The Determinants and Outcomes of Pathological Internet use (PIU) among Urban Millennial Teens: A Theoretical Framework
The rapid adoption of Internet has turned the Millennial Teens- life like a lightning speed. Empirical evidence has illustrated that Pathological Internet Use (PIU) among them ensure long-term success to the market players in the children industry. However, it creates concerns among their care takers as it generates mental disorder among some of them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of PIU and identify its outcomes among urban Millennial Teens. It aims to develop a theoretical framework based on a modified Media System Dependency (MSD) Theory that integrates important systems and components that determine and resulted from PIU.
[1] Kaiser Family Foundation, ÔÇÿÔÇÿGeneration M2: media in the lives of 8- to
18-year-olds--, available at: www.kff.org. 2010.
[2] C. Kapoor, N. Solomon,"Understanding and managing generational
differences in the workplace", Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism
Themes, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 308 - 318, 2011.
[3] T. Ramayah,& M. Jantan, Internet usage among Malaysian students: The
role of demographic and motivational variables. The Journal of
Management Awareness, vol. 7, no. 22, pp. 59-70. 2004.
[4] T. Ramayah, M. Jantan, & N. Ismail, Impact of intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation on Internet usage in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 12th
International Conference on Management of Technology, Nancy,
France, (2003), 13-15th May 2003.
[5] M. S. Krimi, Z. Yusof, & S. H. Law, Regional development disparities
in Malaysia. Journal of American Science, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 70-78. 2010.
[6] C. H. Soh, Influence of Parents And Peers On Internet Usage And
Addiction Amongst School-Going Youths In Malaysia. Malaysian
University of Science and Technology, Malaysia. 2010.
[7] N. C. Guan, S. M. Isa, A. H. Hashim, S. K. Pillai & M. K. H. Singh,
Validity of the Malay Version of the Internet Addiction Test: A Study
on a Group of Medical Students in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[8] Y. K. Lim, A. R. A. Aziz, C. N. Ang, C. Y. Wong & S. L. Wong, A
survey of Internet usage in the Malaysian construction industry. Journal
of Information Technology in Construction, vol. 7, pp. 259-269, 2002.
[9] P. C. H. Soh, R. Murali, P. M. Shingi & K. W. Chew, Understanding
Internet uses and dependency of youths in Malaysia. Paper presented at
the International Conference 215 on Internet-business: Business Trends,
Systems, and Education (iBiz2007), Port Dickson, N.S., Malaysia,
2007a.
[10] P. C. H. Soh, K. W. Chew & F. Ridhwan, Preliminary findings of
Internet usage amongst youths in Malaysia. Paper presented at the
Conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Conference, Penang,
Malaysia, 2007b, 19-21st Nov 2007.
[11] R. Kraut, S. Kiesler, B. Boneva, J. Cummings, V. Helgeson, V & A.
Crawford, Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 58,
pp. 49-74, 2002.
[12] R. Wimmer, & J. Dominick, Mass media research: An introduction.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994.
[13] A. Grant, K. K. Guthrie & S. J. Ball-Rokeach, Television Shopping: A
Media Dependency Perspective. Communication Research, vol. 18, no.
6, pp. 773-798. 1991.
[14] Jung et al., Social environment and internet connectedness: The
influence of social environment on internet connectedness of adolescents
in Seoul, Singapore and Taipei. New Media & Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.
64-88, 2005.
[15] C. Liu, M. Liao & D. C. Smith, An Empirical Review of Internet
Addiction Outcome Studies in China, vol. 22, pp. 282, 2012.
[16] The Sun, Producing effective teenagers. The Sun, Malaysia, 2012, 16th
October 2012.
[17] S. Caplan, Preference for online social interaction: A theory of
problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication
Research, vol. 30, pp. 625-648, 2005.
[18] R. A. Davis, A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use.
Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 17, pp. 187-195, 2001
[19] R. A. Davis, G. L. Flett, & A. Besser, Validation of a new scale for
measuring problematic Internet use: Implications for pre-employment
screening. CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 331-345, 2002.
[20] H. Cao, Y. Sun, Y. Wan, J. Hao & F. Tao, Problematic Internet use in
Chinese adolescent and its relation to psychosomatic symptoms and life
satisfaction, vol. 11, pp. 802, 2011.
[21] Christakis et al., Problematic internet usage in US college students: A
pilot study. BMC Medicine, vol. 9, pp. 77, 2011.
[22] J. M. Hwang, Being Young And Feeling Blue In Taiwan: An Empirical
Study Of The Relationship Between Adolescent Depressive Mood And
Online And Offline Activities. State University of New York at Buffalo,
pp. 1-100, 2007.
