Lead and Cadmium Spatial Pattern and Risk Assessment around Coal Mine in Hyrcanian Forest, North Iran
In this study, the effect of coal mining activities on lead and cadmium concentrations and distribution in soil was investigated in Hyrcanian forest, North Iran. 16 plots (20×20 m2) were established by systematic-randomly (60×60 m2) in an area of 4 ha (200×200 m2-mine entrance placed at center). An area adjacent to the mine was not affected by the mining activity; considered as the controlled area. In order to investigate soil lead and cadmium concentration, one sample was taken from the 0-10 cm in each plot. To study the spatial pattern of soil properties and lead and cadmium concentrations in the mining area, an area of 80×80m2 (the mine as the center) was considered and 80 soil samples were systematic-randomly taken (10 m intervals). Geostatistical analysis was performed via Kriging method and GS+ software (version 5.1). In order to estimate the impact of coal mining activities on soil quality, pollution index was measured. Lead and cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in mine area (Pb: 10.97±0.30, Cd: 184.47±6.26 mg.kg-1) in comparison to control area (Pb: 9.42±0.17, Cd: 131.71±15.77 mg.kg-1). The mean values of the PI index indicate that Pb (1.16) and Cd (1.77) presented slightly polluted. Results of the NIPI index showed that Pb (1.44) and Cd (2.52) presented slight pollution and moderate pollution respectively. Results of variography and kriging method showed that it is possible to prepare interpolation maps of lead and cadmium around the mining areas in Hyrcanian forest. According to results of pollution and risk assessments, forest soil was contaminated by heavy metals (lead and cadmium); therefore, using reclamation and remediation techniques in these areas is necessary.
[1] Y. Kooch, S. M. Hosseini, B. C. Scharenbroch, S. M. Hojjati and J. Mohammadi, Pedodiversity in the Caspian forests of Iran. Geoderma, 2015, pp. 4-14.
[2] K. S. Talebi, T. Sajedi and M. Pourhashemi, Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future, Springer Science & Business Media. 2013.
[3] M. Poorzady and F. Bakhtiari, Spatial and temporal changes of Hyrcanian forest in Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2009, pp. 198-206.
[4] B. Pandey, A. Mukherjee, M. Agrawal and S. Singh, Assessment of Seasonal and Site Specific Variations in Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties around Opencast Coal Mines. Pedosphere. 2017.
[5] Singh, M. P., Singh, J. K., and Mhonka, K. 2007. Forest environment and biodiversity. Diya Publishing. pp. 568.
[6] M. J. McLaughlin and B. R. Singh, Cadmium in soils and plants. In: Developments in plantand soil sciences. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
[7] M. Dayani, J. Mohammadi and K. M. Naderi, Geostatistical assessment of Pb and the related soil physical and chemical properties in near-surface soil around Sepahanshahr, Isfahan. Desert, 2010, pp. 139-149.
[8] N. Saby, D. Arrouays, L. Boulonne, C. Jolivet and A. Pochot, Geostatistical assessment of Pb in soil around Paris, France. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, pp. 212-221.
[9] J. A. Rodriguez, N. Nanos, J. M. Grau, L. Gil and M. Lopez-Arias, Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils. Chemosphere, 2008, pp. 1085-1096.
[10] Anonymous, 1996. Forest Management Plan of Lavij Forest. Published by Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization of Iran In Persian.
[11] Y. Kooch, S. M. Hosseini, C. Zaccone, H. Jalilvand and S. M. Hojjati, Soil organic carbon sequestration as affected by afforestation: the Darab Kola forest north of Iran case study. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012, pp. 2438-2446.
[12] R. R. Rafeiejahed and S. M. Hosseini, The effect of natural and planted forest stands on soil fertility in the Hyrcanian region, Iran. Biodiversitas, 2014, pp. 206-214.
[13] A. Ersoy, T. Y. Yunsel and Ü. Atici, Geostatistical conditional simulation for the assessment of contaminated land by abandoned heavy metal mining. Environmental toxicology, 2008, pp. 96-109.
[14] M. Jackson, Soil Chemical Analysis Ed. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi. 1967.
[15] K. Loska, D. Wiechula and I. Korus, Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 2004, pp. 159–165.
[16] C. S. Lee, X. D. Li, W. Z. Shi, S. C. Cheung and I. Thornton, Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, pp. 45–61.
[17] X. Zhao, T. Nasier, Y. Cheng, J. Zhan and J. Yang, Environmental geochemical baseline of heavy metals in soils of the Ili river basin and pollution evalution. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014a, pp. 2392–2400.
[18] L. Zhao, Y. Xu, H. Hou, Y. Shangguan, and F. Li, Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in urban soils around the Tanggu chemical industrial district, Tianjin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2014b, pp. 654–662.
[19] F. Zang, S. Wang, Z. Nan, J. Ma, Q. Zhang, Y. Chen and Y. Li, Accumulation, spatio-temporal distribution, and risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil-corn system around a polymetallic mining area from the Loess Plateau, northwest China. Geoderma, 2017, pp. 188-196.
[20] X. Qing, Z. Yutong and L. Shenggao, Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city Anshan, Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015, pp. 377-385.
[21] C. Cambardella, T. Moorman, T. Parkin, D. Karlen, J. Novak, R. Turco and A. Konopka, Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994, pp. 1501-1511.
[1] Y. Kooch, S. M. Hosseini, B. C. Scharenbroch, S. M. Hojjati and J. Mohammadi, Pedodiversity in the Caspian forests of Iran. Geoderma, 2015, pp. 4-14.
[2] K. S. Talebi, T. Sajedi and M. Pourhashemi, Forests of Iran: A Treasure from the Past, a Hope for the Future, Springer Science & Business Media. 2013.
