Open Multiagent Systems (MASs) are societies in
which heterogeneous and independently designed entities (agents)
work towards similar, or different ends. Software agents are
autonomous and the diversity of interests among different members
living in the same society is a fact. In order to deal with this
autonomy, these open systems use mechanisms of social control
(norms) to ensure a desirable social order. This paper considers the
following types of norms: (i) obligation — agents must accomplish
a specific outcome; (ii) permission — agents may act in a particular
way, and (iii) prohibition — agents must not act in a specific way. All
of these characteristics mean to encourage the fulfillment of norms
through rewards and to discourage norm violation by pointing out the
punishments. Once the software agent decides that its priority is the
satisfaction of its own desires and goals, each agent must evaluate
the effects associated to the fulfillment of one or more norms before
choosing which one should be fulfilled. The same applies when agents
decide to violate a norm. This paper also introduces a framework
for the development of MASs that provide support mechanisms
to the agent’s decision-making, using norm-based reasoning. The
applicability and validation of this approach is demonstrated applying
a traffic intersection scenario.
[1] F. L. y López, “Social power and norms: Impact on agent behavior,”
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, 6 2003.
[2] N. Oren, M. Luck, and T. J. Norman, “Argumentation for normative
reasoning,” in Proc. Symp. Behaviour Regulation in Multi-Agent
Systems, 2008, pp. 55–60.
[3] V. T. da Silva, “From the specification to the implementation of norms:
an automatic approach to generate rules from norms to govern the
behavior of agents,” Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,
vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 113–155, 2008.
[4] I. Nunes, C. Lucena, and M. Luck, “Bdi4jade: a bdi layer on top of
jade,” ProMAS 2011, pp. 88–103, 2011.
[5] B. F. d. S. Neto, V. T. da Silva, and C. J. P. de Lucena, “Nbdi: An
architecture for goal-oriented normative agents.” in ICAART (1), 2011,
pp. 116–125.
[6] A. S. Rao, M. P. Georgeff et al., “Bdi agents: From theory to practice.”
in ICMAS, vol. 95, 1995, pp. 312–319.
[7] A. Ahmad, “An agent-based framework incorporting rules, norms and
emotions (oprnd-e),” Ph.D. dissertation, PhD Thesis, Universiti Tenaga
Nasional, 2012.
[8] M. Alberti, A. Gomes, R. Gonçalves, J. Leite, and M. Slota, “Normative
systems represented as hybrid knowledge bases,” Computational Logic
in Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 330–346, 2011.
[9] B. F. dos Santos Neto, V. T. Da Silva, and C. J. P. de Lucena, “Using
jason to develop normative agents,” in Brazilian Symposium on Artificial
Intelligence. Springer, 2010, pp. 143–152.
[10] M. Luck, M. d’Inverno et al., “Constraining autonomy through norms,”
in Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous
agents and multiagent systems: part 2. ACM, 2002, pp. 674–681.
[11] M. A. Mahmoud, M. S. Ahmad, M. Z. Mohd Yusoff, and A. Mustapha,
“A review of norms and normative multiagent systems,” The Scientific
World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
[12] P. Caire, “A normative multi-agent systems approach to the use of
conviviality for digital cities,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.
4870, pp. 245–260, 2008.
[13] G. Boella and L. W. van der Torre, “Regulative and constitutive norms
in normative multiagent systems.” KR, vol. 4, pp. 255–265, 2004.
[14] R. Rubino, A. Omicini, and E. Denti, “Computational institutions for
modelling norm-regulated mas: An approach based on coordination
artifacts,” in AAMAS Workshops. Springer, 2005, pp. 127–141.
[15] G. Boella and L. van der Torre, “An architecture of a normative system:
counts-as conditionals, obligations and permissions,” in Proceedings
of the fifth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and
multiagent systems. ACM, 2006, pp. 229–231.
[16] G. Boella and L. van Der Torre, “Substantive and procedural norms in
normative multiagent systems,” Journal of Applied Logic, vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 152–171, 2008.
[17] T. Balke, C. da Costa Pereira, F. Dignum, E. Lorini, A. Rotolo,
W. Vasconcelos, and S. Villata, “Norms in mas: definitions and
related concepts,” in Dagstuhl Follow-Ups, vol. 4. Schloss
Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2013.
[18] T. Ågotnes, W. van der Hoek, and M. Wooldridge, “Robust normative
systems,” in Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on
Autonomous agents and multiagent systems-Volume 2. International
Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2008, pp.
747–754.
[19] O. Kafalı, N. Ajmeri, and M. P. Singh, “Kont: Computing tradeoffs in
normative multiagent systems,” in Proceedings of the 31st Conference
on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), To Appear, 2017.
[20] F. L. Bellifemine, G. Caire, and D. Greenwood, Developing multi-agent
systems with JADE. John Wiley & Sons, 2007, vol. 7.
[21] R. H. Bordini, J. F. Hübner, and M. Wooldridge, Programming
multi-agent systems in AgentSpeak using Jason. John Wiley & Sons,
2007, vol. 8.
