Inversion of Electrical Resistivity Data: A Review
High density electrical prospecting has been widely
used in groundwater investigation, civil engineering and
environmental survey. For efficient inversion, the forward modeling
routine, sensitivity calculation, and inversion algorithm must be
efficient. This paper attempts to provide a brief summary of the past
and ongoing developments of the method. It includes reviews of the
procedures used for data acquisition, processing and inversion of
electrical resistivity data based on compilation of academic literature.
In recent times there had been a significant evolution in field survey
designs and data inversion techniques for the resistivity method. In
general 2-D inversion for resistivity data is carried out using the
linearized least-square method with the local optimization technique
.Multi-electrode and multi-channel systems have made it possible to
conduct large 2-D, 3-D and even 4-D surveys efficiently to resolve
complex geological structures that were not possible with traditional
1-D surveys. 3-D surveys play an increasingly important role in very
complex areas where 2-D models suffer from artifacts due to off-line
structures. Continued developments in computation technology, as
well as fast data inversion techniques and software, have made it
possible to use optimization techniques to obtain model parameters to
a higher accuracy. A brief discussion on the limitations of the
electrical resistivity method has also been presented.
[1] Backus G E and Gilbert J F 1967. Numerical applications of a formalism
for geophysical inverse problems. Geophys. J. Asrron. Soc. A 266 123-
92.
[2] Barker, R.D. 1981. The offset system of electrical resistivity sounding
and its use with a multicore cable. Geophysical Prospecting 29 (1), 128–
143.
[3] Bentley, L.R., Gharibi, M. 2004. Two- and three-dimensional electrical
resistivity imaging at a heterogeneous remediation site. Geophysics 69
(3), 674–680.
[4] Bichara M., Lakshmanan, J. 1976. Fast automatic processing of
resistivity soundings: Geophysical. Prospecting. 24, 354-370.
[5] Bouchedda, A., Chouteau, M., Binley, A., Giroux, B. 2012. 2-D joint
structural inversion of cross-hole electrical resistance and ground
penetrating radar data. Journal of Applied Geophysics 78, 52–67.
[6] Busby, J.P. 2000. The effectiveness of azimuthal apparent-resistivity
measurements as a method for determining fracture strike orientations.
Geophysical Prospecting 48 (4), 677–695.
[7] Coggon, J.H. 1971. Electromagnetic and electrical modeling by the
finite element method. Geophysics 36 (1), 132–155.
[8] Constable et al. 1987. Occam's inversion: A practical algorithm for
generating smooth models from electromagnetic sounding data,
Geophysics volume 52 289-300.
[9] Chambers et al. 2006. Electrical resistivity tomography applied to
geologic, hydrogeologic, and engineering investigations at a former
waste-disposal site. Geophysics Volume 71, Issue 6.
[10] Chambers, J.E., Ogilvy, R.D., Kuras, O., Cripps, J.C., Meldrum, P.I.
2002. 3D electrical imaging of known targets at a controlled
environmental test site. Environmental Geology 41 (6), 690–704.
[11] Chunduru et al. 1996.2-D resistivity inversion using spline
parameterization and simulated annealing: Geophysics, vol. 61, no. 1 P.
151–161.
[12] Cyril Chibueze Okpoli 2013. Sensitivity and Resolution Capacity of
Electrode Configurations, International Journal of Geophysics.
[13] Dahlin, T. 2001. The development of DC resistivity imaging techniques.
Computers and Geosciences 27 (9), 1019–1029.
[14] Dahlin, T., Bernstone, C., Loke, M.H. 2002. A 3D resistivity
investigation of a contaminated site at Lernacken in Sweden.
Geophysics 60 (6), 1682–1690.
[15] Dahlin, T., Zhou, B. 2004. A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity
imaging with ten electrode arrays. Geophysical Prospecting 52 (5), 379–
398.