[3] M. Poorzady and F. Bakhtiari, Spatial and temporal changes of Hyrcanian forest in Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, 2009, pp. 198-206.
[4] B. Pandey, A. Mukherjee, M. Agrawal and S. Singh, Assessment of Seasonal and Site Specific Variations in Soil Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties around Opencast Coal Mines. Pedosphere. 2017.
[5] Singh, M. P., Singh, J. K., and Mhonka, K. 2007. Forest environment and biodiversity. Diya Publishing. pp. 568.
[6] M. J. McLaughlin and B. R. Singh, Cadmium in soils and plants. In: Developments in plantand soil sciences. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1999.
[7] M. Dayani, J. Mohammadi and K. M. Naderi, Geostatistical assessment of Pb and the related soil physical and chemical properties in near-surface soil around Sepahanshahr, Isfahan. Desert, 2010, pp. 139-149.
[8] N. Saby, D. Arrouays, L. Boulonne, C. Jolivet and A. Pochot, Geostatistical assessment of Pb in soil around Paris, France. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, pp. 212-221.
[9] J. A. Rodriguez, N. Nanos, J. M. Grau, L. Gil and M. Lopez-Arias, Multiscale analysis of heavy metal contents in Spanish agricultural topsoils. Chemosphere, 2008, pp. 1085-1096.
[10] Anonymous, 1996. Forest Management Plan of Lavij Forest. Published by Forests, Range and Watershed Management Organization of Iran In Persian.
[11] Y. Kooch, S. M. Hosseini, C. Zaccone, H. Jalilvand and S. M. Hojjati, Soil organic carbon sequestration as affected by afforestation: the Darab Kola forest north of Iran case study. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2012, pp. 2438-2446.
[12] R. R. Rafeiejahed and S. M. Hosseini, The effect of natural and planted forest stands on soil fertility in the Hyrcanian region, Iran. Biodiversitas, 2014, pp. 206-214.
[13] A. Ersoy, T. Y. Yunsel and Ü. Atici, Geostatistical conditional simulation for the assessment of contaminated land by abandoned heavy metal mining. Environmental toxicology, 2008, pp. 96-109.
[14] M. Jackson, Soil Chemical Analysis Ed. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi. 1967.
[15] K. Loska, D. Wiechula and I. Korus, Metal contamination of farming soils affected by industry. Environment International, 2004, pp. 159–165.
[16] C. S. Lee, X. D. Li, W. Z. Shi, S. C. Cheung and I. Thornton, Metal contamination in urban, suburban, and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of the Total Environment, 2006, pp. 45–61.
[17] X. Zhao, T. Nasier, Y. Cheng, J. Zhan and J. Yang, Environmental geochemical baseline of heavy metals in soils of the Ili river basin and pollution evalution. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014a, pp. 2392–2400.
[18] L. Zhao, Y. Xu, H. Hou, Y. Shangguan, and F. Li, Source identification and health risk assessment of metals in urban soils around the Tanggu chemical industrial district, Tianjin, China. Science of the Total Environment, 2014b, pp. 654–662.
[19] F. Zang, S. Wang, Z. Nan, J. Ma, Q. Zhang, Y. Chen and Y. Li, Accumulation, spatio-temporal distribution, and risk assessment of heavy metals in the soil-corn system around a polymetallic mining area from the Loess Plateau, northwest China. Geoderma, 2017, pp. 188-196.
[20] X. Qing, Z. Yutong and L. Shenggao, Assessment of heavy metal pollution and human health risk in urban soils of steel industrial city Anshan, Liaoning, Northeast China. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2015, pp. 377-385.
[21] C. Cambardella, T. Moorman, T. Parkin, D. Karlen, J. Novak, R. Turco and A. Konopka, Field-scale variability of soil properties in central Iowa soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1994, pp. 1501-1511.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:78608", author = "Mahsa Tavakoli and Seyed Mohammad Hojjati and Yahya Kooch", title = "Lead and Cadmium Spatial Pattern and Risk Assessment around Coal Mine in Hyrcanian Forest, North Iran", abstract = "In this study, the effect of coal mining activities on lead and cadmium concentrations and distribution in soil was investigated in Hyrcanian forest, North Iran. 16 plots (20×20 m2) were established by systematic-randomly (60×60 m2) in an area of 4 ha (200×200 m2-mine entrance placed at center). An area adjacent to the mine was not affected by the mining activity; considered as the controlled area. In order to investigate soil lead and cadmium concentration, one sample was taken from the 0-10 cm in each plot. To study the spatial pattern of soil properties and lead and cadmium concentrations in the mining area, an area of 80×80m2 (the mine as the center) was considered and 80 soil samples were systematic-randomly taken (10 m intervals). Geostatistical analysis was performed via Kriging method and GS+ software (version 5.1). In order to estimate the impact of coal mining activities on soil quality, pollution index was measured. Lead and cadmium concentrations were significantly higher in mine area (Pb: 10.97±0.30, Cd: 184.47±6.26 mg.kg-1) in comparison to control area (Pb: 9.42±0.17, Cd: 131.71±15.77 mg.kg-1). The mean values of the PI index indicate that Pb (1.16) and Cd (1.77) presented slightly polluted. Results of the NIPI index showed that Pb (1.44) and Cd (2.52) presented slight pollution and moderate pollution respectively. Results of variography and kriging method showed that it is possible to prepare interpolation maps of lead and cadmium around the mining areas in Hyrcanian forest. According to results of pollution and risk assessments, forest soil was contaminated by heavy metals (lead and cadmium); therefore, using reclamation and remediation techniques in these areas is necessary.
", keywords = "Traditional coal mining, heavy metals, pollution indicators, geostatistics, caspian forest.", volume = "13", number = "4", pages = "205-4", }