[22] N. Howden, R. Rönnquist, A. Hodgson, and A. Lucas, “Jack intelligent
agents-summary of an agent infrastructure,” in 5th International
conference on autonomous agents, 2001.
[23] L. Braubach, W. Lamersdorf, and A. Pokahr, “Jadex: Implementing a
bdi-infrastructure for jade agents,” 2003.
[24] 3APL - An Abstract Agent Programming Language, 2017 (accessed
November 16, 2017), http://www.cs.uu.nl/3apl/.
[25] A. S. Rao, “Agentspeak (l): Bdi agents speak out in a logical computable
language,” in European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in
a Multi-Agent World. Springer, 1996, pp. 42–55.
[26] M. Winikoff, “JackTM intelligent agents: an industrial strength platform,”
Multi-Agent Programming, pp. 175–193, 2005.
[27] M. Dastani, M. B. van Riemsdijk, F. Dignum, and J.-J. C. Meyer,
“A programming language for cognitive agents goal directed 3apl,”
in International Workshop on Programming Multi-Agent Systems.
Springer, 2003, pp. 111–130.
[28] J. Broersen, M. Dastani, and L. Van Der Torre, “Resolving conflicts
between beliefs, obligations, intentions, and desires,” in ECSQARU,
vol. 1. Springer, 2001, pp. 568–579.
[29] G. Governatori and A. Rotolo, “Bio logical agents: Norms, beliefs,
intentions in defeasible logic,” Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent
Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 36–69, 2008.
[30] A. Ahmad, M. Ahmed, M. Z. M. Yusof, M. S. Ahmad, and A. Mustapha,
“Resolving conflicts between personal and normative goals in normative
agent systems,” Journal of IT in Asia, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2016.
[31] M. Alberti, M. Gavanelli, E. Lamma, P. Mello, P. Torroni, and G. Sartor,
“Mapping deontic operators to abductive expectations,” Computational
& Mathematical Organization Theory, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 205–225,
2006.
[32] M. E. Fayad, D. C. Schmidt, and R. E. Johnson, Building application
frameworks: object-oriented foundations of framework design. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
[33] M. E. Markiewicz and C. J. de Lucena, “Object oriented framework
development,” Crossroads, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3–9, 2001.
[1] F. L. y López, “Social power and norms: Impact on agent behavior,”
Ph.D. dissertation, University of Southampton, 6 2003.
[2] N. Oren, M. Luck, and T. J. Norman, “Argumentation for normative
reasoning,” in Proc. Symp. Behaviour Regulation in Multi-Agent
Systems, 2008, pp. 55–60.
[3] V. T. da Silva, “From the specification to the implementation of norms:
an automatic approach to generate rules from norms to govern the
behavior of agents,” Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems,
vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 113–155, 2008.
[4] I. Nunes, C. Lucena, and M. Luck, “Bdi4jade: a bdi layer on top of
jade,” ProMAS 2011, pp. 88–103, 2011.
[5] B. F. d. S. Neto, V. T. da Silva, and C. J. P. de Lucena, “Nbdi: An
architecture for goal-oriented normative agents.” in ICAART (1), 2011,
pp. 116–125.
[6] A. S. Rao, M. P. Georgeff et al., “Bdi agents: From theory to practice.”
in ICMAS, vol. 95, 1995, pp. 312–319.
[7] A. Ahmad, “An agent-based framework incorporting rules, norms and
emotions (oprnd-e),” Ph.D. dissertation, PhD Thesis, Universiti Tenaga
Nasional, 2012.
[8] M. Alberti, A. Gomes, R. Gonçalves, J. Leite, and M. Slota, “Normative
systems represented as hybrid knowledge bases,” Computational Logic
in Multi-Agent Systems, pp. 330–346, 2011.
[9] B. F. dos Santos Neto, V. T. Da Silva, and C. J. P. de Lucena, “Using
jason to develop normative agents,” in Brazilian Symposium on Artificial
Intelligence. Springer, 2010, pp. 143–152.
[10] M. Luck, M. d’Inverno et al., “Constraining autonomy through norms,”
in Proceedings of the first international joint conference on Autonomous
agents and multiagent systems: part 2. ACM, 2002, pp. 674–681.
[11] M. A. Mahmoud, M. S. Ahmad, M. Z. Mohd Yusoff, and A. Mustapha,
“A review of norms and normative multiagent systems,” The Scientific
World Journal, vol. 2014, 2014.
[12] P. Caire, “A normative multi-agent systems approach to the use of
conviviality for digital cities,” Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.
4870, pp. 245–260, 2008.
[13] G. Boella and L. W. van der Torre, “Regulative and constitutive norms
in normative multiagent systems.” KR, vol. 4, pp. 255–265, 2004.
[14] R. Rubino, A. Omicini, and E. Denti, “Computational institutions for
modelling norm-regulated mas: An approach based on coordination
artifacts,” in AAMAS Workshops. Springer, 2005, pp. 127–141.
[15] G. Boella and L. van der Torre, “An architecture of a normative system:
counts-as conditionals, obligations and permissions,” in Proceedings
of the fifth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and
multiagent systems. ACM, 2006, pp. 229–231.
