Flowability and Strength Development Characteristics of Bottom Ash Based Geopolymer
Despite of the preponderant role played by cement among the construction materials, it is today considered as a material destructing the environment due to the large quantities of carbon dioxide exhausted during its manufacture. Besides, global warming is now recognized worldwide as the new threat to the humankind against which advanced countries are investigating measures to reduce the current amount of exhausted gases to the half by 2050. Accordingly, efforts to reduce green gases are exerted in all industrial fields. Especially, the cement industry strives to reduce the consumption of cement through the development of alkali-activated geopolymer mortars using industrial byproducts like bottom ash. This study intends to gather basic data on the flowability and strength development characteristics of alkali-activated geopolymer mortar by examining its FT-IT features with respect to the effects and strength of the alkali-activator in order to develop bottom ash-based alkali-activated geopolymer mortar. The results show that the 35:65 mass ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate is appropriate and that a molarity of 9M for sodium hydroxide is advantageous. The ratio of the alkali-activators to bottom ash is seen to have poor effect on the strength. Moreover, the FT-IR analysis reveals that larger improvement of the strength shifts the peak from 1060 cm–1 (T-O, T=Si or Al) toward shorter wavenumber.
[1] A. Fernandez-Jimenez, A. Palomo and M. Criad, "Microstructure develo
pment of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model", Cement a
nd Concrete Research, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 1204-1209, 2005.
[2] A. Sathonsaowaphak, P. Chindaprasirt and K. Pimraksa, "Workability an
d Strength of Lignite Bottom ash Geopolymer Mortar," Journal of Hazar
dous Materials, Vol. 168, No. 1, pp. 44-50, 2009.
[3] B.C. Lee, S.H. Jung, H.J. Kwon, J.S. Kim and J.H. Kim, "The properties
of mortar used coal-based bottom ash(CBBA) ", Journal of the Korean S
ociety of Waste Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 515-525, 2009.
[4] B.W. Jo, J. Koo and S.K. Park, "Hardening characteristics of fly ash and
bottom ash paste by alkaline activation", Journal of the Korean Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 25, No. 2A, pp. 289-294, 2005.
[5] B.W. Jo, M.S. Park and S.K. Park, "Strength development and hardening
mechanism of alkali activated fly ash mortar", Journal of the Korea Conc
rete Institute, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 449-458, 2006.
[6] D. Hardjito and B.V. Rangan, "Development and properties of low-calci
um fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, Research Report CC-1, Faculty o
f Engineering", Curtin University of Technology, 2005.
[7] D.U. Oh, B.J. Kim, C.K. Yi and K.I. Kang, "The experimental study on
hardening characteristics of bottom ash by alkali activation", Journal of t
he Korea Institute of Building Construction, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 103-106,
2008.
[8] G. Kovalchuk, A. Fernandez-Jimenez and A Palomo, "Alkali-activated fl
y ash: Effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and microstruct
ural development - Part II", Fuel, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 315-322, 2007.
[9] H.J. Kang, G.S. Ryu, K.T. Koh, S.T. Kang, J.J. Park, S.W. Kim and J.H.
Lee, "Effect of Alkaline Activator and Curing Condition on the Compres
sive Strength of Cementless Fly Ash Based Alkali-Activated Mortar", Jo
urnal of the Korea Institute of Resources Recycling, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 3
9-50, 2009.
[10] J. Davidovits, "Geopolymers and geopolymeric materials", Thermal Anal
ysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1989.
[11] J. Duchesne, L. Duong, T. Bostrom and R. Frost, "Microstructure study
of early in situ reaction of fly ash geopolymer observed by environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) ", Waste and Biomass Valorizati
on, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 367-377, 2010.
[12] K.T. Koh, G.S. Ryu, J.H. Lee, "Properties of cement zero concrete", PIC
LS 2010, pp. 113-122, 2010.
[13] M. Criado, A. Palomo and A. Fernandez-Jimenez, "Alkali activation of fl
y ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the react
ion products", Fuel, Vol. 84, No. 16, pp. 2048-2054, 2005.
[14] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Jaturapitakkul, W. Chalee and U. Rattanasak, "Comp
arative Study on the Characteristics of Fly ash and Bottom ash Geopolym
ers", Waste Management, Vol. 29, pp. 539-543, 2009.
[15] R. Slavik, V. Bednarik, M. Vondruska and A. Nemec, "Preparation of Ge
opolymer from Fluidized Bed Combustion Bottom ash", Journal of Mater
ials Processing Technology, Vol. 200, pp. 265-270, 2008.
[16] S.S. Lee, H.Y. Song and S.M. Lee, "An experimental study on the influe
nce of high fineness fly ash and water-binder ratio on properties of concr
ete", Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29-35, 2
009.
[17] Y. Zhang, W. Sun, Z. Li, X. Zhou, Eddie and C. Chau, "Impact propertie
s of geopolymer based extrudates incorporated with fly ash and PVA sho
rt fiber", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 370-38
3, 2008.
[1] A. Fernandez-Jimenez, A. Palomo and M. Criad, "Microstructure develo
pment of alkali-activated fly ash cement: a descriptive model", Cement a
nd Concrete Research, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 1204-1209, 2005.
