Ecolabeling and Green Certification for Effective Fisheries Management – An Analysis
Nowadays there is a growing environmental concern
and the business communities have slowly started recognising
environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural
resources into their marketing strategies. This paper discusses the
various Ecolabeling and Certification Systems developed world
over to regulate and introduce Fair Trade in Ornamental Fish
Industry. Ecolabeling and green certification are considered as part
of these strategies implemented partly out of compulsion from the
National and International Regulatory Bodies and Environmental
Movements. All the major markets of ornamental fishes like
European Union, USA and Japan have started putting restrictions on
the trade to impose ecolabeling as a non tariff barrier like the one
imposed on seafood and aqua cultured products. A review was done
on the available Ecolabeling and Green Certification Schemes
available at local, national and international levels for fisheries
including aquaculture and ornamental fish trade and to examine the
success and constraints faced by these schemes during its
implementation. The primary downside of certification is the
multiplicity of ecolabels and cost incurred by applicants for
certification, costs which may in turn be passed on to consumers.
The studies reveal serious inadequacies in a number of ecolabels
and cast doubt on their overall contribution to effective fisheries
management and sustainability. The paper also discusses the
inititive taken in India to develop guidelines for Green Certification
of Fresh water ornamental fishes.
[1] Deere, Carolyn L. Eco-labeling and Sustainable Fisheries, IUCN:
Washington, D.C and FAO: Rome, 1999.
[2] Teisl, M.F., Roe, B. and Hicks, R.L. Can Eco-labels Tune a Market?
Evidence rom Dolphin-Safe Labeling, Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management, 2002, 43, 339-359.
[3] Brown, J. An account of the dolphin-safe tuna issue in the UK, Marine
Policy, 2005, 29, 39-46.
[4] Wynne, R.D.) The emperor-s new eco-logos ?: a critical review of the
Scientific Certification Systems environmental report card and the
Green Seal certification mark programs. Virginia Environmental Law
Journal 1994, 14: 51- 149.
[5] Macfadyen, G. & Huntington, T. Certification and Sustainable
Fisheries. Poseidon/United Nations Environment Program, 2008, 91p.
[6] Wessells, C.R.; Cochrane, K.; Deere, C.; Wallis, P.; Willmann, R.
2001. Product certification and ecolabeling for fisheries
sustainability. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 422. Rome, FAO.
2001. 83p
[7] Anon. 2009. Elements, News letter of Singapore Environmental
Council, Issue No. 1 of 2009, pp. 3-11
[8] Poulain, F. Recent Trends in Environmental Labeling and Certification
in Fisheries, Forestry and Organic Agriculture. Information Paper
prepared for the Expert Consultation on the development of
International Guidelines for Eco-labeling of Fish and Fish Products
from Marine Capture Fisheries, October, Rome Italy, 2003, 14-17, 32
pp.
[9] ISO.Guide 62, General Requirements for bodies operating assessment
and certification/registration of quality systems, International
Organization for Standards, Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.
[10] FAO. The State Of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2006, FAO.
Rome, 2007.162 p.
[11] UNCED. United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), 3-14 June, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
[12] FAO. Committee on Fisheries, Sub-Committee on Fish Trade:
Outcome of Expert Consultation on Eco-labeling. Ninth Session,
February 2004, Germany, FAO, Rome, 2004, 4 p
[13] FAO. Guidelines for the Ecolabeling of Fish and Fishery Products from
Marine Capture Fisheries, FAO, Rome, 2005, 90p.
[14] FAO. Report of the Technical Consultation on the Feasibility of
Developing Non-Discriminatory Technical Guidelines for Eco-
Labeling of Products from Marine Capture Fisheries, Rome, Italy, 21-
23 October FAO Fisheries Report No.594. 1998.
[15] Potts, T. & Haward, M. International Trade, Ecolabeling, and
Sustainable Fisheries - recent issues, Concepts and Practices,
Environment, Development and Sustainability 2007, 9: 91-106.
[16] Birnie, P.W. and Boyle, A. Basic Documents on International Law and
the Environment, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995, 375 p.
[17] IISD. Global Green Standards: ISO 14000 and Sustainable
Development Winnipeg, International Institute for Sustainable
Development, 1996, 100 p.
