Fiber Braggs Grating Sensor Based Instrumentation to Evaluate Postural Balance and Stability on an Unstable Platform
This paper describes a novel application of Fiber
Braggs Grating (FBG) sensors in the assessment of human postural
stability and balance on an unstable platform. In this work, FBG
sensor Stability Analyzing Device (FBGSAD) is developed for
measurement of plantar strain to assess the postural stability of
subjects on unstable platforms during different stances in eyes open
and eyes closed conditions on a rocker board. The studies are
validated by comparing the Centre of Gravity (CG) variations
measured on the lumbar vertebra of subjects using a commercial
accelerometer. The results obtained from the developed FBGSAD
depict qualitative similarities with the data recorded by commercial
accelerometer. The advantage of the FBGSAD is that it measures
simultaneously plantar strain distribution and postural stability of the
subject along with its inherent benefits like non-requirement of
energizing voltage to the sensor, electromagnetic immunity and
simple design which suits its applicability in biomechanical
applications. The developed FBGSAD can serve as a tool/yardstick to
mitigate space motion sickness, identify individuals who are
susceptible to falls and to qualify subjects for balance and stability,
which are important factors in the selection of certain unique
professionals such as aircraft pilots, astronauts, cosmonauts etc.
[1] Alburquerque-Sendín F, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Santos-del-Rey M,
Martín-Vallejo F.J, “Immediate effects of bilateral manipulation of
talocrural joints on standing stability in healthy subjects.” Man Ther,
2009, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 75–80
[2] Hahn T., Foldspang A, Vestergaard E, Ingermann-Hansen T. “Onelegged
standing balance and sports activity.” Scand J Med Sci Sports.
1999 , vol. 9, pp. 15–18.
[3] Laskowski E.R, Newcomer-Aney K, Smith J. “Refining rehabilitation
with proprioceptive training: expediting return to play.” Phys Sports
med. 1997, vol. 25, pp. 89–102.
[4] Horak F.B, “Clinical measurement of postural control in adults.” Phys
Ther.1987, vol. 67, pp.1881–1885.
[5] Woollacott M, Shumway-cook A, “Attention and the control of posture
and gait: a review of an emerging area of research.” Gait Posture, 2002,
vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
[6] Sartini, M, CristinaM. L,.Spagnolo A.M, P. Cremonesi C, Costaguta F,
Monacelli J, Garau and OdettiP "The epidemiology of domestic
injurious falls in a community dwelling elderly population: an
outgrowing economic burden." The European Journal of Public Health,
vol. 20, no.5, 2010, pp. 604-606. [7] Sunderland, Ann. "Balance and gait stability following sports-related
concussion." Australian Medical Student Journal vol. 2, no. 2, 2011, pp.
39-41.
[8] Bonnet, Cédrick, Claudia Carello, and M. T. Turvey. "Diabetes and
postural stability: review and hypotheses." Journal of motor behavior,
vol. 41, no. 2, 2009, pp. 172-192.
[9] Abu-Faraj Z. O, Hamdan T. F, Wehbi M. R, Khalil G. A, Hamdan H. M,
“Design and Development of an Earthquake-Simulated Environment for
the Study of Postural Stability.” In Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, ICBPE 2006, pp. 188-193.
[10] Brown LA and Frank JS. “Postural compensations to the potential
consequences of instability: kinematics.” Gait and Posture, 1997, vol. 6,
pp. 89-97.
[11] Önell A. “The vertical ground reaction force for analysis of balance.”
Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 7-13.
[12] Sims K J and Brauer S G. “A rapid upward step challenges medio-lateral
postural stability.” Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 217-224.
[13] Kristinsdottir EK, Fransson PA, and Magnusson M. “Changes in
Postural Control in Healthy Elderly Subjects are Related to Vibration
Sensation, Vision, and Vestibular Asymmetry.” Acta Otolaryngology,
2001, vol. 121, pp. 700-706.