[2] A. Sathonsaowaphak, P. Chindaprasirt and K. Pimraksa, "Workability an
d Strength of Lignite Bottom ash Geopolymer Mortar," Journal of Hazar
dous Materials, Vol. 168, No. 1, pp. 44-50, 2009.
[3] B.C. Lee, S.H. Jung, H.J. Kwon, J.S. Kim and J.H. Kim, "The properties
of mortar used coal-based bottom ash(CBBA) ", Journal of the Korean S
ociety of Waste Management, Vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 515-525, 2009.
[4] B.W. Jo, J. Koo and S.K. Park, "Hardening characteristics of fly ash and
bottom ash paste by alkaline activation", Journal of the Korean Society of
Civil Engineers, Vol. 25, No. 2A, pp. 289-294, 2005.
[5] B.W. Jo, M.S. Park and S.K. Park, "Strength development and hardening
mechanism of alkali activated fly ash mortar", Journal of the Korea Conc
rete Institute, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 449-458, 2006.
[6] D. Hardjito and B.V. Rangan, "Development and properties of low-calci
um fly ash-based geopolymer concrete, Research Report CC-1, Faculty o
f Engineering", Curtin University of Technology, 2005.
[7] D.U. Oh, B.J. Kim, C.K. Yi and K.I. Kang, "The experimental study on
hardening characteristics of bottom ash by alkali activation", Journal of t
he Korea Institute of Building Construction, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 103-106,
2008.
[8] G. Kovalchuk, A. Fernandez-Jimenez and A Palomo, "Alkali-activated fl
y ash: Effect of thermal curing conditions on mechanical and microstruct
ural development - Part II", Fuel, Vol. 86, No. 3, pp. 315-322, 2007.
[9] H.J. Kang, G.S. Ryu, K.T. Koh, S.T. Kang, J.J. Park, S.W. Kim and J.H.
Lee, "Effect of Alkaline Activator and Curing Condition on the Compres
sive Strength of Cementless Fly Ash Based Alkali-Activated Mortar", Jo
urnal of the Korea Institute of Resources Recycling, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 3
9-50, 2009.
[10] J. Davidovits, "Geopolymers and geopolymeric materials", Thermal Anal
ysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 35, No. 2, 1989.
[11] J. Duchesne, L. Duong, T. Bostrom and R. Frost, "Microstructure study
of early in situ reaction of fly ash geopolymer observed by environmental
scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) ", Waste and Biomass Valorizati
on, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 367-377, 2010.
[12] K.T. Koh, G.S. Ryu, J.H. Lee, "Properties of cement zero concrete", PIC
LS 2010, pp. 113-122, 2010.
[13] M. Criado, A. Palomo and A. Fernandez-Jimenez, "Alkali activation of fl
y ashes. Part 1: Effect of curing conditions on the carbonation of the react
ion products", Fuel, Vol. 84, No. 16, pp. 2048-2054, 2005.
[14] P. Chindaprasirt, C. Jaturapitakkul, W. Chalee and U. Rattanasak, "Comp
arative Study on the Characteristics of Fly ash and Bottom ash Geopolym
ers", Waste Management, Vol. 29, pp. 539-543, 2009.
[15] R. Slavik, V. Bednarik, M. Vondruska and A. Nemec, "Preparation of Ge
opolymer from Fluidized Bed Combustion Bottom ash", Journal of Mater
ials Processing Technology, Vol. 200, pp. 265-270, 2008.
[16] S.S. Lee, H.Y. Song and S.M. Lee, "An experimental study on the influe
nce of high fineness fly ash and water-binder ratio on properties of concr
ete", Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 29-35, 2
009.
[17] Y. Zhang, W. Sun, Z. Li, X. Zhou, Eddie and C. Chau, "Impact propertie
s of geopolymer based extrudates incorporated with fly ash and PVA sho
rt fiber", Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 370-38
3, 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Architectural, Civil and Construction Sciences:59468", author = "Si-Hwan Kim and Gum-Sung Ryu and Kyung-Taek Koh and Jang-Hwa Lee", title = "Flowability and Strength Development Characteristics of Bottom Ash Based Geopolymer", abstract = "Despite of the preponderant role played by cement among the construction materials, it is today considered as a material destructing the environment due to the large quantities of carbon dioxide exhausted during its manufacture. Besides, global warming is now recognized worldwide as the new threat to the humankind against which advanced countries are investigating measures to reduce the current amount of exhausted gases to the half by 2050. Accordingly, efforts to reduce green gases are exerted in all industrial fields. Especially, the cement industry strives to reduce the consumption of cement through the development of alkali-activated geopolymer mortars using industrial byproducts like bottom ash. This study intends to gather basic data on the flowability and strength development characteristics of alkali-activated geopolymer mortar by examining its FT-IT features with respect to the effects and strength of the alkali-activator in order to develop bottom ash-based alkali-activated geopolymer mortar. The results show that the 35:65 mass ratio of sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate is appropriate and that a molarity of 9M for sodium hydroxide is advantageous. The ratio of the alkali-activators to bottom ash is seen to have poor effect on the strength. Moreover, the FT-IR analysis reveals that larger improvement of the strength shifts the peak from 1060 cm–1 (T-O, T=Si or Al) toward shorter wavenumber.
", keywords = "Bottom Ash, Geopolymer mortar, Flowability,
Strength Properties.", volume = "6", number = "10", pages = "843-6", }