[16] Dahlin, T., Zhou, B. 2006. Multiple gradient array measurements for
multi-channel 2D resistivity imaging. Near Surface Geophysics 4 (2),
113–123.
[17] Daily, W., Owen, E. 1991. Cross-borehole resistivity tomography.
Geophysics 56 (8), 1228–1235.
[18] Dey, A., Morrison, H.F. 1979. Resistivity modelling for arbitrary shaped
two-dimensional structures. Geophysical Prospecting 27 (1), 106–136.
[19] Dey, A., Morrison, H.F. 1979. Resistivity modeling for arbitrarily
shaped three-dimensional shaped structures. Geophysics 44 (4), 753–780
[20] Farquharson, C.G. 2008. Constructing piecewise-constant models in
multidimensional minimum-structure inversions. Geophysics 73 (1),
K1–K9
[21] Farquharson, C.G., Oldenburg, D.W., 1998. Nonlinear inversion using
general measures of data misfit and model structure. Geophysical
Journal International 134 (1), 213–227
[22] Friedel, S.2003.Resolution, stability and efficiency of resistivity
tomography estimated from a generalized inverse approach. Geophysical
Journal International 153 (2), 305–316.
[23] Gad El-Qady and K. Ushijima 2001. Inversion of DC resistivity data
using neural networks -, Geophysical Prospecting 49, 417–430
[24] Ghosh, D.P. 1971. The application of linear filter theory to the direct
interpretation of geoelectrical resistivity sounding measurements.
Geophysical Prospecting 19 (2), 192–217.
[25] Goldberg, D.E. 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and
Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., New
York, pp. 1–145.
[26] Goldberg, D.E., Deb, K. 1991. A Comparative Analysis of Selection
Schemes used in Genetic Algorithms. Foundations of Genetic
Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp. 69–93.
[27] Greenhalgh, S.A., Zhou, B., Greenhalgh, M., Marescot, L., Wiese, T.
2009. Explicit expressions for the Frechet derivatives in 3D anisotropic
resistivity inversion. Geophysics 70 (3), F31–F43.
[28] Greenhalgh, S., Wiese, T., Marescot, L. 2010. Comparison of DC
sensitivity patterns for anisotropic and isotropic media. Journal of
Applied Geophysics 70 (2), 103–112.
[29] Holcombe, J., and Jiracek, G. 1984. 3-D terrain corrections in resistivity
surveys: Geophysics, Vol 49, 439-452.
[30] Inman, J.R., Ryu, J., Ward, S.H. 1973. Resistivity inversion, Geophysics
38 (6), 1088–1108.
[31] Inman, J.R., 1975. Resistivity inversion with ridge regression:
Geophysics, 40, 798-817.
[32] Inman, J.R., Ryu, J., and Ward, S.H. 1973. Resistivity inversion:
Geophysics, 38, 1088-1108.
[33] Jackson DD 1972. Interpretation of inaccurate, insufficient, and
inconsistent data Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 28 97-109.
[34] Jackson, D.D. 1979. The use of a priori data to resolve non-uniqueness
in linear inversion. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical
Society 35 (1–3), 121–136.
[35] Jha, M.K., Kumar, S., Chowdhury, A. 2008. Vertical electrical sounding
survey and resistivity inversion using genetic algorithm optimization
technique, Journal of Hydrology (2008), 359, 71-87.
[36] Karaoulis et al 2011. 4D active time constrained resistivity inversion,
Journal of Applied Geophysics Volume 73 – 1.
[37] Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D., Jr., and Vecchi, M. P. 1983.Optimization
by simulated annealing: Science, 220, 671-680.
[38] LaBrecque, D.J., Miletto, M., Daily, W., Ramirez, A., Owen, E. 1996.
The effects of noise on Occam's inversion of resistivity tomography
data. Geophysics 61 (2),538–548
[39] Li Y, Oldenberg D W. 1992 .Approximate inverse mappings in DC
problems. Geophys. J. Int., 109:343 -362
[40] Loke, M. H., Dahlin, T. 2010.Methods to reduce banding effects in 3-D
resistivity inversion. Procs. 16th European Meeting of Environmental
and Engineering Geophysics, 6–8 p. A16.