[18] Roheim, C.A. and J. Sutinen. "Trade and Marketplace Measures to
Promote Sustainable Fishing Practices," ICTSD Natural Resources,
International Trade and Sustainable Development Series Issue Paper
No. 3, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and
the High Seas Task Force, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
[19] Staffin, Elliot... "Trade Barrier or Boon? A Critical Evaluation of
Environmental Labeling and its Role in the ÔÇÿGreening- of World
Trade." Columbia Journal of International Environmental Law, 1996,
21:205-286.
[20] UNCTAD/FIELD. Legal and Policy Issues in the Market Access
Implications of Labeling for Environmental Purposes, Project on
Building Capacity for Improved Policy Making and Negotiation on
Key Trade and Environment Issues, Sub Regional Brain Storming
Workshop on Trade and Environment Issues Contained in the
Paragraphs 31 and 32 of the WTO Doha Ministerial Declaration,
UNCTAD/FIELD, 30th July to 1st August, Bangkok, 2003, 24 p.
[21] Phillips B., Ward T., Chaffee C. Eco-labeling in Fisheries: What Is It
All About? Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2003.
[22] MSC. Marine Stewardship Council Annual Report-2007-08, London,
U.K., 2008, 28 p.
[23] Lunn, K.E. & Moreau, M.A. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental
fishes: the case of Indonesia-s Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon
kauderni), Coral Reefs, 2004, 23 (3) 344-351.
[24] Alencastro,A.L., Degner,R.L and. Larkin,S.L. Hobbyists- preferences
for marine ornamental fish: A discrete choice analysis of ecolabeling
and selected product attributes SPC Live Reef Fish Information
Bulletin #15, 2005, pp.19-22.
[25] MAC. Marine Aquarium Council Member-s report on activities to
ICRI, International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) General Meeting,
Tokyo, Japan, April 23rd-24th, 2007, 9 p.
[26] Chao, N, L., Petry, P., Sonneschien, L, Tlusty, M. Conservation and
Management of Ornamental Fish Resources of the Rio Negro Basin,
Amazonia, Brazil. (Project Piaba, Bio-Amazonia Conservation
International, 1295 William St.Baltimore, 1230-1800 USA, 2001, 250
p.
[27] FAO. Ornamental fishing in Latin America - Status, Trends and
Challenges Ahead, Commission for Inland Fisheries of Latin America,
Eleventh Session, FAO, , 1-4, September, Manaus, Brazil, 2009.
[28] Chao, N.L & Prang,G. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, Vol. 1
(2), 1997, pp. 105-111.
[29] Prang, G. Aviemento and the ornamental fishery of the Rio Negro
Brazil: Implications of sustainable resources use. In: Chao, NL, Petry,
P, Prang, G, Sonneschien, L and Tlusty, M (Eds) (2001). Conservation
and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro Basin,
Amazonia, Brazil. Edua, Manaus. 2001, 302pp
[30] Schaefer, A. S. Conservation and Management of Ornamental Fish
Resources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia, BrazilÔÇöProject
Piaba, Copeia, 2003, (3):672-675.
[31] OATA. Genetically Modified Ornamental fish: "an unwelcome
addition to the Market place",
http://www.ornamentalfish.org/index.php, Ornamental Aquatic Trade
Association, Westbury, 2010.
[32] Silas,EG, Ramachandran, A. et al. Report of the Task Force on
Guidelines for Green Certification of Ornamental Fish, as the Member
of the National Task Force of Marine Products Export Development
Authority, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, 2010, 86 p.
[33] Ramachandran, A. Scanning of Ornamental Fish Marketing
Environment and Development of Strategies for expansion and
diversification of markets, paper presented in the International
workshop on Green Certification of Ornamental Fish, 14th to 18th
October, organized Marine Products Export Development Authority,
project PIABA, Brazil and UNCTAD , Kochi, India, 2008.
[34] Ramachandran, A. Market Enhancement and Value Addition of
Ornamental Fishes through proper Market Mix Strategies and
Certification, In: Kurup et al (Eds.), Ornamentals Kerala 2010 Souvenir
Government of Kerala and Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, Cochin, India, 2010, pp.83-92.
