Experimental Studies on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Used Cooking Oil Methyl Esterand its Diesel Blends
Transesterified vegetable oils (biodiesel) are promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. Used vegetable oils are disposed from restaurants in large quantities. But higher viscosity restricts their direct use in diesel engines. In this study, used cooking oil was dehydrated and then transesterified using an alkaline catalyst. The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of Used Cooking oil Methyl Ester (UCME) and its blends with diesel oil are analysed in a direct injection C.I. engine. The fuel properties and the combustion characteristics of UCME are found to be similar to those of diesel. A minor decrease in thermal efficiency with significant improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons is observed compared to diesel. The use of transesterified used cooking oil and its blends as fuel for diesel engines will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and also decrease considerably the environmental pollution.
[1] E. Crabbe, C. Nolasco-Hipolito, G. Kobayashi, K. Sonomoto, and A.
Ishizaki, "Biodiesel production from crude palm oil and evaluation of
butanol extraction and fuel properties," Process Biochemistry, vol. 37,
pp.65-71, 2001.
[2] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Use of vegetable
oils as I.C. Engine fuel- A review," Renewable Energy, vol. 29, pp. 727-
742, 2004.
[3] G. Knothe, and K. R. Steidley, "Lubricity of components of biodiesel
and petrodiesel: The origin of biodiesel lubricity," Energy & Fuels,
vol. 19, pp. 1192-1200, 2005.
[4] S. Bari, C. W. Yu and T. H. Lim, "Performance deterioration and
durability issues while running a diesel engine with crude palm oil,"
Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs Part-D J. Automobile Engineering, vol. 216,
pp. 785-792, 2002.
[5] F. Ma, and M. A. Hanna, "Biodiesel production: a review," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 70, pp. 1-15, 1999.
[6] K. R. Kaufman, and M. Ziejewski, "Sunflower methyl esters for direct
injected diesel engines," Trans. ASAE, vol.27, pp.1626-1633, 1984.
[7] F. N. da Silva, A. S. Prata, and J. R.Teixeira, "Technical feasibility
assessment of oleic sunflower methyl ester utilizations in diesel bus
engines," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 44, pp. 2857-2878,
2003.
[8] G. L. N. Rao, S. Saravanan, S. Sampath, and K. Rajgopal, "Emission
characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with bio-diesel
and its blends," in Proceedings of the International Conf. on Resource
Utilization and Intelligent Systems, India. Allied publishers private
limited, 2006, pp. 353-356.
[9] M. A. Kalam, and H. H. Masjuki, Biodiesel from palmoil-an analysis of
its properties and potential. Biomass and Bioenergy 2002;23:471 - 479.
[10] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, and B. V. B. Ram,
"Performance and emission study of mahua oil (madhuca indica oil)
ethyl ester in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine,"
Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.1269-1278, 2005.
[11] M. M. Azam, A. Waris, N. M. Nahar, "Prospects and potential of fatty
acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel
in India," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 29, pp. 293-302, 2005.
[12] H. Raheman, and A. G. Phadatare, "Diesel engine emissions and
performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel," Biomass
and Bioenergy, vol. 27, pp. 393 -397, 2004.
[13] S. W. Lee, T. Herage, and B. Young, "Emission reduction potential from
the combustion of soy methyl ester fuel blended with petroleum distillate
fuel," Fuel, vol. 83, pp. 1607-1613, 2004.
[14] G. Labeckas, and S.Slavinskas, "The effect of rapeseed oil methyl ester
on direct injection Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions,"
Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, pp.1954-1967, 2006.
[15] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Performance and
emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of
rubber seed oil," Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.1789-2000, 2005.
[16] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Biodiesel
production from high FFA rubber seed oil," Fuel, vol. 84, pp.335-340,
2005.
[17] M. Mittelbach, B. Pokits, and A. Silberholz, "Diesel fuels derived from
vegetable oils, IV: production and fuel properties of fatty acid methyl
esters from used frying oil, liquid fuels from renewable resources," in
Proceedings of an Alternative Energy Conf., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1992; 74-78.