[14] Polónyová A and Hlavačka F. “Human postural responses to different
frequency vibrations of lower leg muscles.” Physiol. Res., 2001, vol. 50,
pp. 405-410.
[15] Kelly J W, Loomis J M, and Beall A C. “The importance of perceived
relative motion in the control of posture.” Exp. Brain Res., 2005, vol.
161, pp. 285-292.
[16] Kuo A D. “An optimal control model for analyzing human postural
balance.” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1995, vol. 42,
no. 1, pp. 87-101.
[17] Kuo A D. “An optimal state estimation model of sensory integration in
human postural balance.” Journal of Neural Engineering, 2005, vol. 2,
pp. S235-S249.
[18] Rocchi L, Chiari L, and Cappello A. “Feature selection of stabilometric
parameters based on principal component analysis.” Medical &
Biological Engineering & Computing, 2004, vol. 42, pp. 71-79.
[19] Lauk M, Chow C C, Pavlik A E, and Collins J J. “Human balance out of
equilibrium: non equilibrium statistical mechanics in posture control.”
Physical Review Letters, 1998, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 413-416.
[20] Masani K, Vette A H, and Popovic M R. “Controlling balance during
quiet standing: proportional and derivative controller generates
preceding motor command to body sway position observed in
experiments.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 164-172.
[21] Orell AJ, Eves FF, and Masters RSW. “Implicit motor learning of a
balancing task.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 9-16.
[22] Redfern M S, Talkowski M E, Jennings J R, and Furman J M.
“Cognitive influences in postural control of patients with unilateral
vestibular loss.” Gait and Posture, 2004, vol. 19, pp. 105-114.
[23] Syczewaska M, Dembowska-Baginska B, Perek-Polnik M, and Perek D.
“Functional status of children after treatment for a malignant tumour of
the CNS: a preliminary report.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 206-
210.
[24] Teasdale N and Simoneau M. Attentional demands for postural control:
the effects of aging and sensory reintegration.” Gait and Posture, 2001,
vol. 14, pp. 203-210.
[25] Morris M, Iansek R, Smithson F, and Huxham F. “Postural instability in
Parkinson's disease: a comparison with and without a concurrent task.”
Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 205-216.
[26] Geurts A C H, de Haart M, van Nes I J W, and Duysens J. “A review of
standing balance recovery from stroke.” Gait and Posture, 2005, vol. 22,
pp. 267-281.
[27] Riemann BL. “Is there a link between chronic ankle instability and
postural instability?” Journal of Athletic Training, 2002, vol. 37, no. 4,
pp. 386-393.
[28] 28. Turcot, K., Allet, L., Golay, A., Hoffmeyer, P. & Armand, S.
“Investigation of standing balance in diabetic patients with and without
peripheral neuropathy using accelerometers.” Clinical Biomechanics,
2009. vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 716–721.
[29] Shun Sasagawa. “Effect of the hip motion on the body kinematics in the
sagittal plane during human quiet standing,” Neuroscience Letters, 2009,
vol. 450 pp. 27-31.
[30] Hasan, Samer S, Deborah W. Robin, Dennis C. Szurkus, Daniel H.
Ashmead, Steven W. Peterson, and Richard G. Shiavi."Simultaneous
measurement of body center of pressure and center of gravity during
upright stance. Part II: Amplitude and frequency data." Gait &posture ,
1996, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 11-20.
[31] Winter, David A. "Human balance and posture control during standing
and walking." Gait & Posture. 1995, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 193-214.
[32] Clark, Victoria M., and Adrian M. Burden. "A 4-week wobble board
exercise programme improved muscle onset latency and perceived
stability in individuals with a functionally unstable ankle." Physical
therapy in sport., 2005, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 181-187.
[33] McGuine, T. & Keene, J. “The Effect of a Balance Training Program on
the Risk of Ankle Sprains in High School Athlete.” The American
Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1103-1111.