[41] Loke, M.H., Barker, R.D., 1996. Rapid least-squares inversion of
apparent resistivity pseudo sections using a quasi-Newton method.
Geophysical Prospecting 44 (1), 131–152.
[42] Matias, M.J.S. 2008. Electrical strike imaging and anisotropy diagnosis
from surface resistivity measurements. Near Surface Geophysics 6 (1),
49–58.
[43] Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A., Rosenbluth, M., Teller, A., and Teller,
E. 1953. Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines: J.
Chem. Phys. 21. 1087-1092.
[44] Mitchell et al. 2011. Inversion of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging
data for monitoring infiltration: The Leading Edge. Volume 30, Issue 2 [45] Neuman et al 1985. Impedance-computed tomography algorithm and
system, Applied Optics, Vol. 24, Issue 23, pp. 3985-3992.
[46] O Koefoed 1969: An analysis of equivalence in resistivity sounding,
Geophysical Prospecting, Vol 17, No 3.
[47] Oldenburg, D.W., Li, Y. 1999. Estimating depth of investigation in dc
resistivity and IP surveys. Geophysics 64 (2), 403–416.
[48] Oldenborger, G.A., Routh, P.S., Knoll, M.D. 2007. Model reliability for
3D electrical resistivity tomography: application of the volume of
investigation index to a time-lapse monitoring experiment. Geophysics
72 (4), F167–F175
[49] Pelton et. al 1978 Inversion of 2d resitivity and induced polarization
data; Geophysics Volume 43
[50] Rothman 1985 .Nonlinear inversion, statistical mechanics, and residual
statics estimation -, Geophysics, vol. 50, no. 12 ; P. 2784-2796
[51] Ruth Hoffmann, Peter Dietrich 2004. An approach to determine
equivalent solutions to the geoelectrical 2D inversion problem: Journal
of Applied Geophysics 56 79–91.
[52] Sen, M. K., Stoffa, P. L. 1995. Global Optimization Methods in
Geophysical Inversions. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, p. 289.
[53] Sen, M. K., Bhattacharya, B. B., Stoffa, P. L.1993. Nonlinear inversion
of resistivity sounding data. Geophysics, 58, 496-507.
[54] Shima H 1990. Two-dimensional automatic resistivity inversion
technique using alpha centers; Geophysics 55 682-4
[55] Slichter, L. B. 1933. The interpretation of resistivity method for
horizontal structure, Physics, 4,307–322
[56] Smith, N., and K. Vozoff 1984. Two dimensional DC resistivity
inversion for dipole-dipole data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing, 22, no. 1, 21–28.
[57] Spiegel, R. J., Sturdivant, V. R., Owen, T. E. 1980. Modeling resistivity
anomalies from localized voids under irregular terrain. Geophysics 45
(7), 1164–1183.
[58] Stephen, J., Manoj, C., Singh, S.B. 2004. A direct inversion scheme for
deep resistivity sounding data using artificial neural networks. Journal of
Earth System Science 113 (1), 49–66.
[59] Telford W M. Geldart L P, Sheriff R E and Keys D A 1976 . Applied
Geophysics (chapter 8 : pg 522)
[60] Tong L, Yang C 1990. Incorporation of topography into twodimensional
resistivity inversion. Geophysics. 55: 354-361.
[61] Van der Baan, M. and Jutten, C. 2000. Neural networks in geophysical
applications: Geophysics, 65, 1032-1047.
[62] Van Laarhoven, P. I. M., and Aarts, E. H. L. 1988. Simulated annealing:
Theory and application: D. Riedel Publ. Co. Inc.
[63] Vozoff, K 1958.Numerical resistivity analysis horizontal layers,
Geophysics, 23, 536—556.