[35] Ramachandran, A. An overview of the significance of Ecolabeling and
Green Certification in Ornamental Fish Trade, Paper presented in the
International Seminar on Ornamental Fish Breeding, Farming and
Trade, organized by Government of Kerala and Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India, 13-15th February Cochin, India,
2010.
[36] Baum├╝ller,H. Fisheries - Environmental impacts of trade liberalization,
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada, 2007, 5 p.
[37] Wessells, C.R., Johnston, R.J. & Donath, H. Assessing consumer
preferences for ecolabeled seafood: the influence of species, certifier,
and household attributes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,
1999, 81: 1084-1089.
[38] Hall, K.C. & Bellwood, D.R. Histological effects of cyanide, stress,
and starvation on the intestinal mucosa of Pomacentrus coelestis, a
marine aquarium fish species. Journal of Fish Biology, 1995, 47: 438-
454.
[39] UNEP,http://www.unep.ch/ETB/publications/Ecolabelpap141005f.pdf-
22-2-2010).
[40] Suwanrangsi, S. "Experiences in the Application of HACCP for Export
and Local Markets: The case of Thai Fisheries," in E. Hanak, E.
Boutrif, P. Fabre and M. Pineiro (eds.), Food Safety Management in
Developing Countries. Proceedings of the International Workshop,
CIRAD-FAO, December 11-13, 2000, Montpellier, France, CIRADFAO.
CIRAD CD-ROM,Montpellier, France, 2002.
[41] Pongthanapanich, T. and E. Roth. "Toward Environmental
Responsibility of Thai Shrimp Farming through a Voluntary
Management Scheme," IME Working Paper 70/06, Department of
Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern
Denmark, 2006.
[42] (Potts, T & Haward, M. International Trade, Eco-labeling and
Sustainable-Recent Issues, Concepts AND Practices, Environment,
Development and Sustainability Jl., 2007, 9 (1), 91-106.
[43] Rhodes, S.P. Analysis of Blue Angel environmental seal-of-approval
criteria for workstation Computers The IEEE International Symposium
on Electronics and the Environment, ISEE; Orlando, FL; USA; 01-03
May, 1995, pp. 295-300.
[44] Bjerner,M., Boonyaratapalin,M., Mungkung,R and Wennberg,N. Study
on Eco-labeling of Aquatic Products: General view and future
considerations for the ASEAN region, Regional Technical
Consultation on International Fish Trade Related Issues Bangkok,
Thailand, 20-22 February, 2006, 21 p.
[45] Brécard, D., Hlaimi, B., Sterenn Lucas, S., Perraudeau, Y., and
Salladarré, F. Determinants of demand for green products: An
application to eco-label demand for fish in Europe, Ecological
Economics, 2009, 69 (1), pp. 115-125.
[46] Lunn, K.E. & Moreau, M.A. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental
fishes: the case of Indonesia-s Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon
kauderni), Coral Reefs, 2004, 23 (3), 344-351.
[47] Anon MAC Certified chain of custody from reef to retail becomes
reality, SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #11, 2003, p. 56.
[48] Alencastro, L.A. Hobbyists- preferences for marine ornamental fish:
discrete choice analysis of source, price, guarantee and ecolabeling
attributes. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, 2004, 110 p.
[49] Gardiner, P.R. & Viswanathan, K.K Ecolabeling and fisheries
management, Vol. 27, World Fish Centre, Penang, Malaysia, 2004.
[50] Ramachandran, A. Acts, Legislations and Fishing Rights - Impact on
the Development of Ornamental Fish Industry in India, paper presented
in the International workshop on Green Certification of Ornamental
Fish, 14th to 18th October, organized Marine Products Export
Development Authority, project PIABA, Brazil and UNCTAD , Kochi,
India. 2008.
[1] Deere, Carolyn L. Eco-labeling and Sustainable Fisheries, IUCN:
Washington, D.C and FAO: Rome, 1999.
[2] Teisl, M.F., Roe, B. and Hicks, R.L. Can Eco-labels Tune a Market?
Evidence rom Dolphin-Safe Labeling, Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management, 2002, 43, 339-359.
[3] Brown, J. An account of the dolphin-safe tuna issue in the UK, Marine
Policy, 2005, 29, 39-46.