[34] Omkar S.N, Ganesh D. K., Kiran P. Kulkarni, “Standing Balance:
Quantification And The Impact Of Visual Sensory Input.” Indian
Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, 2009, vol. 3, no. 3,
pp.44-48.
[35] Omkar S.N, Jayachandra D, Akshay S, “Stability Training and
Quantification – A Essential Tool to Mitigate Space Motion Sickness,”
IISc Centenary International Conference and Exhibition on Aerospace
Engineering, 2009, pp. 18-22
[36] Guru Prasad A. S, Omkar S. N, Vikranth H. N, Anil V, Chethana K, and
Asokan S. "Design and development of Fiber Bragg Grating sensing
plate for plantar strain measurement and postural stability analysis."
Measurement, 2014, vol. 47, pp. 789-793.
[37] Liang Wang, Weiming Hu and Tieniu Tan. “Recent developments in
human motion analysis. Pattern Recognition,” 2003, vol. 36, no. 3, pp.
585-601.
[38] Veltink P H, Bussmann H B J, Vries de W, Martens W L J and Lummel
van R C. “Detection of static and dynamic activities using uniaxial
accelerometers.” IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering,
1996, vol. 4, pp. 375–385.
[39] Mayagoitia R E, Nene A V, Veltink P H. “Accelerometer and rate
gyroscope measurement of kinematics: an inexpensive alternative to
optical motion analysis systems.” J Biomech., 2002, vol. 35, pp. 537–
542.
[40] JosipMusić, Roman Kamnik and Marko Munih. “Model based inertial
sensing of human body motion kinematics in sit-to-stand movement.
Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory,” 2008, vol. 16, no. 8, pp.
933-944.
[41] Kleissen R F M, Hermens H J, Exter T, Kreek J A and Zilvold G.
“Simultaneous measurement of surface EMG and movements for
clinical use.” Med BiolEng., 1989, vol. 27, pp. 291-297.
[42] Kamnik R., J. Music´ H. Burger, M. Munih, T. Bajd, “Design of inertial
motion sensor and its usage in biomechanical analysis, in: Proceedings
of 4th International Conference on Electrical and Power Engineering,
Isai, Romania, 2006, pp. 511–516.
[43] Mayagoitia R.E, Nene A.V, Veltink P, “Accelerometer and rate
gyroscope measurement of kinematics: an inexpensive alternative to
optical motion analysis system,” Journal of Biomechanics, 2002, vol. 35,
no. 4, pp. 537–542.
[44] Yun X., Bachmann E, “Design, implementation and experimental results
of quaternion-based Kalman filter for human body motion tracking.”
IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2006, vol. 22, no. 6. pp.1216–1227.
[45] Zhu R, Zhou Z, “A real-time articulated human motion tracking using
tri-axis inertial/magnetic sensor package,” IEEE Transactions on Neural
Systems and Rehabilitation, Engineering, 2004, vol.12, no. 2, pp. 295–
302.
[46] Giansanti D, Maccioni G, Macellari V, “The development and test of a
device for the reconstruction of 3-D position and orientation by means of
kinematic sensor assembly with rate gyroscope and accelerometers,”
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2005, vol. 52, no. 7, pp.
1271–1277.
[47] Jurman D, Jankovec M, Kamnik R and Topic M, “Calibration and data
fusion solution for the miniature attitude and heading reference system,”
Sensors and Actuators A, 2007, vol. 138 pp. 411–420.
[48] Lord M, Reynolds D, Hughes J, “Foot pressure measurement: a review
of clinical findings,” J Biomed Engg., 1986, vol. 8, pp. 283–294.
[49] Washburn R.A, Laporte R.E, “Assessment of walking behavior: Effect
of speed and monitor position on two objective physical activity
monitors.” Res. Quart. Exerc. Sport., 1988, vol. 59, pp.83-85.
