Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Electrodeposited Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 Nano-Composite Coatings
Electrodeposition is a simple and economic technique
for precision coating of different shaped substrates with pure metal,
alloy or composite films. Dc electrodeposition was used to produce
Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 nano-composite coatings from Cr(III)
based electrolytes onto 316L SS substrates. The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles
concentration on co-deposition of these particles along with
Cr content and microhardness of the coatings were investigated.
Morphology of the Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 coatings besides their
tribological behavior were studied. The results showed that increment
of TiO2 nanoparticles concentration from 0 to 30 g L-1 in the bath
increased their co-deposition and Cr content of the coatings from 0 to
3.5 wt.% and from 23.7 to 31.2 wt.%, respectively. Microhardness of
Cr coating was about 920 Hv which was higher than Co-Cr and even
Co-Cr/TiO2 films. Microhardness of Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 coatings
were improved by increasing their Cr and TiO2 content. All the
coatings had nodular morphology and contained microcracks.
Nodules sizes and the number of microcracks in the alloy and
composite coatings were lower than the Cr film. Wear results
revealed that the Co-Cr/TiO2 coating had the lowest wear loss
between all the samples, while the Cr film had the worst wear
resistance.
[1] C.U. Chisholm, Cobalt-chromium coatings by electrodeposition: Review
and initial experimental studies, Electrodepos. Surf. Treat. 3 (1975) 321–
333.
[2] D.P. Weston, P.H. Shipway, S.J. Harris, M.K. Cheng, Friction and
sliding wear behaviour of electrodeposited cobalt and cobalt–tungsten
alloy coatings for replacement of electrodeposited chromium, Wear 267
(2009) 934–943.
[3] V.S. Protsenko, F.I. Danilov, Chromium electroplating from trivalent
chromium baths as an environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous
hexavalent chromium baths: comparative study on advantages and
disadvantages, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 16 (2014) 1201–1206.
[4] C.A. Huang, C.K. Lin, C.Y. Chen, Hardness variation and corrosion
behavior of as-plated and annealed Cr–Ni alloy deposits electroplated in
a trivalent chromium-based bath, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2009) 3686–
3691. [5] Y.I. Choi, T. Eguchi, T. Asao, K. Kuroda, M. Okido, Mechanism for the
formation of black Cr-Co electrodeposits from Cr3+ solution containing
oxalic acid, J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 (2014) 713–718.
[6] S. Survilienė, V. Jasulaitienė, A. Češūnienė, A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, The
use of XPS for study of the surface layers of Cr–Co alloy
electrodeposited from Cr(III) formate–urea baths, Solid State Ionics 179
(2008) 222–227.
[7] C.A. Huang, U.W. Lieu, C.H. Chuang, Role of nickel undercoat and
reduction-flame heating on the mechanical properties of Cr–C deposit
electroplated from a trivalent chromium based bath, Surf. Coat. Technol.
203 (2009) 2921–2926.
[8] Z. Zeng, J. Zhang, Electrodeposition and tribological behavior of
amorphous chromium-alumina composite coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol.
202 (2008) 2725–2730.
[9] M.S. Marwah, V. Srinivas, A. K. Pandey, S.R. Kumar, K. Biswas, J.
Maity, Morphological changes during annealing of electrodeposited Ni-
Cr coating on steel and their effect on corrosion in 3% of NaCl solution,
J. Iron. Steel Res. Int. 18 (2011) 72–78.
[10] G. Saravanan, S. Mohan, Structure, composition and corrosion
resistance studies of Co–Cr alloy electrodeposited from deep eutectic
solvent (DES), J. Alloys Compd. 522 (2012) 162– 166.
[11] R. Ahmed, H.L. de Villiers Lovelock , S. Davies, N.H. Faisal, Influence
of Re-HIPing on the structure–property relationships of cobalt-based
alloys, Tribol. Int. 57 (2013) 8–21.
[12] M. Li, Z. Ke-chao, L. Zhi-you, W. Qiu-ping, Electrodeposition of Ni-
Co-Fe2O3 composite coatings, J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 17 (2010)
708−714.
[13] J. Gao, J. Suo, Preparation and characterization of the electrodeposited
Cr–Al2O3/SiC composite coating, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011) 9643–
9648.
[14] N. Guglielmi, Kinetics of the deposition of inert particles from
electrolytic baths, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1009–1012.
[15] B.A. Spiridonov, Electrodeposition of chromium-cobalt alloy coatings
from sulfate electrolytes, Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 76 (2003) 65–70.
