Study of Compaction in Hot-Mix Asphalt Using Computer Simulations
During the process of compaction in Hot-Mix Asphalt
(HMA) mixtures, the distance between aggregate particles decreases
as they come together and eliminate air-voids. By measuring the
inter-particle distances in a cut-section of a HMA sample the degree
of compaction can be estimated. For this, a calibration curve is
generated by computer simulation technique when the gradation and
asphalt content of the HMA mixture are known. A two-dimensional
cross section of HMA specimen was simulated using the mixture
design information (gradation, asphalt content and air-void content).
Nearest neighbor distance methods such as Delaunay triangulation
were used to study the changes in inter-particle distance and area
distribution during the process of compaction in HMA. Such
computer simulations would enable making several hundreds of
repetitions in a short period of time without the necessity to compact
and analyze laboratory specimens in order to obtain good statistics on
the parameters defined. The distributions for the statistical
parameters based on computer simulations showed similar trends as
those of laboratory specimens.
[1] Z. Q. Yue and I. Morin, "Digital image processing for aggregate
orientation in asphalt concrete mixtures," Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, vol. 23, 1996, pp. 480-489.
[2] E. Masad and J. Button, "Implications of experimental measurements
and analyses of the internal structure of hot-mix asphalt,"
Transportation Research Record no. 1891, TRB, 2004, pp. 212-220.
[3] Z. Q. Yue., W. Bekking, and I. Morin, "Application of digital image
processing to quantitative study of asphalt concrete microstructure."
Transportation Research Record no. 1492, TRB, 1995, pp. 53-60.
[4] E. Masad, B. Muhunthan, N. Shashidhar, and T. Harman, "Quantifying
laboratory compaction effects on the internal structure of asphalt
concrete," Transportation Research Record no. 1681, TRB, 1999, pp.
179-185.
[5] E. Masad, B. Muhunthan, N. Shashidhar, and T. Harman, "Internal
structure characterization of asphalt concrete using image analysis,"
Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 13, no. 2, 1999,
pp. 88-95.
[6] L. Tashman, E. Masad, B. Peterson, and H. Saleh, "Internal structure
analysis of asphalt mixes to improve the simulation of Superpave
gyratory compaction to field conditions," Journal of the Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, vol. 70, 2001, pp. 605-645.
[7] S. Saadeh, L. Tashman, E. Masad, and W. Mogawer, "Spatial and
directional distributions of aggregates in asphalt mixes," Journal of
Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, vol. 30, no. 6, 2002, pp. 483-491.
[8] L. B. Wang, H. S. Paul, T. Harman, and J. D. Angelo, "Characterization
of aggregates and asphalt concrete using X-ray computerized
tomography: A state-of-the-art report," Journal of the Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, vol. 73, 2004, pp. 467-500.
[9] K. Gopalakrishnan, H. Ceylan, F. Inanc, J. Gray, and M. Heitzman,
"Characterization of asphalt materials using X-ray high-resolution
computed tomography imaging techniques," in Proc. (in press), 2006
T&DI Airfield and Highway Pavement Specialty Conference, Atlanta,
Georgia, 2006.
[10] A. E. Hunter, G. D. Airey, and A. C. Collop, "Aggregate orientation and
segregation in laboratory-compacted asphalt samples," Transportation
Research Record no. 1891, TRB, 2004, pp. 8-15.
[11] K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Shashidhar, and X. Zhong, "Attempt at
quantifying the degree of compaction in HMA using image analysis,"
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 130, 2005, pp. 225-239.
[12] E. J. Garboczi, and D. P. Bentz, "Computer simulation of the diffusivity
of cement-based materials," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 27, 1992,
pp. 2083-2092.
[13] Z. You and W. G. Buttlar, "Development of a microfabric discrete
element modeling techniques to predict complex modulus of asphaltaggregate
hollow cylinders subjected to internal pressure," in Proc., 84th
Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington,
D.C., 2005.
[14] N. Shashidhar and K. Gopalakrishnan, "Evaluating the aggregate
structure in hot-mix asphalt using three-dimensional computer modeling
and particle packing simulations," Accepted for publication in the
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering.
[15] J. R. Shewchuk, "Triangle: engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and
DeLaunay triangulator," in Proc., First Workshop on Applied
Computational Geometry, 1996, pp. 124-133.
[16] L. J. Guibas and J. Stolfi, "Primitives for the manipulations of general
subdivisions and the computation of Voronoi diagrams," ACM Trans. on
Graphics, vol. 4, 1985, pp. 74-123.
[1] Z. Q. Yue and I. Morin, "Digital image processing for aggregate
orientation in asphalt concrete mixtures," Canadian Journal of Civil
Engineering, vol. 23, 1996, pp. 480-489.