[18] T. B. Reed, M. S. Graboski, and S. Gaur, "Development and
commercialization of oxygenated diesel fuels from waste vegetable
oils," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 3, pp.111-115, 1992.
[19] S. Bari, C. W. Yu, and T. H. Lim, "Effect of injection timing with waste
cooking oil as a fuel in a direct injection engine," Proc. Instn. Mech.
Engrs Part-D J. Automobile Engineering, vol. 218, pp. 93-104, 2004.
[20] M. J. Nye, T. W. Williamson, S. Deshpande, J. H. Schrader, W. H.
Snively, T. P. Yurkewich, and C. L. French, "Conversion of used frying
oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: preliminary tests," Journal of the
American Oil Chemists- Society, vol. 60, pp. 1598-1601, 1983.
[21] M. Canakci, "The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel
feedstocks," Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, pp. 183-190, 2007.
[22] M. Pugazhvadivu, and K. Jeyachandran, "Investigations on the
performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using preheated
waste frying oil as fuel", Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.2189-2202,
2005.
[23] M. Cetinkaya, Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekin, and F. Karaosmanoglu, "Engine and
winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel",
Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, pp.1279-1291, 2005.
[24] C. Breuer, "The influence of fuel properties on the heat release in D.I.
diesel engines," Fuel, vol. 74, pp.1767-1771, 1995.
[25] T. Vaughn, M. Hammill, M. Harris, and A. J. Marchese, "Ignition delay
of bio-ester fuel droplets," SAE Paper - 2006-01-3302, Society of
Automotive Engineers, 2006.
[26] E. Kinoshita, T. Myo, K. Hamasaki, H. Tajima, and Z. R. Kun, "Diesel
combustion characteristics of coconut oil and palm oil biodiesels," SAE
Paper - 2006-01-3251, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.
[27] S. Sinha, and A. K. Agarwal, "Combustion characteristics of rice bran
oil derived biodiesel in a transportation diesel engine," SAE Paper -
2005-26-354, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.
[28] K. Hamasaki, E. Kinoshita, H. Tajima, K. Takasaki, and D. Morita,
"Combustion characteristics of diesel engines with waste vegetable oil
methyl ester," Proceeding of The Fifth International Symposium on
Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion in Internal Combustion
Engines, Nagoya 200, pp.410-416.
[29] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dubé, and D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil," Biomass and Bioenergy,
vol. 30, pp. 267-272, 2006.
[30] P. Felizardo, M. J. N. Correia, I. Raposo, J. F. Mendes, R. Berkemeier,
and J. M. Bordado, "Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils,"
Waste Management, vol. 26, pp. 487-494, 2006.
[31] D. Darnoko, and M. Cheryan, "Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in
a batch reactor," J. Am. Oil Chem Soc., vol. 77, pp. 1263-1266, 2000.
[32] D. Y. C. Leung, and Y. Guo, "Transesterification of neat and used frying
oil: optimization for biodiesel production," Fuel Processing Technology,
vol. 87, pp. 883-890, 2006.
[33] Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, S. Tang, "Comparison of two different
processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil, Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 252, pp. 107-112, 2006.
[34] B. D. Hsu, "Heat release, relative cycle efficiency, and peak cylinder
pressure", in Practical Diesel Engine Combustion Analysis, 1st ed.,
Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 2002, pp. 21-26.
[1] E. Crabbe, C. Nolasco-Hipolito, G. Kobayashi, K. Sonomoto, and A.
Ishizaki, "Biodiesel production from crude palm oil and evaluation of
butanol extraction and fuel properties," Process Biochemistry, vol. 37,
pp.65-71, 2001.
[2] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Use of vegetable
oils as I.C. Engine fuel- A review," Renewable Energy, vol. 29, pp. 727-
742, 2004.
[3] G. Knothe, and K. R. Steidley, "Lubricity of components of biodiesel
and petrodiesel: The origin of biodiesel lubricity," Energy & Fuels,
vol. 19, pp. 1192-1200, 2005.