[23] Kormas et al., Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential
problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A crosssectional
study, CyberPsychology and Behavior, vol. 11, pp. 595, 2011.
[24] M. Niculovic et al., Monitoring the effect of Internet use on students-
behavior case study: Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade.
Education Tech Research Dev, vol. 60, pp. 547-559, 2012.
[25] A. Tsitsika, E. Critselis, M. Janikian, G. Kormas G. & D. Kafetzis,
Adolescent pornographic internet site use: a multivariate regression
analysis of the predictive factors of use and psychosocial implications.
Cyberpsychology Behavior 2009, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 545-50, 2011.
[26] N. R. Debernardi, Problematic internet use: exploring the roles of
attachment and social competency. Journal in Counseling Psychology.
2008.
[27] S. J. Ball-Rokeach & D. Melvin, A Dependency Model of Mass Media
Effects. Communication Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3-21, 1976.
[28] S. J. Ball-Rokeach, The Origins of Individual Media System
Dependency: A Sociological Framework. Communication Research, vol.
12, no. 4, pp. 485-510, 1985.
[29] J. Al-Anzi, Dependency relationship and media consumption:
Perspective of Saudi people, pg. n/a. 2002.
[30] J. Joo-Young, L. Wang-Yin & K. Yong-Chan, The dynamic relationship
between the East Asian adolescents- use of the Internet and their use of
other media. New Media Society, 14(6), 969-986, 2012.
[31] C. S. Lee, Exploring emotional expressions on YouTube through the
lens of media system dependency theory. New Media and Society, vol.
14, pp. 457, 2012.
[32] C. R. Mafe & S. S. Blas, Explaining Internet dependency: An
exploratory study of future purchase intention of Spanish Internet users,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 380 - 397, 2006.
[33] H. Yoon, a Study of Individual Internet Dependency as an Extension of
Social Support, 2006.
[34] N. Luhmann, Social systems (J. Bednarz, Trans.). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 1984.
[35] S. Livingstone, Internet literacy: Young people-s negotiation of new
online opportunities. In T. McPherson (Ed.), Digital youth, innovation,
and the unexpected: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation Series on digital media and learning (pp. 101-122).
Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.
[36] A. Quan-Haase and A. L. Young, Uses and Gratifications of Social
Media: A Comparison of Facebook and Instant Messaging, 2010.
[37] B. Foster, Understanding media system dependency in the Information
Age: The digital ripple effect, 2004.
[38] Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission,
Communications and Multimedia Act, Retrieved 6th Dec 2011,from
http://www.skmm.gov.my/index.php?c=public&v=art_view&art_id=43,
2011.
[39] Alexa and Google Ad Planner, Top Social Networks in Malaysia.
Retrieved 28th July 2012, from http://alexa.com/help/viewtopic.php?
2009.
[40] K. S. Young, Caught in the net: how to recognise the signs of Internet
addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1998.
[41] H. J. Eysenck, Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin
(Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 244-276). New
York: Guilford.1990.
[42] J. B. Weaver, Personality and entertainment preferences. In D.
Zillermann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment (pp. 235-248).
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000.
[43] R. Bruning & M. Scheel, Using Personality Variables to Predict
Academic Success in Personalized System of Instruction. University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006.
[44] J. J. Kandell, "Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college
students", CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 11-17, 1998.
[45] J. S. Lemmens, P. M. Valkenburg, J. Peter, the Effects of Pathological
Gaming on Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol
40, pp. 38-47, 2011.
[46] N. E. Werner, M. F. Bumpus M. F. & D. Rock, Involvement in Internet
Aggression During Early Adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence,
vol. 39, pp. 607-619.
[47] Lee et. al., Internet addiction treatment model: cognitive and behavioral
approach, in 2007 International Symposium on the Counseling and
Treatment of Youth Internet Addiction. Seoul, Korea, National Youth
Commission, 2007, pp. 138. 2003.
[48] M. J. Muñoz-Rivas, L. Fernández & M. Gámez-Guadix, Analysis of the
Indicators of Pathological Internet Use in Spanish University Students.
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2010.
[49] M. Belch, K.A. Krentler & L. A. Flurry, ÔÇÿÔÇÿTeen internet mavens:
influence in family decision making--, Journal of Business Research,
Vol. 58 No. 5, pp. 569-75, 2005.
[50] C. Rosen, "Romance in the information age", The New Atlantis, vol. 4,
pp. 3-16, 2004.
[51] W. W. Hill & S. E. Beatty, A model of adolescents' online consumer
self-efficacy (OCSE). Journal of Business Research, vol. 64, pp. 1025-
1033, 2010.