[64] Ward, S.H., Hohmann, G. W. 1987. Electromagnetic theory for
geophysical applications. In: Nabighian, M.N. (Ed.), Electromagnetic
Methods in Applied Geophysics, Volume 1, Theory. Investigations in
Geophysics No. 3. SEG.
[65] Wilkinson, P.B., Chambers, J.E., Lelliott, M., Wealthall, G.P., Ogilvy,
R.D. 2008. Extreme sensitivity of crosshole electrical resistivity
tomography measurements to geometric errors. Geophysical Journal
International 173 (1), 49–62.
[66] Wilkinson, P.B., Chambers, J.E., Meldrum, P.I., Gunn, D.A., Ogilvy,
R.D., Kuras, O., 2010. Predicting the movements of permanently
installed electrodes on an active landslide using time-lapse geoelectrical
resistivity data only. Geophysical Journal International 183 (2), 543–
556.
[67] Wright, A.H. 1991.Genetic algorithms for real parameter optimization:
Presented at the Foundation of Genetic Algorithm
[68] Xu Hai-Lang, Wu Xiao-Ping 2006. 2-D Resistivity Inversion Using the
Neural Network Method-,Chinese Journal of Geophysics: Volume 49,
Issue 2, pages 507–514
[69] Yorkey T J 1986 .Comparing reconstruction methods for electrical
impedance tomography
[70] Zhou, B., Dahlin, T. 2003. Properties and effects of measurement errors
on 2D resistivity imaging surveying. Near Surface Geophysics 1 (3),
105–117
[71] Zohdy AA R 1972. Automatic interpretation of resistivity sounding
curves using modified Dar Zarrouk functions Proc. 42nd Int. SEC
Annual Meeting
[1] Backus G E and Gilbert J F 1967. Numerical applications of a formalism
for geophysical inverse problems. Geophys. J. Asrron. Soc. A 266 123-
92.
[2] Barker, R.D. 1981. The offset system of electrical resistivity sounding
and its use with a multicore cable. Geophysical Prospecting 29 (1), 128–
143.
[3] Bentley, L.R., Gharibi, M. 2004. Two- and three-dimensional electrical
resistivity imaging at a heterogeneous remediation site. Geophysics 69
(3), 674–680.
[4] Bichara M., Lakshmanan, J. 1976. Fast automatic processing of
resistivity soundings: Geophysical. Prospecting. 24, 354-370.
[5] Bouchedda, A., Chouteau, M., Binley, A., Giroux, B. 2012. 2-D joint
structural inversion of cross-hole electrical resistance and ground
penetrating radar data. Journal of Applied Geophysics 78, 52–67.
[6] Busby, J.P. 2000. The effectiveness of azimuthal apparent-resistivity
measurements as a method for determining fracture strike orientations.
Geophysical Prospecting 48 (4), 677–695.
[7] Coggon, J.H. 1971. Electromagnetic and electrical modeling by the
finite element method. Geophysics 36 (1), 132–155.
[8] Constable et al. 1987. Occam's inversion: A practical algorithm for
generating smooth models from electromagnetic sounding data,
Geophysics volume 52 289-300.
[9] Chambers et al. 2006. Electrical resistivity tomography applied to
geologic, hydrogeologic, and engineering investigations at a former
waste-disposal site. Geophysics Volume 71, Issue 6.
[10] Chambers, J.E., Ogilvy, R.D., Kuras, O., Cripps, J.C., Meldrum, P.I.
2002. 3D electrical imaging of known targets at a controlled
environmental test site. Environmental Geology 41 (6), 690–704.
[11] Chunduru et al. 1996.2-D resistivity inversion using spline
parameterization and simulated annealing: Geophysics, vol. 61, no. 1 P.
151–161.
[12] Cyril Chibueze Okpoli 2013. Sensitivity and Resolution Capacity of
Electrode Configurations, International Journal of Geophysics.