[4] S. Bari, C. W. Yu and T. H. Lim, "Performance deterioration and
durability issues while running a diesel engine with crude palm oil,"
Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs Part-D J. Automobile Engineering, vol. 216,
pp. 785-792, 2002.
[5] F. Ma, and M. A. Hanna, "Biodiesel production: a review," Bioresource
Technology, vol. 70, pp. 1-15, 1999.
[6] K. R. Kaufman, and M. Ziejewski, "Sunflower methyl esters for direct
injected diesel engines," Trans. ASAE, vol.27, pp.1626-1633, 1984.
[7] F. N. da Silva, A. S. Prata, and J. R.Teixeira, "Technical feasibility
assessment of oleic sunflower methyl ester utilizations in diesel bus
engines," Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 44, pp. 2857-2878,
2003.
[8] G. L. N. Rao, S. Saravanan, S. Sampath, and K. Rajgopal, "Emission
characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with bio-diesel
and its blends," in Proceedings of the International Conf. on Resource
Utilization and Intelligent Systems, India. Allied publishers private
limited, 2006, pp. 353-356.
[9] M. A. Kalam, and H. H. Masjuki, Biodiesel from palmoil-an analysis of
its properties and potential. Biomass and Bioenergy 2002;23:471 - 479.
[10] S. Puhan, N. Vedaraman, G. Sankaranarayanan, and B. V. B. Ram,
"Performance and emission study of mahua oil (madhuca indica oil)
ethyl ester in a 4-stroke natural aspirated direct injection diesel engine,"
Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.1269-1278, 2005.
[11] M. M. Azam, A. Waris, N. M. Nahar, "Prospects and potential of fatty
acid methyl esters of some non-traditional seed oils for use as biodiesel
in India," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 29, pp. 293-302, 2005.
[12] H. Raheman, and A. G. Phadatare, "Diesel engine emissions and
performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel," Biomass
and Bioenergy, vol. 27, pp. 393 -397, 2004.
[13] S. W. Lee, T. Herage, and B. Young, "Emission reduction potential from
the combustion of soy methyl ester fuel blended with petroleum distillate
fuel," Fuel, vol. 83, pp. 1607-1613, 2004.
[14] G. Labeckas, and S.Slavinskas, "The effect of rapeseed oil methyl ester
on direct injection Diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions,"
Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 47, pp.1954-1967, 2006.
[15] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Performance and
emission evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with methyl esters of
rubber seed oil," Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.1789-2000, 2005.
[16] A. S. Ramadhas, S. Jayaraj, and C. Muraleedharan, "Biodiesel
production from high FFA rubber seed oil," Fuel, vol. 84, pp.335-340,
2005.
[17] M. Mittelbach, B. Pokits, and A. Silberholz, "Diesel fuels derived from
vegetable oils, IV: production and fuel properties of fatty acid methyl
esters from used frying oil, liquid fuels from renewable resources," in
Proceedings of an Alternative Energy Conf., American Society of
Agricultural Engineers, 1992; 74-78.
[18] T. B. Reed, M. S. Graboski, and S. Gaur, "Development and
commercialization of oxygenated diesel fuels from waste vegetable
oils," Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 3, pp.111-115, 1992.
[19] S. Bari, C. W. Yu, and T. H. Lim, "Effect of injection timing with waste
cooking oil as a fuel in a direct injection engine," Proc. Instn. Mech.
Engrs Part-D J. Automobile Engineering, vol. 218, pp. 93-104, 2004.
[20] M. J. Nye, T. W. Williamson, S. Deshpande, J. H. Schrader, W. H.
Snively, T. P. Yurkewich, and C. L. French, "Conversion of used frying
oil to diesel fuel by transesterification: preliminary tests," Journal of the
American Oil Chemists- Society, vol. 60, pp. 1598-1601, 1983.
[21] M. Canakci, "The potential of restaurant waste lipids as biodiesel
feedstocks," Bioresource Technology, vol. 98, pp. 183-190, 2007.