[52] J. S. Lawson, W. L. Marshall, & P. McGrath, the Social Self-Esteem
Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 39, pp.
803-809, 1979.
[53] G. W. Brown, A. Bifulco A. & B. Andrews, Self-esteem and depression,
IV. Effect on course and recovery, Journal of Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatry Epidemiol, vol. 25, pp. 244-249, 1990.
[54] S. Mehdizadeh, Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on
Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, vol. 13,
pp. 4. 2010.
[55] E. Senol-Durak & M. Durak, The Mediator Roles of Life Satisfaction
and Self-Esteem between the Affective Components of Psychological
Well-Being and the Cognitive Symptoms of Problematic Internet Use.
Social India Res., vol. 103, pp. 23–32, 2010.
[56] R. Kraut, M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukophadhyay &
W. Scherlis, Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social
involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, vol.
53, no. 9, pp. 1017–1031, 1998.
[57] A. H. Eagly & S. Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth,
TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
[58] S. B. MacKenzie & R. J. Lutz, Information Processing from
Advertisements: Toward an Integrative Framework. Journal of
Marketing, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1-23., 1989.
[59] J. Clarke, "The Internet according to kids", Young Consumers: Insight
and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 45 – 52. 2002.
[60] A. Davidson & J. Copulsky,"Managing webmavens: relationships with
sophisticated customers via the internet can transform marketing and
speed innovation", Strategy & Leadership, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 14 – 22,
2006.
[61] H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, Manual of the Eysenck Personality
Scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1991.
[1] Kaiser Family Foundation, ÔÇÿÔÇÿGeneration M2: media in the lives of 8- to
18-year-olds--, available at: www.kff.org. 2010.
[2] C. Kapoor, N. Solomon,"Understanding and managing generational
differences in the workplace", Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism
Themes, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 308 - 318, 2011.
[3] T. Ramayah,& M. Jantan, Internet usage among Malaysian students: The
role of demographic and motivational variables. The Journal of
Management Awareness, vol. 7, no. 22, pp. 59-70. 2004.
[4] T. Ramayah, M. Jantan, & N. Ismail, Impact of intrinsic and extrinsic
motivation on Internet usage in Malaysia. Paper presented at the 12th
International Conference on Management of Technology, Nancy,
France, (2003), 13-15th May 2003.
[5] M. S. Krimi, Z. Yusof, & S. H. Law, Regional development disparities
in Malaysia. Journal of American Science, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 70-78. 2010.
[6] C. H. Soh, Influence of Parents And Peers On Internet Usage And
Addiction Amongst School-Going Youths In Malaysia. Malaysian
University of Science and Technology, Malaysia. 2010.
[7] N. C. Guan, S. M. Isa, A. H. Hashim, S. K. Pillai & M. K. H. Singh,
Validity of the Malay Version of the Internet Addiction Test: A Study
on a Group of Medical Students in Malaysia. Asia-Pacific Journal of
Public Health, pp. 1-10, 2012.
[8] Y. K. Lim, A. R. A. Aziz, C. N. Ang, C. Y. Wong & S. L. Wong, A
survey of Internet usage in the Malaysian construction industry. Journal
of Information Technology in Construction, vol. 7, pp. 259-269, 2002.
[9] P. C. H. Soh, R. Murali, P. M. Shingi & K. W. Chew, Understanding
Internet uses and dependency of youths in Malaysia. Paper presented at
the International Conference 215 on Internet-business: Business Trends,
Systems, and Education (iBiz2007), Port Dickson, N.S., Malaysia,
2007a.
[10] P. C. H. Soh, K. W. Chew & F. Ridhwan, Preliminary findings of
Internet usage amongst youths in Malaysia. Paper presented at the
Conference of the Asia Pacific Sociological Conference, Penang,
Malaysia, 2007b, 19-21st Nov 2007.
[11] R. Kraut, S. Kiesler, B. Boneva, J. Cummings, V. Helgeson, V & A.
Crawford, Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, vol. 58,
pp. 49-74, 2002.
[12] R. Wimmer, & J. Dominick, Mass media research: An introduction.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1994.
[13] A. Grant, K. K. Guthrie & S. J. Ball-Rokeach, Television Shopping: A
Media Dependency Perspective. Communication Research, vol. 18, no.
6, pp. 773-798. 1991.
[14] Jung et al., Social environment and internet connectedness: The
influence of social environment on internet connectedness of adolescents
in Seoul, Singapore and Taipei. New Media & Society, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.
64-88, 2005.
[15] C. Liu, M. Liao & D. C. Smith, An Empirical Review of Internet
Addiction Outcome Studies in China, vol. 22, pp. 282, 2012.