[50] Hill K.O, Fujii Y, Johnson D.C, Kawasaki B.S, “Photo sensitivity in
optical Fiber wave guides: Application to reflection filter fabrication.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978, vol. 32, pp. 647-649.
[51] Morey W.W, Meltz G, and Glenn W.H, “Fiber Bragg grating sensors.”
in: SPIE Fiber Optic & Laser Sensors VII, 1989, pp. 98-107. [52] Kashyap R, “Photosensitive optical fibers: Devices and applications,”
Optic. FiberTechnol., 1994, vol. 1, pp. 17-34.
[53] Hill K.O, Malo B, Bilodeau F, Johnson D.C, Albert J, “Bragg gratings
fabricated in mono mode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure
thorough a phase-mask,” Appl.Phys. Lett. 1993, vol. 62, pp.1035-1037.
[54] Batista P, Oliveira P and Cardeira B, “Accelerometer Calibration and
Dynamic Bias and Gravity Estimation: Analysis, Design, and
Experimental Evaluation,” IEEE transactions on control systems
technology, 2011 vol. 19 pp. 1128-1137.
[55] Cavaleiro P.M, Araujo F.M, Ferreira L.A, Santos J.L, Farahi F,
“Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature Using Bragg
Gratings Written in Germano silicate and Boron-Co doped Germano
silicate Fibers.” IEEE Phot Tech Let., 1999, vol. 11, pp.1635-37.
[56] Rao, Y. J, “In-fibre Bragg grating sensors,” Measurement science and
technology, 1997, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 355.
[1] Alburquerque-Sendín F, Fernández-de-las-Peñas C, Santos-del-Rey M,
Martín-Vallejo F.J, “Immediate effects of bilateral manipulation of
talocrural joints on standing stability in healthy subjects.” Man Ther,
2009, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 75–80
[2] Hahn T., Foldspang A, Vestergaard E, Ingermann-Hansen T. “Onelegged
standing balance and sports activity.” Scand J Med Sci Sports.
1999 , vol. 9, pp. 15–18.
[3] Laskowski E.R, Newcomer-Aney K, Smith J. “Refining rehabilitation
with proprioceptive training: expediting return to play.” Phys Sports
med. 1997, vol. 25, pp. 89–102.
[4] Horak F.B, “Clinical measurement of postural control in adults.” Phys
Ther.1987, vol. 67, pp.1881–1885.
[5] Woollacott M, Shumway-cook A, “Attention and the control of posture
and gait: a review of an emerging area of research.” Gait Posture, 2002,
vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1-14.
[6] Sartini, M, CristinaM. L,.Spagnolo A.M, P. Cremonesi C, Costaguta F,
Monacelli J, Garau and OdettiP "The epidemiology of domestic
injurious falls in a community dwelling elderly population: an
outgrowing economic burden." The European Journal of Public Health,
vol. 20, no.5, 2010, pp. 604-606. [7] Sunderland, Ann. "Balance and gait stability following sports-related
concussion." Australian Medical Student Journal vol. 2, no. 2, 2011, pp.
39-41.
[8] Bonnet, Cédrick, Claudia Carello, and M. T. Turvey. "Diabetes and
postural stability: review and hypotheses." Journal of motor behavior,
vol. 41, no. 2, 2009, pp. 172-192.
[9] Abu-Faraj Z. O, Hamdan T. F, Wehbi M. R, Khalil G. A, Hamdan H. M,
“Design and Development of an Earthquake-Simulated Environment for
the Study of Postural Stability.” In Biomedical and Pharmaceutical
Engineering, ICBPE 2006, pp. 188-193.
[10] Brown LA and Frank JS. “Postural compensations to the potential
consequences of instability: kinematics.” Gait and Posture, 1997, vol. 6,
pp. 89-97.
[11] Önell A. “The vertical ground reaction force for analysis of balance.”
Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 7-13.