[16] Y. Yu-fang, G. Zhu-qing, D. Li-yuan, L. Bei-ping, M. Yu-tian, Y. Zhenhui,
Electrodeposition of Ni-Cr alloy on aluminum substrate, J. Cent.
South Univ. Technol 13 (2006) 219–224.
[17] M. Adabi, A.A. Amadeh, Electrodeposition mechanism of Ni-Al
composite coating, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 3189–
3195.
[18] A. Neville, V. Kollia-Rafailidi, A comparison of boundary wear film
formation on steel and a thermal sprayed Co/Cr/Mo coating under
sliding conditions, Wear 252 (2002) 227–239.
[19] M. Masoudi, M. Hashim, H. Mohamed Kamari, M. Sapuan Salit,
Fabrication and characterization of Ni–SiC–Cr nanocomposite coatings,
Appl. Nanosci. 3 (2013) 357–362.
[20] M. Rezaei-Sameti, S. Nadali, J. Rajabi, M. Rakhshi, The effects of pulse
electrodeposition parameters on morphology, hardness and wear
behavior of nano-structure Cr–WC composite coatings, J. Mol. Struct.
1020 (2012) 23–27.
[21] S. Surviliene, V. Jasulaitiene, A. Lisowska-oleksiak, V.A. Safonov,
Effect of WC on electrodeposition and corrosion behaviour of chromium
coatings, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35 (2005) 9–15.
[22] J.F. Archard, Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces, J. Appl. Phys. 24
(1953) 981–988.
[23] S. Mahdavi, S.R. Allahkaram, Characteristics of electrodeposited cobalt
and titania nano-reinforced cobalt composite coatings, Surf. Coat.
Technol. 232 (2013) 198–203.
[24] S. Mahdavi, F. Akhlaghi, Effect of the SiC particle size on the dry
sliding wear behavior of SiC and SiC–Gr-reinforced Al6061 composites,
J. Mater. Sci. (2011) 46:7883–7894.
[1] C.U. Chisholm, Cobalt-chromium coatings by electrodeposition: Review
and initial experimental studies, Electrodepos. Surf. Treat. 3 (1975) 321–
333.
[2] D.P. Weston, P.H. Shipway, S.J. Harris, M.K. Cheng, Friction and
sliding wear behaviour of electrodeposited cobalt and cobalt–tungsten
alloy coatings for replacement of electrodeposited chromium, Wear 267
(2009) 934–943.
[3] V.S. Protsenko, F.I. Danilov, Chromium electroplating from trivalent
chromium baths as an environmentally friendly alternative to hazardous
hexavalent chromium baths: comparative study on advantages and
disadvantages, Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 16 (2014) 1201–1206.
[4] C.A. Huang, C.K. Lin, C.Y. Chen, Hardness variation and corrosion
behavior of as-plated and annealed Cr–Ni alloy deposits electroplated in
a trivalent chromium-based bath, Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2009) 3686–
3691. [5] Y.I. Choi, T. Eguchi, T. Asao, K. Kuroda, M. Okido, Mechanism for the
formation of black Cr-Co electrodeposits from Cr3+ solution containing
oxalic acid, J. Electrochem. Soc. 161 (2014) 713–718.
[6] S. Survilienė, V. Jasulaitienė, A. Češūnienė, A. Lisowska-Oleksiak, The
use of XPS for study of the surface layers of Cr–Co alloy
electrodeposited from Cr(III) formate–urea baths, Solid State Ionics 179
(2008) 222–227.
[7] C.A. Huang, U.W. Lieu, C.H. Chuang, Role of nickel undercoat and
reduction-flame heating on the mechanical properties of Cr–C deposit
electroplated from a trivalent chromium based bath, Surf. Coat. Technol.
203 (2009) 2921–2926.
[8] Z. Zeng, J. Zhang, Electrodeposition and tribological behavior of
amorphous chromium-alumina composite coatings, Surf. Coat. Technol.
202 (2008) 2725–2730.
[9] M.S. Marwah, V. Srinivas, A. K. Pandey, S.R. Kumar, K. Biswas, J.
Maity, Morphological changes during annealing of electrodeposited Ni-
Cr coating on steel and their effect on corrosion in 3% of NaCl solution,
J. Iron. Steel Res. Int. 18 (2011) 72–78.
[10] G. Saravanan, S. Mohan, Structure, composition and corrosion
resistance studies of Co–Cr alloy electrodeposited from deep eutectic
solvent (DES), J. Alloys Compd. 522 (2012) 162– 166.