[13] Dahlin, T. 2001. The development of DC resistivity imaging techniques.
Computers and Geosciences 27 (9), 1019–1029.
[14] Dahlin, T., Bernstone, C., Loke, M.H. 2002. A 3D resistivity
investigation of a contaminated site at Lernacken in Sweden.
Geophysics 60 (6), 1682–1690.
[15] Dahlin, T., Zhou, B. 2004. A numerical comparison of 2D resistivity
imaging with ten electrode arrays. Geophysical Prospecting 52 (5), 379–
398.
[16] Dahlin, T., Zhou, B. 2006. Multiple gradient array measurements for
multi-channel 2D resistivity imaging. Near Surface Geophysics 4 (2),
113–123.
[17] Daily, W., Owen, E. 1991. Cross-borehole resistivity tomography.
Geophysics 56 (8), 1228–1235.
[18] Dey, A., Morrison, H.F. 1979. Resistivity modelling for arbitrary shaped
two-dimensional structures. Geophysical Prospecting 27 (1), 106–136.
[19] Dey, A., Morrison, H.F. 1979. Resistivity modeling for arbitrarily
shaped three-dimensional shaped structures. Geophysics 44 (4), 753–780
[20] Farquharson, C.G. 2008. Constructing piecewise-constant models in
multidimensional minimum-structure inversions. Geophysics 73 (1),
K1–K9
[21] Farquharson, C.G., Oldenburg, D.W., 1998. Nonlinear inversion using
general measures of data misfit and model structure. Geophysical
Journal International 134 (1), 213–227
[22] Friedel, S.2003.Resolution, stability and efficiency of resistivity
tomography estimated from a generalized inverse approach. Geophysical
Journal International 153 (2), 305–316.
[23] Gad El-Qady and K. Ushijima 2001. Inversion of DC resistivity data
using neural networks -, Geophysical Prospecting 49, 417–430
[24] Ghosh, D.P. 1971. The application of linear filter theory to the direct
interpretation of geoelectrical resistivity sounding measurements.
Geophysical Prospecting 19 (2), 192–217.
[25] Goldberg, D.E. 1989. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and
Machine Learning. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company Inc., New
York, pp. 1–145.
[26] Goldberg, D.E., Deb, K. 1991. A Comparative Analysis of Selection
Schemes used in Genetic Algorithms. Foundations of Genetic
Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, CA, pp. 69–93.
[27] Greenhalgh, S.A., Zhou, B., Greenhalgh, M., Marescot, L., Wiese, T.
2009. Explicit expressions for the Frechet derivatives in 3D anisotropic
resistivity inversion. Geophysics 70 (3), F31–F43.
[28] Greenhalgh, S., Wiese, T., Marescot, L. 2010. Comparison of DC
sensitivity patterns for anisotropic and isotropic media. Journal of
Applied Geophysics 70 (2), 103–112.
[29] Holcombe, J., and Jiracek, G. 1984. 3-D terrain corrections in resistivity
surveys: Geophysics, Vol 49, 439-452.
[30] Inman, J.R., Ryu, J., Ward, S.H. 1973. Resistivity inversion, Geophysics
38 (6), 1088–1108.
[31] Inman, J.R., 1975. Resistivity inversion with ridge regression:
Geophysics, 40, 798-817.
[32] Inman, J.R., Ryu, J., and Ward, S.H. 1973. Resistivity inversion:
Geophysics, 38, 1088-1108.
[33] Jackson DD 1972. Interpretation of inaccurate, insufficient, and
inconsistent data Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc. 28 97-109.
[34] Jackson, D.D. 1979. The use of a priori data to resolve non-uniqueness
in linear inversion. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical
Society 35 (1–3), 121–136.
[35] Jha, M.K., Kumar, S., Chowdhury, A. 2008. Vertical electrical sounding
survey and resistivity inversion using genetic algorithm optimization
technique, Journal of Hydrology (2008), 359, 71-87.