[12] Sims K J and Brauer S G. “A rapid upward step challenges medio-lateral
postural stability.” Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 217-224.
[13] Kristinsdottir EK, Fransson PA, and Magnusson M. “Changes in
Postural Control in Healthy Elderly Subjects are Related to Vibration
Sensation, Vision, and Vestibular Asymmetry.” Acta Otolaryngology,
2001, vol. 121, pp. 700-706.
[14] Polónyová A and Hlavačka F. “Human postural responses to different
frequency vibrations of lower leg muscles.” Physiol. Res., 2001, vol. 50,
pp. 405-410.
[15] Kelly J W, Loomis J M, and Beall A C. “The importance of perceived
relative motion in the control of posture.” Exp. Brain Res., 2005, vol.
161, pp. 285-292.
[16] Kuo A D. “An optimal control model for analyzing human postural
balance.” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 1995, vol. 42,
no. 1, pp. 87-101.
[17] Kuo A D. “An optimal state estimation model of sensory integration in
human postural balance.” Journal of Neural Engineering, 2005, vol. 2,
pp. S235-S249.
[18] Rocchi L, Chiari L, and Cappello A. “Feature selection of stabilometric
parameters based on principal component analysis.” Medical &
Biological Engineering & Computing, 2004, vol. 42, pp. 71-79.
[19] Lauk M, Chow C C, Pavlik A E, and Collins J J. “Human balance out of
equilibrium: non equilibrium statistical mechanics in posture control.”
Physical Review Letters, 1998, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 413-416.
[20] Masani K, Vette A H, and Popovic M R. “Controlling balance during
quiet standing: proportional and derivative controller generates
preceding motor command to body sway position observed in
experiments.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 164-172.
[21] Orell AJ, Eves FF, and Masters RSW. “Implicit motor learning of a
balancing task.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 9-16.
[22] Redfern M S, Talkowski M E, Jennings J R, and Furman J M.
“Cognitive influences in postural control of patients with unilateral
vestibular loss.” Gait and Posture, 2004, vol. 19, pp. 105-114.
[23] Syczewaska M, Dembowska-Baginska B, Perek-Polnik M, and Perek D.
“Functional status of children after treatment for a malignant tumour of
the CNS: a preliminary report.” Gait and Posture, 2006, vol. 23, pp. 206-
210.
[24] Teasdale N and Simoneau M. Attentional demands for postural control:
the effects of aging and sensory reintegration.” Gait and Posture, 2001,
vol. 14, pp. 203-210.
[25] Morris M, Iansek R, Smithson F, and Huxham F. “Postural instability in
Parkinson's disease: a comparison with and without a concurrent task.”
Gait and Posture, 2000, vol. 12, pp. 205-216.
[26] Geurts A C H, de Haart M, van Nes I J W, and Duysens J. “A review of
standing balance recovery from stroke.” Gait and Posture, 2005, vol. 22,
pp. 267-281.
[27] Riemann BL. “Is there a link between chronic ankle instability and
postural instability?” Journal of Athletic Training, 2002, vol. 37, no. 4,
pp. 386-393.
[28] 28. Turcot, K., Allet, L., Golay, A., Hoffmeyer, P. & Armand, S.
“Investigation of standing balance in diabetic patients with and without
peripheral neuropathy using accelerometers.” Clinical Biomechanics,
2009. vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 716–721.
[29] Shun Sasagawa. “Effect of the hip motion on the body kinematics in the
sagittal plane during human quiet standing,” Neuroscience Letters, 2009,
vol. 450 pp. 27-31.
[30] Hasan, Samer S, Deborah W. Robin, Dennis C. Szurkus, Daniel H.
Ashmead, Steven W. Peterson, and Richard G. Shiavi."Simultaneous
measurement of body center of pressure and center of gravity during
upright stance. Part II: Amplitude and frequency data." Gait &posture ,
1996, vol. 4, no.1, pp. 11-20.