[16] The Sun, Producing effective teenagers. The Sun, Malaysia, 2012, 16th
October 2012.
[17] S. Caplan, Preference for online social interaction: A theory of
problematic Internet use and psychosocial well-being. Communication
Research, vol. 30, pp. 625-648, 2005.
[18] R. A. Davis, A cognitive-behavioral model of pathological Internet use.
Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 17, pp. 187-195, 2001
[19] R. A. Davis, G. L. Flett, & A. Besser, Validation of a new scale for
measuring problematic Internet use: Implications for pre-employment
screening. CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 5, pp. 331-345, 2002.
[20] H. Cao, Y. Sun, Y. Wan, J. Hao & F. Tao, Problematic Internet use in
Chinese adolescent and its relation to psychosomatic symptoms and life
satisfaction, vol. 11, pp. 802, 2011.
[21] Christakis et al., Problematic internet usage in US college students: A
pilot study. BMC Medicine, vol. 9, pp. 77, 2011.
[22] J. M. Hwang, Being Young And Feeling Blue In Taiwan: An Empirical
Study Of The Relationship Between Adolescent Depressive Mood And
Online And Offline Activities. State University of New York at Buffalo,
pp. 1-100, 2007.
[23] Kormas et al., Risk factors and psychosocial characteristics of potential
problematic and problematic internet use among adolescents: A crosssectional
study, CyberPsychology and Behavior, vol. 11, pp. 595, 2011.
[24] M. Niculovic et al., Monitoring the effect of Internet use on students-
behavior case study: Technical Faculty Bor, University of Belgrade.
Education Tech Research Dev, vol. 60, pp. 547-559, 2012.
[25] A. Tsitsika, E. Critselis, M. Janikian, G. Kormas G. & D. Kafetzis,
Adolescent pornographic internet site use: a multivariate regression
analysis of the predictive factors of use and psychosocial implications.
Cyberpsychology Behavior 2009, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 545-50, 2011.
[26] N. R. Debernardi, Problematic internet use: exploring the roles of
attachment and social competency. Journal in Counseling Psychology.
2008.
[27] S. J. Ball-Rokeach & D. Melvin, A Dependency Model of Mass Media
Effects. Communication Research, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 3-21, 1976.
[28] S. J. Ball-Rokeach, The Origins of Individual Media System
Dependency: A Sociological Framework. Communication Research, vol.
12, no. 4, pp. 485-510, 1985.
[29] J. Al-Anzi, Dependency relationship and media consumption:
Perspective of Saudi people, pg. n/a. 2002.
[30] J. Joo-Young, L. Wang-Yin & K. Yong-Chan, The dynamic relationship
between the East Asian adolescents- use of the Internet and their use of
other media. New Media Society, 14(6), 969-986, 2012.
[31] C. S. Lee, Exploring emotional expressions on YouTube through the
lens of media system dependency theory. New Media and Society, vol.
14, pp. 457, 2012.
[32] C. R. Mafe & S. S. Blas, Explaining Internet dependency: An
exploratory study of future purchase intention of Spanish Internet users,
vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 380 - 397, 2006.
[33] H. Yoon, a Study of Individual Internet Dependency as an Extension of
Social Support, 2006.
[34] N. Luhmann, Social systems (J. Bednarz, Trans.). Stanford, CA:
Stanford University Press, 1984.
[35] S. Livingstone, Internet literacy: Young people-s negotiation of new
online opportunities. In T. McPherson (Ed.), Digital youth, innovation,
and the unexpected: The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur
Foundation Series on digital media and learning (pp. 101-122).
Cambridge: MIT Press, 2011.
[36] A. Quan-Haase and A. L. Young, Uses and Gratifications of Social
Media: A Comparison of Facebook and Instant Messaging, 2010.
[37] B. Foster, Understanding media system dependency in the Information
Age: The digital ripple effect, 2004.
[38] Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission,
Communications and Multimedia Act, Retrieved 6th Dec 2011,from
http://www.skmm.gov.my/index.php?c=public&v=art_view&art_id=43,
2011.
[39] Alexa and Google Ad Planner, Top Social Networks in Malaysia.
Retrieved 28th July 2012, from http://alexa.com/help/viewtopic.php?
2009.
[40] K. S. Young, Caught in the net: how to recognise the signs of Internet
addiction and a winning strategy for recovery. New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1998.
[41] H. J. Eysenck, Biological dimensions of personality. In L. A. Pervin
(Ed.), Handbook of personality theory and research (pp. 244-276). New
York: Guilford.1990.
[42] J. B. Weaver, Personality and entertainment preferences. In D.