[36] Karaoulis et al 2011. 4D active time constrained resistivity inversion,
Journal of Applied Geophysics Volume 73 – 1.
[37] Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D., Jr., and Vecchi, M. P. 1983.Optimization
by simulated annealing: Science, 220, 671-680.
[38] LaBrecque, D.J., Miletto, M., Daily, W., Ramirez, A., Owen, E. 1996.
The effects of noise on Occam's inversion of resistivity tomography
data. Geophysics 61 (2),538–548
[39] Li Y, Oldenberg D W. 1992 .Approximate inverse mappings in DC
problems. Geophys. J. Int., 109:343 -362
[40] Loke, M. H., Dahlin, T. 2010.Methods to reduce banding effects in 3-D
resistivity inversion. Procs. 16th European Meeting of Environmental
and Engineering Geophysics, 6–8 p. A16.
[41] Loke, M.H., Barker, R.D., 1996. Rapid least-squares inversion of
apparent resistivity pseudo sections using a quasi-Newton method.
Geophysical Prospecting 44 (1), 131–152.
[42] Matias, M.J.S. 2008. Electrical strike imaging and anisotropy diagnosis
from surface resistivity measurements. Near Surface Geophysics 6 (1),
49–58.
[43] Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A., Rosenbluth, M., Teller, A., and Teller,
E. 1953. Equation of state calculations by fast computing machines: J.
Chem. Phys. 21. 1087-1092.
[44] Mitchell et al. 2011. Inversion of time-lapse electrical resistivity imaging
data for monitoring infiltration: The Leading Edge. Volume 30, Issue 2 [45] Neuman et al 1985. Impedance-computed tomography algorithm and
system, Applied Optics, Vol. 24, Issue 23, pp. 3985-3992.
[46] O Koefoed 1969: An analysis of equivalence in resistivity sounding,
Geophysical Prospecting, Vol 17, No 3.
[47] Oldenburg, D.W., Li, Y. 1999. Estimating depth of investigation in dc
resistivity and IP surveys. Geophysics 64 (2), 403–416.
[48] Oldenborger, G.A., Routh, P.S., Knoll, M.D. 2007. Model reliability for
3D electrical resistivity tomography: application of the volume of
investigation index to a time-lapse monitoring experiment. Geophysics
72 (4), F167–F175
[49] Pelton et. al 1978 Inversion of 2d resitivity and induced polarization
data; Geophysics Volume 43
[50] Rothman 1985 .Nonlinear inversion, statistical mechanics, and residual
statics estimation -, Geophysics, vol. 50, no. 12 ; P. 2784-2796
[51] Ruth Hoffmann, Peter Dietrich 2004. An approach to determine
equivalent solutions to the geoelectrical 2D inversion problem: Journal
of Applied Geophysics 56 79–91.
[52] Sen, M. K., Stoffa, P. L. 1995. Global Optimization Methods in
Geophysical Inversions. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam, p. 289.
[53] Sen, M. K., Bhattacharya, B. B., Stoffa, P. L.1993. Nonlinear inversion
of resistivity sounding data. Geophysics, 58, 496-507.
[54] Shima H 1990. Two-dimensional automatic resistivity inversion
technique using alpha centers; Geophysics 55 682-4
[55] Slichter, L. B. 1933. The interpretation of resistivity method for
horizontal structure, Physics, 4,307–322
[56] Smith, N., and K. Vozoff 1984. Two dimensional DC resistivity
inversion for dipole-dipole data: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and
Remote Sensing, 22, no. 1, 21–28.
[57] Spiegel, R. J., Sturdivant, V. R., Owen, T. E. 1980. Modeling resistivity
anomalies from localized voids under irregular terrain. Geophysics 45
(7), 1164–1183.
[58] Stephen, J., Manoj, C., Singh, S.B. 2004. A direct inversion scheme for
deep resistivity sounding data using artificial neural networks. Journal of
Earth System Science 113 (1), 49–66.
