Investigating the Thermal Characteristics of Reclaimed Solid Waste from a Landfill Site Using Thermogravimetry
Thermogravimetry has been popularized as a thermal characterization technique since the 1950s. It aims at investigating the weight loss against both reaction time and temperature, whilst being able to characterize the evolved gases from the volatile components of the organic material being tested using an appropriate hyphenated analytical technique. In an effort to characterize and identify the reclaimed waste from an unsanitary landfill site, this approach was initiated. Solid waste (SW) reclaimed from an active landfill site in the State of Kuwait was collected and prepared for characterization in accordance with international protocols. The SW was segregated and its major components were identified after washing and air drying. Shredding and cryomilling was conducted on the plastic solid waste (PSW) component to yield a material that is representative for further testing and characterization. The material was subjected to five heating rates (b) with minimal repeatable weight for high accuracy thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) following the recommendation of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC). The TGA yielded thermograms that showed an off-set from typical behavior of commercial grade resin which was attributed to contact of material with soil and thermal/photo-degradation.
[1] S.M. Al-Salem, A.Y. Al-Nasser, M.H. Behbehani, H.H. Sultan, H.J. Karam, M.H. Al-Wadi, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri, Z. Rasheed, M. Al-Foudaree, “Thermal Response and Degressive Reaction Study of Oxo-Biodegradable Plastic Products Exposed to Various Degradation Media” Int. J. Polym. Sci 2019, 9612813. DOI: 10.1155/2019/9612813.
[2] S.A. Salaudeen, S.M. Al-Salem, M. Heidari, B. Acharya, A. Dutta, “Eggshell as a Carbon Dioxide Sorbent: Kinetics of the Calcination and Carbonation Reactions” (Accepted) Energy Fuels DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00072.
[3] S.M. Al-Salem, M.H. Behbehani, H.J. Karam, S.F. Al-Rowaih, F.M. Asiri “On the Kinetics of Degradation Reaction Determined Post Accelerated Weathering of Polyolefin Plastic Waste Blends” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030395.
[4] S.M. Al-Salem, A. Bumajdad, A.R. Khan, B.K. Sharma, S.R. Chandrasekaran, F.A. Al-Turki, F.H. Jassem, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Non-isothermal degradation kinetics of virgin linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and biodegradable polymer blends” J. Polym. Polym. Res. 2018, 25: 111. DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1513-7.
[5] S.M. Al-Salem, B.K. Sharma, A.R. Khan, J.C. Arnold, S.M. Alston, S.R. Chandrasekaran, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Virgin Polypropylene (PP) and PP with Starch Blends Exposed to Natural Weathering” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2017, 56(18), 5210–5220. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00754.
[6] S. Vyazovkin, A.K. Burnhamb, J.M. Criadoc, L.A. Pérez-Maquedac, C. Popescud, N. Sbirrazzuolie, “ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data” Thermochim. Acta 2011, 520, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.034
[7] S. Vyazovkin, K. Chrissafis, M.L. Di Lorenzo, N. Koga, M. Pijolat, B. Roduit, N. Sbirrazzuoli, J.J. Suñol, “ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for collecting experimental thermal analysis data for kinetic computations”. Thermochim. Acta 2014, 590, 1–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2014.05.036
[8] F. Biryan, K. Demirelli “Thermal degradation kinetic, electrical and dielectric behavior of brush copolymer with a polystyrene backbone and polyacrylate-amide side chains/ nanographene-filled composites” J. Moluc. Struc. 2019, 1186, 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.026
[9] S.M. Al-Salem “Kinetic Studies Related to Polymer Degradation and Stability” Chapter 9 In: Plastics to Energy: Fuel, Chemicals, and Sustainability Implications, Elsevier, 1st Edition, 2019, 233-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813140-4.00009-1
[10] S.M. Al-Salem, A. Al-Nasser, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Multi-Variable Regression Analysis for the Solid Waste Generation in The State of Kuwait” Process Safe. Environ. Protect. 2018, 119; 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.07.017
[11] S. Mor, K. Ravindra, A. De Visscher, R.P. Dahiya, A. Chandra “Municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential methane generation: A case study” Sci. Tot. Environ. 2006, 371: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.014
[12] S.M. Al-Salem, G.A. Leeke, R. Al-Enezi, H.H. Sultan, H.J. Karam, M.H. Al-Wadi, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri, A.A. Boota, J. Wang “Potential for Thermal and Solar Power Pyrolysis In Treating Reclaimed Real Life Solid Waste From A Landfill Disposal Site” (Accepted) In Proceedings of the 17th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 30 Sept. - 4 Oct., Cagliari, Italy.