Zillermann & P. Vorderer (Eds.), Media entertainment (pp. 235-248).
NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., 2000.
[43] R. Bruning & M. Scheel, Using Personality Variables to Predict
Academic Success in Personalized System of Instruction. University of
Nebraska-Lincoln, 2006.
[44] J. J. Kandell, "Internet addiction on campus: the vulnerability of college
students", CyberPsychology & Behavior, vol. 1 no. 1, pp. 11-17, 1998.
[45] J. S. Lemmens, P. M. Valkenburg, J. Peter, the Effects of Pathological
Gaming on Aggressive Behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, vol
40, pp. 38-47, 2011.
[46] N. E. Werner, M. F. Bumpus M. F. & D. Rock, Involvement in Internet
Aggression During Early Adolescence. Journal of Youth Adolescence,
vol. 39, pp. 607-619.
[47] Lee et. al., Internet addiction treatment model: cognitive and behavioral
approach, in 2007 International Symposium on the Counseling and
Treatment of Youth Internet Addiction. Seoul, Korea, National Youth
Commission, 2007, pp. 138. 2003.
[48] M. J. Muñoz-Rivas, L. Fernández & M. Gámez-Guadix, Analysis of the
Indicators of Pathological Internet Use in Spanish University Students.
The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 2010.
[49] M. Belch, K.A. Krentler & L. A. Flurry, ÔÇÿÔÇÿTeen internet mavens:
influence in family decision making--, Journal of Business Research,
Vol. 58 No. 5, pp. 569-75, 2005.
[50] C. Rosen, "Romance in the information age", The New Atlantis, vol. 4,
pp. 3-16, 2004.
[51] W. W. Hill & S. E. Beatty, A model of adolescents' online consumer
self-efficacy (OCSE). Journal of Business Research, vol. 64, pp. 1025-
1033, 2010.
[52] J. S. Lawson, W. L. Marshall, & P. McGrath, the Social Self-Esteem
Inventory. Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 39, pp.
803-809, 1979.
[53] G. W. Brown, A. Bifulco A. & B. Andrews, Self-esteem and depression,
IV. Effect on course and recovery, Journal of Social Psychiatry and
Psychiatry Epidemiol, vol. 25, pp. 244-249, 1990.
[54] S. Mehdizadeh, Self-Presentation 2.0: Narcissism and Self-Esteem on
Facebook. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, And Social Networking, vol. 13,
pp. 4. 2010.
[55] E. Senol-Durak & M. Durak, The Mediator Roles of Life Satisfaction
and Self-Esteem between the Affective Components of Psychological
Well-Being and the Cognitive Symptoms of Problematic Internet Use.
Social India Res., vol. 103, pp. 23–32, 2010.
[56] R. Kraut, M. Patterson, V. Lundmark, S. Kiesler, T. Mukophadhyay &
W. Scherlis, Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social
involvement and psychological well-being? American Psychologist, vol.
53, no. 9, pp. 1017–1031, 1998.
[57] A. H. Eagly & S. Chaiken, The Psychology of Attitudes. Fort Worth,
TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College Publishers, 1993.
[58] S. B. MacKenzie & R. J. Lutz, Information Processing from
Advertisements: Toward an Integrative Framework. Journal of
Marketing, vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 1-23., 1989.
[59] J. Clarke, "The Internet according to kids", Young Consumers: Insight
and Ideas for Responsible Marketers, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 45 – 52. 2002.
[60] A. Davidson & J. Copulsky,"Managing webmavens: relationships with
sophisticated customers via the internet can transform marketing and
speed innovation", Strategy & Leadership, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 14 – 22,
2006.
[61] H. J. Eysenck & S. B. G. Eysenck, Manual of the Eysenck Personality
Scales. London: Hodder and Stoughton. 1991.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:55485", author = "Pressca Neging and Rosidah Musa and Rabiah Abdul Wahab", title = "The Determinants and Outcomes of Pathological Internet use (PIU) among Urban Millennial Teens: A Theoretical Framework", abstract = "The rapid adoption of Internet has turned the Millennial Teens- life like a lightning speed. Empirical evidence has illustrated that Pathological Internet Use (PIU) among them ensure long-term success to the market players in the children industry. However, it creates concerns among their care takers as it generates mental disorder among some of them. The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of PIU and identify its outcomes among urban Millennial Teens. It aims to develop a theoretical framework based on a modified Media System Dependency (MSD) Theory that integrates important systems and components that determine and resulted from PIU.
", keywords = "Internet, media system dependency theory,
millennial, pathological internet use.", volume = "7", number = "2", pages = "375-7", }