[59] Telford W M. Geldart L P, Sheriff R E and Keys D A 1976 . Applied
Geophysics (chapter 8 : pg 522)
[60] Tong L, Yang C 1990. Incorporation of topography into twodimensional
resistivity inversion. Geophysics. 55: 354-361.
[61] Van der Baan, M. and Jutten, C. 2000. Neural networks in geophysical
applications: Geophysics, 65, 1032-1047.
[62] Van Laarhoven, P. I. M., and Aarts, E. H. L. 1988. Simulated annealing:
Theory and application: D. Riedel Publ. Co. Inc.
[63] Vozoff, K 1958.Numerical resistivity analysis horizontal layers,
Geophysics, 23, 536—556.
[64] Ward, S.H., Hohmann, G. W. 1987. Electromagnetic theory for
geophysical applications. In: Nabighian, M.N. (Ed.), Electromagnetic
Methods in Applied Geophysics, Volume 1, Theory. Investigations in
Geophysics No. 3. SEG.
[65] Wilkinson, P.B., Chambers, J.E., Lelliott, M., Wealthall, G.P., Ogilvy,
R.D. 2008. Extreme sensitivity of crosshole electrical resistivity
tomography measurements to geometric errors. Geophysical Journal
International 173 (1), 49–62.
[66] Wilkinson, P.B., Chambers, J.E., Meldrum, P.I., Gunn, D.A., Ogilvy,
R.D., Kuras, O., 2010. Predicting the movements of permanently
installed electrodes on an active landslide using time-lapse geoelectrical
resistivity data only. Geophysical Journal International 183 (2), 543–
556.
[67] Wright, A.H. 1991.Genetic algorithms for real parameter optimization:
Presented at the Foundation of Genetic Algorithm
[68] Xu Hai-Lang, Wu Xiao-Ping 2006. 2-D Resistivity Inversion Using the
Neural Network Method-,Chinese Journal of Geophysics: Volume 49,
Issue 2, pages 507–514
[69] Yorkey T J 1986 .Comparing reconstruction methods for electrical
impedance tomography
[70] Zhou, B., Dahlin, T. 2003. Properties and effects of measurement errors
on 2D resistivity imaging surveying. Near Surface Geophysics 1 (3),
105–117
[71] Zohdy AA R 1972. Automatic interpretation of resistivity sounding
curves using modified Dar Zarrouk functions Proc. 42nd Int. SEC
Annual Meeting
@article{"International Journal of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences:69984", author = "Shrey Sharma and Gunjan Kumar Verma", title = "Inversion of Electrical Resistivity Data: A Review", abstract = "High density electrical prospecting has been widely
used in groundwater investigation, civil engineering and
environmental survey. For efficient inversion, the forward modeling
routine, sensitivity calculation, and inversion algorithm must be
efficient. This paper attempts to provide a brief summary of the past
and ongoing developments of the method. It includes reviews of the
procedures used for data acquisition, processing and inversion of
electrical resistivity data based on compilation of academic literature.
In recent times there had been a significant evolution in field survey
designs and data inversion techniques for the resistivity method. In
general 2-D inversion for resistivity data is carried out using the
linearized least-square method with the local optimization technique
.Multi-electrode and multi-channel systems have made it possible to
conduct large 2-D, 3-D and even 4-D surveys efficiently to resolve
complex geological structures that were not possible with traditional
1-D surveys. 3-D surveys play an increasingly important role in very
complex areas where 2-D models suffer from artifacts due to off-line
structures. Continued developments in computation technology, as
well as fast data inversion techniques and software, have made it
possible to use optimization techniques to obtain model parameters to
a higher accuracy. A brief discussion on the limitations of the
electrical resistivity method has also been presented.", keywords = "Resistivity, inversion, optimization.", volume = "9", number = "4", pages = "392-7", }