[16] G. Boella and L. van Der Torre, “Substantive and procedural norms in
normative multiagent systems,” Journal of Applied Logic, vol. 6, no. 2,
pp. 152–171, 2008.
[17] T. Balke, C. da Costa Pereira, F. Dignum, E. Lorini, A. Rotolo,
W. Vasconcelos, and S. Villata, “Norms in mas: definitions and
related concepts,” in Dagstuhl Follow-Ups, vol. 4. Schloss
Dagstuhl-Leibniz-Zentrum fuer Informatik, 2013.
[18] T. Ågotnes, W. van der Hoek, and M. Wooldridge, “Robust normative
systems,” in Proceedings of the 7th international joint conference on
Autonomous agents and multiagent systems-Volume 2. International
Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems, 2008, pp.
747–754.
[19] O. Kafalı, N. Ajmeri, and M. P. Singh, “Kont: Computing tradeoffs in
normative multiagent systems,” in Proceedings of the 31st Conference
on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), To Appear, 2017.
[20] F. L. Bellifemine, G. Caire, and D. Greenwood, Developing multi-agent
systems with JADE. John Wiley & Sons, 2007, vol. 7.
[21] R. H. Bordini, J. F. Hübner, and M. Wooldridge, Programming
multi-agent systems in AgentSpeak using Jason. John Wiley & Sons,
2007, vol. 8.
[22] N. Howden, R. Rönnquist, A. Hodgson, and A. Lucas, “Jack intelligent
agents-summary of an agent infrastructure,” in 5th International
conference on autonomous agents, 2001.
[23] L. Braubach, W. Lamersdorf, and A. Pokahr, “Jadex: Implementing a
bdi-infrastructure for jade agents,” 2003.
[24] 3APL - An Abstract Agent Programming Language, 2017 (accessed
November 16, 2017), http://www.cs.uu.nl/3apl/.
[25] A. S. Rao, “Agentspeak (l): Bdi agents speak out in a logical computable
language,” in European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in
a Multi-Agent World. Springer, 1996, pp. 42–55.
[26] M. Winikoff, “JackTM intelligent agents: an industrial strength platform,”
Multi-Agent Programming, pp. 175–193, 2005.
[27] M. Dastani, M. B. van Riemsdijk, F. Dignum, and J.-J. C. Meyer,
“A programming language for cognitive agents goal directed 3apl,”
in International Workshop on Programming Multi-Agent Systems.
Springer, 2003, pp. 111–130.
[28] J. Broersen, M. Dastani, and L. Van Der Torre, “Resolving conflicts
between beliefs, obligations, intentions, and desires,” in ECSQARU,
vol. 1. Springer, 2001, pp. 568–579.
[29] G. Governatori and A. Rotolo, “Bio logical agents: Norms, beliefs,
intentions in defeasible logic,” Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent
Systems, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 36–69, 2008.
[30] A. Ahmad, M. Ahmed, M. Z. M. Yusof, M. S. Ahmad, and A. Mustapha,
“Resolving conflicts between personal and normative goals in normative
agent systems,” Journal of IT in Asia, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–12, 2016.
[31] M. Alberti, M. Gavanelli, E. Lamma, P. Mello, P. Torroni, and G. Sartor,
“Mapping deontic operators to abductive expectations,” Computational
& Mathematical Organization Theory, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 205–225,
2006.
[32] M. E. Fayad, D. C. Schmidt, and R. E. Johnson, Building application
frameworks: object-oriented foundations of framework design. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1999.
[33] M. E. Markiewicz and C. J. de Lucena, “Object oriented framework
development,” Crossroads, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 3–9, 2001.
@article{"International Journal of Information, Control and Computer Sciences:77419", author = "Francisco José Plácido da Cunha and Tassio Ferenzini Martins Sirqueira and Marx Leles Viana and Carlos José Pereira de Lucena", title = "Extending BDI Multiagent Systems with Agent Norms", abstract = "Open Multiagent Systems (MASs) are societies in
which heterogeneous and independently designed entities (agents)
work towards similar, or different ends. Software agents are
autonomous and the diversity of interests among different members
living in the same society is a fact. In order to deal with this
autonomy, these open systems use mechanisms of social control
(norms) to ensure a desirable social order. This paper considers the
following types of norms: (i) obligation — agents must accomplish
a specific outcome; (ii) permission — agents may act in a particular
way, and (iii) prohibition — agents must not act in a specific way. All
of these characteristics mean to encourage the fulfillment of norms
through rewards and to discourage norm violation by pointing out the
punishments. Once the software agent decides that its priority is the
satisfaction of its own desires and goals, each agent must evaluate
the effects associated to the fulfillment of one or more norms before
choosing which one should be fulfilled. The same applies when agents
decide to violate a norm. This paper also introduces a framework
for the development of MASs that provide support mechanisms
to the agent’s decision-making, using norm-based reasoning. The
applicability and validation of this approach is demonstrated applying
a traffic intersection scenario.", keywords = "BDI aAgent, BDI4JADE framework, multiagent
system, normative agents.", volume = "12", number = "5", pages = "302-8", }