[4] Wynne, R.D.) The emperor-s new eco-logos ?: a critical review of the
Scientific Certification Systems environmental report card and the
Green Seal certification mark programs. Virginia Environmental Law
Journal 1994, 14: 51- 149.
[5] Macfadyen, G. & Huntington, T. Certification and Sustainable
Fisheries. Poseidon/United Nations Environment Program, 2008, 91p.
[6] Wessells, C.R.; Cochrane, K.; Deere, C.; Wallis, P.; Willmann, R.
2001. Product certification and ecolabeling for fisheries
sustainability. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 422. Rome, FAO.
2001. 83p
[7] Anon. 2009. Elements, News letter of Singapore Environmental
Council, Issue No. 1 of 2009, pp. 3-11
[8] Poulain, F. Recent Trends in Environmental Labeling and Certification
in Fisheries, Forestry and Organic Agriculture. Information Paper
prepared for the Expert Consultation on the development of
International Guidelines for Eco-labeling of Fish and Fish Products
from Marine Capture Fisheries, October, Rome Italy, 2003, 14-17, 32
pp.
[9] ISO.Guide 62, General Requirements for bodies operating assessment
and certification/registration of quality systems, International
Organization for Standards, Geneva, Switzerland, 1996.
[10] FAO. The State Of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2006, FAO.
Rome, 2007.162 p.
[11] UNCED. United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development (UNCED), 3-14 June, Rio de Janeiro, 1992.
[12] FAO. Committee on Fisheries, Sub-Committee on Fish Trade:
Outcome of Expert Consultation on Eco-labeling. Ninth Session,
February 2004, Germany, FAO, Rome, 2004, 4 p
[13] FAO. Guidelines for the Ecolabeling of Fish and Fishery Products from
Marine Capture Fisheries, FAO, Rome, 2005, 90p.
[14] FAO. Report of the Technical Consultation on the Feasibility of
Developing Non-Discriminatory Technical Guidelines for Eco-
Labeling of Products from Marine Capture Fisheries, Rome, Italy, 21-
23 October FAO Fisheries Report No.594. 1998.
[15] Potts, T. & Haward, M. International Trade, Ecolabeling, and
Sustainable Fisheries - recent issues, Concepts and Practices,
Environment, Development and Sustainability 2007, 9: 91-106.
[16] Birnie, P.W. and Boyle, A. Basic Documents on International Law and
the Environment, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1995, 375 p.
[17] IISD. Global Green Standards: ISO 14000 and Sustainable
Development Winnipeg, International Institute for Sustainable
Development, 1996, 100 p.
[18] Roheim, C.A. and J. Sutinen. "Trade and Marketplace Measures to
Promote Sustainable Fishing Practices," ICTSD Natural Resources,
International Trade and Sustainable Development Series Issue Paper
No. 3, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development and
the High Seas Task Force, Geneva, Switzerland, 2006.
[19] Staffin, Elliot... "Trade Barrier or Boon? A Critical Evaluation of
Environmental Labeling and its Role in the ÔÇÿGreening- of World
Trade." Columbia Journal of International Environmental Law, 1996,
21:205-286.
[20] UNCTAD/FIELD. Legal and Policy Issues in the Market Access
Implications of Labeling for Environmental Purposes, Project on
Building Capacity for Improved Policy Making and Negotiation on
Key Trade and Environment Issues, Sub Regional Brain Storming
Workshop on Trade and Environment Issues Contained in the
Paragraphs 31 and 32 of the WTO Doha Ministerial Declaration,
UNCTAD/FIELD, 30th July to 1st August, Bangkok, 2003, 24 p.
[21] Phillips B., Ward T., Chaffee C. Eco-labeling in Fisheries: What Is It
All About? Blackwell Science, Oxford, 2003.
[22] MSC. Marine Stewardship Council Annual Report-2007-08, London,
U.K., 2008, 28 p.
[23] Lunn, K.E. & Moreau, M.A. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental
fishes: the case of Indonesia-s Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon
kauderni), Coral Reefs, 2004, 23 (3) 344-351.
