk, "Are women potentially more accommodating to a sustainable
transportation system in Sweden?" Transportation Research Part D, vol.
8, 2003, pp. 75-95.
[28] L. Hunter, A. Hatch, and A. Johnson, "Cross-national gender variation
in environmental behaviours", Social Science Quarterly, vol. 85, 2004,
pp. 147-170.
[29] P. Delhomme, K. Chappe, M. Pinto, and C. Martha, "Reducing airpollution:
A new argument for getting drivers to abide by the speed
limits?" Accident Analysis and Prevention, vol. 42, 2010, pp. 327-338.
[30] J. Neter, W. Wasserman and M.H. Kutner, Applied Linear Statistical
Models, 2nd edition, Homewood: R. D. Irwin, Inc., 1985.
[31] I. Ajzen, ÔÇ×From intentions to actions: A theory of planned behavior", in
Action control, J. Kuhl and J. Beckmann, Eds., Berlin: Springer-Verlag,
1985, pp.11-39.
[32] I. Ajzen, "The theory of planned behaviour", Organizational Behavior
and Human Decision Processes, vol. 50, 1991, pp.179-211.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:51324", author = "M. Cristea and F. Paran and P. Delhomme", title = "The Role of Motivations for Eco-driving and Social Norms on Behavioural Intentions Regarding Speed Limits and Time Headway", abstract = "Eco-driving allows the driver to optimize his/her behaviour in order to achieve several types of benefits: reducing pollution emissions, increasing road safety, and fuel saving. One of the main rules for adopting eco-driving is to anticipate the traffic events by avoiding strong acceleration or braking and maintaining a steady speed when possible. Therefore, drivers have to comply with speed limits and time headway. The present study explored the role of three types of motivation and social norms in predicting French drivers- intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway as eco-driving practices as well as examine the variations according to gender and age. 1234 drivers with ages between 18 and 75 years old filled in a questionnaire which was presented as part of an online survey aiming to better understand the drivers- road habits. It included items assessing: a) behavioural intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway according to three types of motivation: reducing pollution emissions, increasing road safety, and fuel saving, b) subjective and descriptive social norms regarding the intention to comply with speed limits and time headway, and c) sociodemographical variables. Drivers expressed their intention to frequently comply with speed limits and time headway in the following 6 months; however, they showed more intention to comply with speed limits as compared to time headway regardless of the type of motivation. The subjective injunctive norms were significantly more important in predicting drivers- intentions to comply with speed limits and time headway as compared to the descriptive norms. In addition, the most frequently reported type of motivation for complying with speed limits and time headway was increasing road safety followed by fuel saving and reducing pollution emissions, hence underlining a low motivation to practice eco-driving. Practical implications of the results are discussed.
", keywords = "Eco-driving, social norms, speed limits, time headway.", volume = "6", number = "6", pages = "1114-6", }