[13] S. Al-Salem, G. Leeke, J. Wang, R. Al-Enezi, H. Sultan, H. Karam, M. Al-Wadi, A. Al-Dhafeeri, A. Boota “Solar Powered Fast Pyrolysis for Producing Bio-Oils from Municipal Solid Waste in the State of Kuwait” KISR, Progress Report, Project EM103, February 2019.
[14] S.M. Al-Salem, A. R. Khan “On the degradation kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends in dynamic thermogravimetry” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2014, 104: 28-32.
[15] P. Rizzarelli, M. Rapisarda, S. Perna, E. Francesco Mirabella et al. “Determination of polyethylene in biodegradable polymer blends and in compostable carrier bags by Py-GC/MS and TGA” J. Anal. App. Pyrolysis 2016 117: 72-81.
[16] X. Gou, X. Zhao, S. Singh, D. Qiao “Tri-pyrolysis: A thermo-kinetic characterisation of polyethylene, cornstalk, and anthracite coal using TGA-FTIR analysis” Fuel 2019, 252: 393-402.
[17] R. Tuffi, S. D’Abramo, L.M. Cafiero, E. Trinca and S. Vecchio Ciprioti, “Thermal behavior and pyrolytic degradation kinetics of polymeric mixtures from waste packaging plastics” eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2018, 12: 82–99.
[1] S.M. Al-Salem, A.Y. Al-Nasser, M.H. Behbehani, H.H. Sultan, H.J. Karam, M.H. Al-Wadi, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri, Z. Rasheed, M. Al-Foudaree, “Thermal Response and Degressive Reaction Study of Oxo-Biodegradable Plastic Products Exposed to Various Degradation Media” Int. J. Polym. Sci 2019, 9612813. DOI: 10.1155/2019/9612813.
[2] S.A. Salaudeen, S.M. Al-Salem, M. Heidari, B. Acharya, A. Dutta, “Eggshell as a Carbon Dioxide Sorbent: Kinetics of the Calcination and Carbonation Reactions” (Accepted) Energy Fuels DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00072.
[3] S.M. Al-Salem, M.H. Behbehani, H.J. Karam, S.F. Al-Rowaih, F.M. Asiri “On the Kinetics of Degradation Reaction Determined Post Accelerated Weathering of Polyolefin Plastic Waste Blends” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(3), 395; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030395.
[4] S.M. Al-Salem, A. Bumajdad, A.R. Khan, B.K. Sharma, S.R. Chandrasekaran, F.A. Al-Turki, F.H. Jassem, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Non-isothermal degradation kinetics of virgin linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and biodegradable polymer blends” J. Polym. Polym. Res. 2018, 25: 111. DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1513-7.
[5] S.M. Al-Salem, B.K. Sharma, A.R. Khan, J.C. Arnold, S.M. Alston, S.R. Chandrasekaran, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Thermal Degradation Kinetics of Virgin Polypropylene (PP) and PP with Starch Blends Exposed to Natural Weathering” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2017, 56(18), 5210–5220. DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00754.