[24] Alencastro,A.L., Degner,R.L and. Larkin,S.L. Hobbyists- preferences
for marine ornamental fish: A discrete choice analysis of ecolabeling
and selected product attributes SPC Live Reef Fish Information
Bulletin #15, 2005, pp.19-22.
[25] MAC. Marine Aquarium Council Member-s report on activities to
ICRI, International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) General Meeting,
Tokyo, Japan, April 23rd-24th, 2007, 9 p.
[26] Chao, N, L., Petry, P., Sonneschien, L, Tlusty, M. Conservation and
Management of Ornamental Fish Resources of the Rio Negro Basin,
Amazonia, Brazil. (Project Piaba, Bio-Amazonia Conservation
International, 1295 William St.Baltimore, 1230-1800 USA, 2001, 250
p.
[27] FAO. Ornamental fishing in Latin America - Status, Trends and
Challenges Ahead, Commission for Inland Fisheries of Latin America,
Eleventh Session, FAO, , 1-4, September, Manaus, Brazil, 2009.
[28] Chao, N.L & Prang,G. Aquarium Sciences and Conservation, Vol. 1
(2), 1997, pp. 105-111.
[29] Prang, G. Aviemento and the ornamental fishery of the Rio Negro
Brazil: Implications of sustainable resources use. In: Chao, NL, Petry,
P, Prang, G, Sonneschien, L and Tlusty, M (Eds) (2001). Conservation
and management of ornamental fish resources of the Rio Negro Basin,
Amazonia, Brazil. Edua, Manaus. 2001, 302pp
[30] Schaefer, A. S. Conservation and Management of Ornamental Fish
Resources of the Rio Negro Basin, Amazonia, BrazilÔÇöProject
Piaba, Copeia, 2003, (3):672-675.
[31] OATA. Genetically Modified Ornamental fish: "an unwelcome
addition to the Market place",
http://www.ornamentalfish.org/index.php, Ornamental Aquatic Trade
Association, Westbury, 2010.
[32] Silas,EG, Ramachandran, A. et al. Report of the Task Force on
Guidelines for Green Certification of Ornamental Fish, as the Member
of the National Task Force of Marine Products Export Development
Authority, Ministry of Commerce, Government of India, 2010, 86 p.
[33] Ramachandran, A. Scanning of Ornamental Fish Marketing
Environment and Development of Strategies for expansion and
diversification of markets, paper presented in the International
workshop on Green Certification of Ornamental Fish, 14th to 18th
October, organized Marine Products Export Development Authority,
project PIABA, Brazil and UNCTAD , Kochi, India, 2008.
[34] Ramachandran, A. Market Enhancement and Value Addition of
Ornamental Fishes through proper Market Mix Strategies and
Certification, In: Kurup et al (Eds.), Ornamentals Kerala 2010 Souvenir
Government of Kerala and Ministry of Agriculture, Government of
India, Cochin, India, 2010, pp.83-92.
[35] Ramachandran, A. An overview of the significance of Ecolabeling and
Green Certification in Ornamental Fish Trade, Paper presented in the
International Seminar on Ornamental Fish Breeding, Farming and
Trade, organized by Government of Kerala and Ministry of
Agriculture, Government of India, 13-15th February Cochin, India,
2010.
[36] Baum├╝ller,H. Fisheries - Environmental impacts of trade liberalization,
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), Winnipeg,
Manitoba, Canada, 2007, 5 p.
[37] Wessells, C.R., Johnston, R.J. & Donath, H. Assessing consumer
preferences for ecolabeled seafood: the influence of species, certifier,
and household attributes. American Journal of Agricultural Economics,
1999, 81: 1084-1089.
[38] Hall, K.C. & Bellwood, D.R. Histological effects of cyanide, stress,
and starvation on the intestinal mucosa of Pomacentrus coelestis, a
marine aquarium fish species. Journal of Fish Biology, 1995, 47: 438-
454.
[39] UNEP,http://www.unep.ch/ETB/publications/Ecolabelpap141005f.pdf-
22-2-2010).
[40] Suwanrangsi, S. "Experiences in the Application of HACCP for Export
and Local Markets: The case of Thai Fisheries," in E. Hanak, E.
Boutrif, P. Fabre and M. Pineiro (eds.), Food Safety Management in
Developing Countries. Proceedings of the International Workshop,
CIRAD-FAO, December 11-13, 2000, Montpellier, France, CIRADFAO.