[11] R. Ahmed, H.L. de Villiers Lovelock , S. Davies, N.H. Faisal, Influence
of Re-HIPing on the structure–property relationships of cobalt-based
alloys, Tribol. Int. 57 (2013) 8–21.
[12] M. Li, Z. Ke-chao, L. Zhi-you, W. Qiu-ping, Electrodeposition of Ni-
Co-Fe2O3 composite coatings, J. Cent. South Univ. Technol. 17 (2010)
708−714.
[13] J. Gao, J. Suo, Preparation and characterization of the electrodeposited
Cr–Al2O3/SiC composite coating, Appl. Surf. Sci. 257 (2011) 9643–
9648.
[14] N. Guglielmi, Kinetics of the deposition of inert particles from
electrolytic baths, J. Electrochem. Soc. 119 (1972) 1009–1012.
[15] B.A. Spiridonov, Electrodeposition of chromium-cobalt alloy coatings
from sulfate electrolytes, Russ. J. Appl. Chem. 76 (2003) 65–70.
[16] Y. Yu-fang, G. Zhu-qing, D. Li-yuan, L. Bei-ping, M. Yu-tian, Y. Zhenhui,
Electrodeposition of Ni-Cr alloy on aluminum substrate, J. Cent.
South Univ. Technol 13 (2006) 219–224.
[17] M. Adabi, A.A. Amadeh, Electrodeposition mechanism of Ni-Al
composite coating, Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 24(2014) 3189–
3195.
[18] A. Neville, V. Kollia-Rafailidi, A comparison of boundary wear film
formation on steel and a thermal sprayed Co/Cr/Mo coating under
sliding conditions, Wear 252 (2002) 227–239.
[19] M. Masoudi, M. Hashim, H. Mohamed Kamari, M. Sapuan Salit,
Fabrication and characterization of Ni–SiC–Cr nanocomposite coatings,
Appl. Nanosci. 3 (2013) 357–362.
[20] M. Rezaei-Sameti, S. Nadali, J. Rajabi, M. Rakhshi, The effects of pulse
electrodeposition parameters on morphology, hardness and wear
behavior of nano-structure Cr–WC composite coatings, J. Mol. Struct.
1020 (2012) 23–27.
[21] S. Surviliene, V. Jasulaitiene, A. Lisowska-oleksiak, V.A. Safonov,
Effect of WC on electrodeposition and corrosion behaviour of chromium
coatings, J. Appl. Electrochem. 35 (2005) 9–15.
[22] J.F. Archard, Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces, J. Appl. Phys. 24
(1953) 981–988.
[23] S. Mahdavi, S.R. Allahkaram, Characteristics of electrodeposited cobalt
and titania nano-reinforced cobalt composite coatings, Surf. Coat.
Technol. 232 (2013) 198–203.
[24] S. Mahdavi, F. Akhlaghi, Effect of the SiC particle size on the dry
sliding wear behavior of SiC and SiC–Gr-reinforced Al6061 composites,
J. Mater. Sci. (2011) 46:7883–7894.
@article{"International Journal of Chemical, Materials and Biomolecular Sciences:70134", author = "S. Mahdavi and S. R. Allahkaram", title = "Investigation of Tribological Behavior of Electrodeposited Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 Nano-Composite Coatings", abstract = "Electrodeposition is a simple and economic technique
for precision coating of different shaped substrates with pure metal,
alloy or composite films. Dc electrodeposition was used to produce
Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 nano-composite coatings from Cr(III)
based electrolytes onto 316L SS substrates. The effects of TiO2 nanoparticles
concentration on co-deposition of these particles along with
Cr content and microhardness of the coatings were investigated.
Morphology of the Cr, Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 coatings besides their
tribological behavior were studied. The results showed that increment
of TiO2 nanoparticles concentration from 0 to 30 g L-1 in the bath
increased their co-deposition and Cr content of the coatings from 0 to
3.5 wt.% and from 23.7 to 31.2 wt.%, respectively. Microhardness of
Cr coating was about 920 Hv which was higher than Co-Cr and even
Co-Cr/TiO2 films. Microhardness of Co-Cr and Co-Cr/TiO2 coatings
were improved by increasing their Cr and TiO2 content. All the
coatings had nodular morphology and contained microcracks.
Nodules sizes and the number of microcracks in the alloy and
composite coatings were lower than the Cr film. Wear results
revealed that the Co-Cr/TiO2 coating had the lowest wear loss
between all the samples, while the Cr film had the worst wear
resistance.", keywords = "Co-Cr alloy, electrodeposition, nano-composite,
tribological behavior, trivalent chromium.", volume = "9", number = "7", pages = "787-5", }