[6] S. Vyazovkin, A.K. Burnhamb, J.M. Criadoc, L.A. Pérez-Maquedac, C. Popescud, N. Sbirrazzuolie, “ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for performing kinetic computations on thermal analysis data” Thermochim. Acta 2011, 520, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2011.03.034
[7] S. Vyazovkin, K. Chrissafis, M.L. Di Lorenzo, N. Koga, M. Pijolat, B. Roduit, N. Sbirrazzuoli, J.J. Suñol, “ICTAC Kinetics Committee recommendations for collecting experimental thermal analysis data for kinetic computations”. Thermochim. Acta 2014, 590, 1–23. DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2014.05.036
[8] F. Biryan, K. Demirelli “Thermal degradation kinetic, electrical and dielectric behavior of brush copolymer with a polystyrene backbone and polyacrylate-amide side chains/ nanographene-filled composites” J. Moluc. Struc. 2019, 1186, 187-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.026
[9] S.M. Al-Salem “Kinetic Studies Related to Polymer Degradation and Stability” Chapter 9 In: Plastics to Energy: Fuel, Chemicals, and Sustainability Implications, Elsevier, 1st Edition, 2019, 233-268. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813140-4.00009-1
[10] S.M. Al-Salem, A. Al-Nasser, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri “Multi-Variable Regression Analysis for the Solid Waste Generation in The State of Kuwait” Process Safe. Environ. Protect. 2018, 119; 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2018.07.017
[11] S. Mor, K. Ravindra, A. De Visscher, R.P. Dahiya, A. Chandra “Municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential methane generation: A case study” Sci. Tot. Environ. 2006, 371: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.04.014
[12] S.M. Al-Salem, G.A. Leeke, R. Al-Enezi, H.H. Sultan, H.J. Karam, M.H. Al-Wadi, A.T. Al-Dhafeeri, A.A. Boota, J. Wang “Potential for Thermal and Solar Power Pyrolysis In Treating Reclaimed Real Life Solid Waste From A Landfill Disposal Site” (Accepted) In Proceedings of the 17th International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 30 Sept. - 4 Oct., Cagliari, Italy.
[13] S. Al-Salem, G. Leeke, J. Wang, R. Al-Enezi, H. Sultan, H. Karam, M. Al-Wadi, A. Al-Dhafeeri, A. Boota “Solar Powered Fast Pyrolysis for Producing Bio-Oils from Municipal Solid Waste in the State of Kuwait” KISR, Progress Report, Project EM103, February 2019.
[14] S.M. Al-Salem, A. R. Khan “On the degradation kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends in dynamic thermogravimetry” Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2014, 104: 28-32.
[15] P. Rizzarelli, M. Rapisarda, S. Perna, E. Francesco Mirabella et al. “Determination of polyethylene in biodegradable polymer blends and in compostable carrier bags by Py-GC/MS and TGA” J. Anal. App. Pyrolysis 2016 117: 72-81.
[16] X. Gou, X. Zhao, S. Singh, D. Qiao “Tri-pyrolysis: A thermo-kinetic characterisation of polyethylene, cornstalk, and anthracite coal using TGA-FTIR analysis” Fuel 2019, 252: 393-402.
[17] R. Tuffi, S. D’Abramo, L.M. Cafiero, E. Trinca and S. Vecchio Ciprioti, “Thermal behavior and pyrolytic degradation kinetics of polymeric mixtures from waste packaging plastics” eXPRESS Polym. Lett. 2018, 12: 82–99.
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:79340", author = "S. M. Al-Salem and G.A. Leeke and H. J. Karam and R. Al-Enzi and A. T. Al-Dhafeeri and J. Wang", title = "Investigating the Thermal Characteristics of Reclaimed Solid Waste from a Landfill Site Using Thermogravimetry ", abstract = "Thermogravimetry has been popularized as a thermal characterization technique since the 1950s. It aims at investigating the weight loss against both reaction time and temperature, whilst being able to characterize the evolved gases from the volatile components of the organic material being tested using an appropriate hyphenated analytical technique. In an effort to characterize and identify the reclaimed waste from an unsanitary landfill site, this approach was initiated. Solid waste (SW) reclaimed from an active landfill site in the State of Kuwait was collected and prepared for characterization in accordance with international protocols. The SW was segregated and its major components were identified after washing and air drying. Shredding and cryomilling was conducted on the plastic solid waste (PSW) component to yield a material that is representative for further testing and characterization. The material was subjected to five heating rates (b) with minimal repeatable weight for high accuracy thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) following the recommendation of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry (ICTAC). The TGA yielded thermograms that showed an off-set from typical behavior of commercial grade resin which was attributed to contact of material with soil and thermal/photo-degradation.
", keywords = "Polymer, TGA, Pollution, Landfill, Waste, Plastic. ", volume = "13", number = "12", pages = "687-4", }