[31] Winter, David A. "Human balance and posture control during standing
and walking." Gait & Posture. 1995, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 193-214.
[32] Clark, Victoria M., and Adrian M. Burden. "A 4-week wobble board
exercise programme improved muscle onset latency and perceived
stability in individuals with a functionally unstable ankle." Physical
therapy in sport., 2005, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 181-187.
[33] McGuine, T. & Keene, J. “The Effect of a Balance Training Program on
the Risk of Ankle Sprains in High School Athlete.” The American
Journal of Sports Medicine, 2006, vol. 34, no. 7, pp. 1103-1111.
[34] Omkar S.N, Ganesh D. K., Kiran P. Kulkarni, “Standing Balance:
Quantification And The Impact Of Visual Sensory Input.” Indian
Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy, 2009, vol. 3, no. 3,
pp.44-48.
[35] Omkar S.N, Jayachandra D, Akshay S, “Stability Training and
Quantification – A Essential Tool to Mitigate Space Motion Sickness,”
IISc Centenary International Conference and Exhibition on Aerospace
Engineering, 2009, pp. 18-22
[36] Guru Prasad A. S, Omkar S. N, Vikranth H. N, Anil V, Chethana K, and
Asokan S. "Design and development of Fiber Bragg Grating sensing
plate for plantar strain measurement and postural stability analysis."
Measurement, 2014, vol. 47, pp. 789-793.
[37] Liang Wang, Weiming Hu and Tieniu Tan. “Recent developments in
human motion analysis. Pattern Recognition,” 2003, vol. 36, no. 3, pp.
585-601.
[38] Veltink P H, Bussmann H B J, Vries de W, Martens W L J and Lummel
van R C. “Detection of static and dynamic activities using uniaxial
accelerometers.” IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering,
1996, vol. 4, pp. 375–385.
[39] Mayagoitia R E, Nene A V, Veltink P H. “Accelerometer and rate
gyroscope measurement of kinematics: an inexpensive alternative to
optical motion analysis systems.” J Biomech., 2002, vol. 35, pp. 537–
542.
[40] JosipMusić, Roman Kamnik and Marko Munih. “Model based inertial
sensing of human body motion kinematics in sit-to-stand movement.
Simulation Modeling Practice and Theory,” 2008, vol. 16, no. 8, pp.
933-944.
[41] Kleissen R F M, Hermens H J, Exter T, Kreek J A and Zilvold G.
“Simultaneous measurement of surface EMG and movements for
clinical use.” Med BiolEng., 1989, vol. 27, pp. 291-297.
[42] Kamnik R., J. Music´ H. Burger, M. Munih, T. Bajd, “Design of inertial
motion sensor and its usage in biomechanical analysis, in: Proceedings
of 4th International Conference on Electrical and Power Engineering,
Isai, Romania, 2006, pp. 511–516.
[43] Mayagoitia R.E, Nene A.V, Veltink P, “Accelerometer and rate
gyroscope measurement of kinematics: an inexpensive alternative to
optical motion analysis system,” Journal of Biomechanics, 2002, vol. 35,
no. 4, pp. 537–542.
[44] Yun X., Bachmann E, “Design, implementation and experimental results
of quaternion-based Kalman filter for human body motion tracking.”
IEEE Transactions on Robotics, 2006, vol. 22, no. 6. pp.1216–1227.
[45] Zhu R, Zhou Z, “A real-time articulated human motion tracking using
tri-axis inertial/magnetic sensor package,” IEEE Transactions on Neural
Systems and Rehabilitation, Engineering, 2004, vol.12, no. 2, pp. 295–
302.
[46] Giansanti D, Maccioni G, Macellari V, “The development and test of a
device for the reconstruction of 3-D position and orientation by means of
kinematic sensor assembly with rate gyroscope and accelerometers,”
IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 2005, vol. 52, no. 7, pp.