[2] E. Masad and J. Button, "Implications of experimental measurements
and analyses of the internal structure of hot-mix asphalt,"
Transportation Research Record no. 1891, TRB, 2004, pp. 212-220.
[3] Z. Q. Yue., W. Bekking, and I. Morin, "Application of digital image
processing to quantitative study of asphalt concrete microstructure."
Transportation Research Record no. 1492, TRB, 1995, pp. 53-60.
[4] E. Masad, B. Muhunthan, N. Shashidhar, and T. Harman, "Quantifying
laboratory compaction effects on the internal structure of asphalt
concrete," Transportation Research Record no. 1681, TRB, 1999, pp.
179-185.
[5] E. Masad, B. Muhunthan, N. Shashidhar, and T. Harman, "Internal
structure characterization of asphalt concrete using image analysis,"
Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering, ASCE, vol. 13, no. 2, 1999,
pp. 88-95.
[6] L. Tashman, E. Masad, B. Peterson, and H. Saleh, "Internal structure
analysis of asphalt mixes to improve the simulation of Superpave
gyratory compaction to field conditions," Journal of the Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, vol. 70, 2001, pp. 605-645.
[7] S. Saadeh, L. Tashman, E. Masad, and W. Mogawer, "Spatial and
directional distributions of aggregates in asphalt mixes," Journal of
Testing and Evaluation, ASTM, vol. 30, no. 6, 2002, pp. 483-491.
[8] L. B. Wang, H. S. Paul, T. Harman, and J. D. Angelo, "Characterization
of aggregates and asphalt concrete using X-ray computerized
tomography: A state-of-the-art report," Journal of the Association of
Asphalt Paving Technologists, vol. 73, 2004, pp. 467-500.
[9] K. Gopalakrishnan, H. Ceylan, F. Inanc, J. Gray, and M. Heitzman,
"Characterization of asphalt materials using X-ray high-resolution
computed tomography imaging techniques," in Proc. (in press), 2006
T&DI Airfield and Highway Pavement Specialty Conference, Atlanta,
Georgia, 2006.
[10] A. E. Hunter, G. D. Airey, and A. C. Collop, "Aggregate orientation and
segregation in laboratory-compacted asphalt samples," Transportation
Research Record no. 1891, TRB, 2004, pp. 8-15.
[11] K. Gopalakrishnan, N. Shashidhar, and X. Zhong, "Attempt at
quantifying the degree of compaction in HMA using image analysis,"
ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication no. 130, 2005, pp. 225-239.
[12] E. J. Garboczi, and D. P. Bentz, "Computer simulation of the diffusivity
of cement-based materials," Journal of Materials Science, vol. 27, 1992,
pp. 2083-2092.
[13] Z. You and W. G. Buttlar, "Development of a microfabric discrete
element modeling techniques to predict complex modulus of asphaltaggregate
hollow cylinders subjected to internal pressure," in Proc., 84th
Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington,
D.C., 2005.
[14] N. Shashidhar and K. Gopalakrishnan, "Evaluating the aggregate
structure in hot-mix asphalt using three-dimensional computer modeling
and particle packing simulations," Accepted for publication in the
Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering.
[15] J. R. Shewchuk, "Triangle: engineering a 2D quality mesh generator and
DeLaunay triangulator," in Proc., First Workshop on Applied
Computational Geometry, 1996, pp. 124-133.
[16] L. J. Guibas and J. Stolfi, "Primitives for the manipulations of general
subdivisions and the computation of Voronoi diagrams," ACM Trans. on
Graphics, vol. 4, 1985, pp. 74-123.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:62826", author = "Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan and Naga Shashidhar and Xiaoxiong Zhong", title = "Study of Compaction in Hot-Mix Asphalt Using Computer Simulations", abstract = "During the process of compaction in Hot-Mix Asphalt
(HMA) mixtures, the distance between aggregate particles decreases
as they come together and eliminate air-voids. By measuring the
inter-particle distances in a cut-section of a HMA sample the degree
of compaction can be estimated. For this, a calibration curve is
generated by computer simulation technique when the gradation and
asphalt content of the HMA mixture are known. A two-dimensional
cross section of HMA specimen was simulated using the mixture
design information (gradation, asphalt content and air-void content).
Nearest neighbor distance methods such as Delaunay triangulation
were used to study the changes in inter-particle distance and area
distribution during the process of compaction in HMA. Such
computer simulations would enable making several hundreds of
repetitions in a short period of time without the necessity to compact
and analyze laboratory specimens in order to obtain good statistics on
the parameters defined. The distributions for the statistical
parameters based on computer simulations showed similar trends as
those of laboratory specimens.", keywords = "Computer simulations, Hot-Mix Asphalt (HMA),
inter-particle distance, image analysis, nearest neighbor", volume = "2", number = "3", pages = "64-7", }