[22] M. Pugazhvadivu, and K. Jeyachandran, "Investigations on the
performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine using preheated
waste frying oil as fuel", Renewable Energy, vol. 30, pp.2189-2202,
2005.
[23] M. Cetinkaya, Y. Ulusoy, Y. Tekin, and F. Karaosmanoglu, "Engine and
winter road test performances of used cooking oil originated biodiesel",
Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 46, pp.1279-1291, 2005.
[24] C. Breuer, "The influence of fuel properties on the heat release in D.I.
diesel engines," Fuel, vol. 74, pp.1767-1771, 1995.
[25] T. Vaughn, M. Hammill, M. Harris, and A. J. Marchese, "Ignition delay
of bio-ester fuel droplets," SAE Paper - 2006-01-3302, Society of
Automotive Engineers, 2006.
[26] E. Kinoshita, T. Myo, K. Hamasaki, H. Tajima, and Z. R. Kun, "Diesel
combustion characteristics of coconut oil and palm oil biodiesels," SAE
Paper - 2006-01-3251, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2006.
[27] S. Sinha, and A. K. Agarwal, "Combustion characteristics of rice bran
oil derived biodiesel in a transportation diesel engine," SAE Paper -
2005-26-354, Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.
[28] K. Hamasaki, E. Kinoshita, H. Tajima, K. Takasaki, and D. Morita,
"Combustion characteristics of diesel engines with waste vegetable oil
methyl ester," Proceeding of The Fifth International Symposium on
Diagnostics and Modeling of Combustion in Internal Combustion
Engines, Nagoya 200, pp.410-416.
[29] S. Zheng, M. Kates, M. A. Dubé, and D. D. McLean, "Acid-catalyzed
production of biodiesel from waste frying oil," Biomass and Bioenergy,
vol. 30, pp. 267-272, 2006.
[30] P. Felizardo, M. J. N. Correia, I. Raposo, J. F. Mendes, R. Berkemeier,
and J. M. Bordado, "Production of biodiesel from waste frying oils,"
Waste Management, vol. 26, pp. 487-494, 2006.
[31] D. Darnoko, and M. Cheryan, "Kinetics of palm oil transesterification in
a batch reactor," J. Am. Oil Chem Soc., vol. 77, pp. 1263-1266, 2000.
[32] D. Y. C. Leung, and Y. Guo, "Transesterification of neat and used frying
oil: optimization for biodiesel production," Fuel Processing Technology,
vol. 87, pp. 883-890, 2006.
[33] Y. Wang, S. Ou, P. Liu, F. Xue, S. Tang, "Comparison of two different
processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil, Journal of
Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, vol. 252, pp. 107-112, 2006.
[34] B. D. Hsu, "Heat release, relative cycle efficiency, and peak cylinder
pressure", in Practical Diesel Engine Combustion Analysis, 1st ed.,
Warrendale, PA, Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 2002, pp. 21-26.
@article{"International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial and Aerospace Sciences:54701", author = "G Lakshmi Narayana Rao and S Sampath and K Rajagopal", title = "Experimental Studies on the Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Used Cooking Oil Methyl Esterand its Diesel Blends", abstract = "Transesterified vegetable oils (biodiesel) are promising alternative fuel for diesel engines. Used vegetable oils are disposed from restaurants in large quantities. But higher viscosity restricts their direct use in diesel engines. In this study, used cooking oil was dehydrated and then transesterified using an alkaline catalyst. The combustion, performance and emission characteristics of Used Cooking oil Methyl Ester (UCME) and its blends with diesel oil are analysed in a direct injection C.I. engine. The fuel properties and the combustion characteristics of UCME are found to be similar to those of diesel. A minor decrease in thermal efficiency with significant improvement in reduction of particulates, carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons is observed compared to diesel. The use of transesterified used cooking oil and its blends as fuel for diesel engines will reduce dependence on fossil fuels and also decrease considerably the environmental pollution.
", keywords = "Combustion characteristics, diesel engine, emission characteristics, used cooking oil.", volume = "2", number = "1", pages = "27-7", }