1271–1277.
[47] Jurman D, Jankovec M, Kamnik R and Topic M, “Calibration and data
fusion solution for the miniature attitude and heading reference system,”
Sensors and Actuators A, 2007, vol. 138 pp. 411–420.
[48] Lord M, Reynolds D, Hughes J, “Foot pressure measurement: a review
of clinical findings,” J Biomed Engg., 1986, vol. 8, pp. 283–294.
[49] Washburn R.A, Laporte R.E, “Assessment of walking behavior: Effect
of speed and monitor position on two objective physical activity
monitors.” Res. Quart. Exerc. Sport., 1988, vol. 59, pp.83-85.
[50] Hill K.O, Fujii Y, Johnson D.C, Kawasaki B.S, “Photo sensitivity in
optical Fiber wave guides: Application to reflection filter fabrication.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 1978, vol. 32, pp. 647-649.
[51] Morey W.W, Meltz G, and Glenn W.H, “Fiber Bragg grating sensors.”
in: SPIE Fiber Optic & Laser Sensors VII, 1989, pp. 98-107. [52] Kashyap R, “Photosensitive optical fibers: Devices and applications,”
Optic. FiberTechnol., 1994, vol. 1, pp. 17-34.
[53] Hill K.O, Malo B, Bilodeau F, Johnson D.C, Albert J, “Bragg gratings
fabricated in mono mode photosensitive optical fiber by UV exposure
thorough a phase-mask,” Appl.Phys. Lett. 1993, vol. 62, pp.1035-1037.
[54] Batista P, Oliveira P and Cardeira B, “Accelerometer Calibration and
Dynamic Bias and Gravity Estimation: Analysis, Design, and
Experimental Evaluation,” IEEE transactions on control systems
technology, 2011 vol. 19 pp. 1128-1137.
[55] Cavaleiro P.M, Araujo F.M, Ferreira L.A, Santos J.L, Farahi F,
“Simultaneous Measurement of Strain and Temperature Using Bragg
Gratings Written in Germano silicate and Boron-Co doped Germano
silicate Fibers.” IEEE Phot Tech Let., 1999, vol. 11, pp.1635-37.
[56] Rao, Y. J, “In-fibre Bragg grating sensors,” Measurement science and
technology, 1997, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 355.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:68853", author = "Chethana K. and Guru Prasad A. S. and Vikranth H. N. and Varun H. and Omkar S. N. and Asokan S.", title = "Fiber Braggs Grating Sensor Based Instrumentation to Evaluate Postural Balance and Stability on an Unstable Platform", abstract = "This paper describes a novel application of Fiber
Braggs Grating (FBG) sensors in the assessment of human postural
stability and balance on an unstable platform. In this work, FBG
sensor Stability Analyzing Device (FBGSAD) is developed for
measurement of plantar strain to assess the postural stability of
subjects on unstable platforms during different stances in eyes open
and eyes closed conditions on a rocker board. The studies are
validated by comparing the Centre of Gravity (CG) variations
measured on the lumbar vertebra of subjects using a commercial
accelerometer. The results obtained from the developed FBGSAD
depict qualitative similarities with the data recorded by commercial
accelerometer. The advantage of the FBGSAD is that it measures
simultaneously plantar strain distribution and postural stability of the
subject along with its inherent benefits like non-requirement of
energizing voltage to the sensor, electromagnetic immunity and
simple design which suits its applicability in biomechanical
applications. The developed FBGSAD can serve as a tool/yardstick to
mitigate space motion sickness, identify individuals who are
susceptible to falls and to qualify subjects for balance and stability,
which are important factors in the selection of certain unique
professionals such as aircraft pilots, astronauts, cosmonauts etc.
", keywords = "Biomechanics, Fiber Bragg Gratings, Plantar Strain
Measurement, Postural Stability Analysis.", volume = "9", number = "1", pages = "96-6", }