CIRAD CD-ROM,Montpellier, France, 2002.
[41] Pongthanapanich, T. and E. Roth. "Toward Environmental
Responsibility of Thai Shrimp Farming through a Voluntary
Management Scheme," IME Working Paper 70/06, Department of
Environmental and Business Economics, University of Southern
Denmark, 2006.
[42] (Potts, T & Haward, M. International Trade, Eco-labeling and
Sustainable-Recent Issues, Concepts AND Practices, Environment,
Development and Sustainability Jl., 2007, 9 (1), 91-106.
[43] Rhodes, S.P. Analysis of Blue Angel environmental seal-of-approval
criteria for workstation Computers The IEEE International Symposium
on Electronics and the Environment, ISEE; Orlando, FL; USA; 01-03
May, 1995, pp. 295-300.
[44] Bjerner,M., Boonyaratapalin,M., Mungkung,R and Wennberg,N. Study
on Eco-labeling of Aquatic Products: General view and future
considerations for the ASEAN region, Regional Technical
Consultation on International Fish Trade Related Issues Bangkok,
Thailand, 20-22 February, 2006, 21 p.
[45] Brécard, D., Hlaimi, B., Sterenn Lucas, S., Perraudeau, Y., and
Salladarré, F. Determinants of demand for green products: An
application to eco-label demand for fish in Europe, Ecological
Economics, 2009, 69 (1), pp. 115-125.
[46] Lunn, K.E. & Moreau, M.A. Unmonitored trade in marine ornamental
fishes: the case of Indonesia-s Banggai cardinal fish (Pterapogon
kauderni), Coral Reefs, 2004, 23 (3), 344-351.
[47] Anon MAC Certified chain of custody from reef to retail becomes
reality, SPC Live Reef Fish Information Bulletin #11, 2003, p. 56.
[48] Alencastro, L.A. Hobbyists- preferences for marine ornamental fish:
discrete choice analysis of source, price, guarantee and ecolabeling
attributes. Unpublished Master of Science thesis. University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida, 2004, 110 p.
[49] Gardiner, P.R. & Viswanathan, K.K Ecolabeling and fisheries
management, Vol. 27, World Fish Centre, Penang, Malaysia, 2004.
[50] Ramachandran, A. Acts, Legislations and Fishing Rights - Impact on
the Development of Ornamental Fish Industry in India, paper presented
in the International workshop on Green Certification of Ornamental
Fish, 14th to 18th October, organized Marine Products Export
Development Authority, project PIABA, Brazil and UNCTAD , Kochi,
India. 2008.
@article{"International Journal of Business, Human and Social Sciences:62022", author = "A. Ramachandran", title = "Ecolabeling and Green Certification for Effective Fisheries Management – An Analysis", abstract = "Nowadays there is a growing environmental concern
and the business communities have slowly started recognising
environmental protection and sustainable utilization of natural
resources into their marketing strategies. This paper discusses the
various Ecolabeling and Certification Systems developed world
over to regulate and introduce Fair Trade in Ornamental Fish
Industry. Ecolabeling and green certification are considered as part
of these strategies implemented partly out of compulsion from the
National and International Regulatory Bodies and Environmental
Movements. All the major markets of ornamental fishes like
European Union, USA and Japan have started putting restrictions on
the trade to impose ecolabeling as a non tariff barrier like the one
imposed on seafood and aqua cultured products. A review was done
on the available Ecolabeling and Green Certification Schemes
available at local, national and international levels for fisheries
including aquaculture and ornamental fish trade and to examine the
success and constraints faced by these schemes during its
implementation. The primary downside of certification is the
multiplicity of ecolabels and cost incurred by applicants for
certification, costs which may in turn be passed on to consumers.
The studies reveal serious inadequacies in a number of ecolabels
and cast doubt on their overall contribution to effective fisheries
management and sustainability. The paper also discusses the
inititive taken in India to develop guidelines for Green Certification
of Fresh water ornamental fishes.", keywords = "Ecolabeling in fisheries, Fair trade, Green Certification, Sustainable Ornamental fish trade.", volume = "4", number = "5", pages = "565-13", }
